INDEX
(Figures refer to page numbers)
Page
ABANDONMENT Nonsupport and...................................................................................... 67
Nonsupport or.......................................................................................... 68
What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was at time intention to abandon was formed...................................................................... 66
Law of state in which accused was at time of separation...... 66
Law of state in which dependent was............................................ 67
ACCESSORIES BEFORE THE FACT
Felonies, procurer is principal if agent is innocent....................... 70
Misdemeanors, all are principals........................................................ 70
Statutes abolishing................................................................................... 71
What law governs?
Law of state in which person procured was at time of his act ................................................................................................72-73
Law of state in which procurer was at tune of his act..........72-73
Procurer's classification should be immaterial.........................76-78
ACCESSORY AFTER THE FACT
Receiver of stolen goods........ ........................................................... 120
ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION
Action commenced by libel or information?............................167-168
Criminal jurisdiction......................................................................167-168
Fiction that ship is the offender ..................................................171,173
See also Territorial Waters
AGENTS
See Accessories; Principals
AGGRAVATED LARCENY Law governing..................................................................................114-116
ARREST
See Jurisdiction of Courts
ASSAULT See Homicide
ATTEMPTS Law governing...................................................................................... 85
BATTERY See Homicide
BAYS
Law applicable to conduct on.......................................................185-187
BIGAMY
Statutes making bigamous marriage elsewhere by "any person"
a crime........................................................................................126-127
Statutes making cohabitation in the state with spouse of out of
state bigamous marriage criminal.............................................. 127
Venue ........................................................................................ 127
What law governs?
Citizens whose bigamous marriage is celebrated out of state.. 127 Law of state in which accused was at time of second marriage .................................................................................. 125
BURGLARY What law governs?..........................................................................114-116
CITIZENS ABROAD
Statutes, application of, to,
Express provision.............................................................................. 2
Presumption and inference in absence of expressed intent...... 2-3
CONSPIRACY What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was at time he agreed to participate ..................................................................80-84
Law of state in which principal crime committed or overt act done by co-conspirator..........................................................80-84
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION
Due process of law requires application of law to which accused was subject at time of conduct in question............................... 6-7
Right to trial in county in which crime was committed......28-29, 127 Right to trial in state in which crime was committed................ 28
CORPORATIONS What law governs?
Law of state in which agent is when he acts for corporation 78
DEODAND
Law of......................................................................................171.172
DUE PROCESS OF LAW
As prohibiting forfeitures of interests of innocent owners........ 172 Requires application of law to which accused was subject at time of conduct in question........................................................... 6-7
EMBEZZLEMENT Definition .................................................................................................. 121
What law governs?
Law of state in which accused had a duty to account......123-124 Law of state in which accused was when he formed intention to keep property....................................................122-124
Law of state into which accused afterwards brought embezzled property........................................................................124-125
EXTRADITION See Jurisdiction of Courts
FALSE PRETENSES
Obtaining property, meaning of
Commercial instrument or money from it?..............................95-96
Money from vendee or discounter or from drawee or person ultimately liable................................................................. 97
Possession or title?....................................................................94-95
What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was at time false pretenses were made.....................................................................................91-93
Law of state in which accused was at time property obtained ............................................................................................91-95
Law of state in which property was at time it was obtained..92-97 Law of state where possession delivered to agent or carrier..94-95
FOREIGN CRIMINAL LAWS Distinguished from civil laws.........................................................30-45
Violations of, not tried..........................................................................20-45
Bastardy statutes............................................................................. 35
Exemplary damage statutes............................................................39-42
Laws making directors and officers liable for corporate debts ................................................................................................33-34
Tax laws...........................................................................................35-39
Usury statutes................................................................................43-44
Wrongful death statutes..................................................................42-43
FORFEITURES
Action civil or criminal?................................................................156-158
Action commenced by libel or information?..............................167-168
Admiralty jurisdiction......................................................................167-168
Constitutional questions ..................................................................177-178
Interests of innocent owners.......................................................... 168-174
Deodand .....................................................................................171, 172
Fiction in admiralty law applicable to civil cases, that ship is offender .......................................................................171,173
Interpretation of statute..........................................................168-174
Jurisdiction of courts...................................................................176-177
What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was at time of conduct in question or law of state in which property was................174-176
FORGERY
What law governs?
Evidence of state in which accused was at time of forgery
Possession of the instrument in the state............................98-99
Uttering instrument in the state......................................98-99
Law of state in which accused was at time of forgery.......... 97
HIGH SEAS Concurrent jurisdiction on......................................................... 129
Freedom of................................................................................. 129
Meaning of.......................................................................148-149, 153
Ships national territory..................................................130-135, 139-142
Constitution of United States
Does it apply on American vessels?..............................134-135
Nationality Burden of proof..................................................................132-133
How determined...............................................................131-132
HOMICIDE International law........................................................................56-57
Venue
Death, place of..................................................................57-60
Effect, place of................................................................. 52
Location of accused at time of conduct.................................... 51
What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was at time of conduct in question ................................................................................... 55
Law of state in which death occurs.........................................60-61
Statutes .........................................................................62-63
Law of state in which effect produced................................ 54
ILLEGAL REMOVAL See Jurisdiction of Courts
IN REM ACTIONS See Forfeitures
Page
INTERNATIONAL LAW Applicability to conduct on high seas..........................................136-143
Custom, not law.......................................................................136-137
Jure gentium......................................................................................... 136
Natural law.............................................................................................. 136
Piracy ..................................................................................................135-143
INTRA FAUCES TERRAE Bays, when? ....................................................................................185-187
Diagram ....................................................................................... 186
Meaning of.....................................................................................185-187
Waters within three-mile limit beyond line drawn from headland to headland............................................................................ 187
What waters are?......................................................................185-187
JURE GENTIUM As basis of international law.............................................................. 136
JURISDICTION OF COURTS
Custody usually essential........................................................ 8-10
Extradition for crimes other than those accused is charged
with, effect of From foreign country..................................................................... 17-19
From state of United States....................................................... 19
Foreign criminal laws Civil laws distinguished.............................................................30-45
Violations of, not tried...................................................................20-45
Bastardy statutes........................................................... 35
Exemplary damage statutes..............................................39-42
Laws making directors and officers liable for corporate debts ...........................................................................................33-34
Tax laws.....................................................................................35-39
Usury statutes...........................................................43-44
Wrongful death statutes.........................................................42-43
Illegal arrest in the jurisdiction, effect of.............................. 8-10
Illegal removal, effect of
From another state of United States........................10, 13-15, 16
From foreign country.................................................................. 10-19
From foreign ship.............................................................................. 155
KIDNAPPING
Definition ................................................................................................. 116
What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was when victim seized......117-118 Law of state into which victim afterwards brought by accused 118 Statutes ................................................................................................ 118
LARCENY
American courts divided, some following English rule and some venue rule........................................................................................108-112
English courts hold thief who steals property abroad and brings it to England cannot be tried in England for a violation of its law..................................................................................... 107
Statutes ........................................................................................112-114
Venue in county into which accused has brought stolen property ..............................................................................................103-106
LIBEL Venue ..........................................................................................85-88
What law governs?
Is each copy a libel or only the statement?...........................90-91
When crime is to "compose," "dictate," "make," "print," "write" .......................................................................................... 88
When crime is to "circulate," "publish," "sell"...................... 88
Law of state in which person receiving or reading libel was ..........................................................................................88-90
Law of state in which accused was while sending or parting with possession..................................................................88-90
MARITIME JURISDICTION
See High Seas; Territorial Waters; Admiralty Jurisdiction
NATURAL LAW
As basis of international law.......................................................... 136
NONSUPPORT
Abandonment and ............................................................................... 67
Abandonment or.................................................................................... 68
What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was during period of................68-69
Law of state in which dependent was during period of........69-70
NUISANCE
See Public Nuisance
OBTAINING MONEY BY FALSE PRETENSES See False Pretenses
OCEANS
See High Seas; Territorial Waters
PENAL LAWS
Distinguished from civil laws...........................................................30-45
Violations of foreign law not tried....................................................20-45
Bastardy statutes................................................................................ 35
Page
Exemplary damage statutes..........................................................39-42
Laws making directors and officers liable for corporate debts..33-34 Tax laws..............................................................................................35-39
Usury statutes....................................................................................43-44
Wrongful death statutes..................................................................42-43
PIRACY
American courts apply law of ship when not in territorial waters ............................................................................................139-142
Definition ............................................................................................135-136
English law..........................................................................................142-143
International law ..............................................................................136-139
PRINCIPALS Agents? Who are................................................................................78-80
Carriers?
Express companies? Mail? Railroads?
Telegraph Companies? Felonies, procurer is principal if agent is innocent....................... 70
Misdemeanors, all are principals........................................................ 70
Statutes abolishing accessories............................................................ 71
What law governs?
Law of state in which person procured was at time of his act .................................................................................................74-76
Law of state in which procurer was at time of his act............76-78
Procurer's classification should be immaterial.................76-78
PROCURERS
See Accessories; Principals
PROHIBITION OF SALES Solicitation of sales What law governs?
Law of state in which accused or person solicited was?..101-102 Statutes making it a crime to sell or "dispose" of property....... 103 What law governs?
Law of state in which property, accused, or vendee was at time title passed?.....................................................................101-102
PUBLIC NUISANCE
Action civil or criminal?................................................................164-166
Forfeiture? Action in rem or in personara?.................................. 166
Venue ................................................................................................ 64
What law governs?.............................................................................. 64
QUI FACIT PER ALIUM FACIT PER SE See Accessories; Principals
RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS Accessory after the fact........................................................................ 120
Law of state in which accused was when goods received.......... 118
Must thief be triable in state for violation of its law?........118-119
Not law of state in which thief stole the goods............................. 118
ROBBERY What law governs?..........................................................................114-116
SALES
See Prohibition of Sales
SEAS
See High Seas; Territorial Waters
SHIPS
See High Seas; Territorial Waters
TERRITORIAL PRINCIPLE Applicable law depends upon Location of accused........................................................................... 3
At time of conduct in question.................................................. 4
Reasons for.............................................................................................. 4-5
Statutory interference with these rules, effect of.......................... 5-7
TERRITORIAL WATERS
Laws applicable to conduct on
American ships in foreign territorial waters..........................144-145
Majority rule, law of ship......................................................144-145
Erroneously made to depend upon admiralty court's jurisdiction over subject matter........................................146-148
"Out of jurisdiction of any state"........................................... 151
Statutes specifically applying "within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction of the United States".................. 148
Statute of 1825..................................................................150-151
Minority rule, law of territory.................................................... 145
Foreign ships in American territorial waters........................143-144
Matters affecting only those on the ship............................149-150
Power of federal government to legislate for territorial waters
within a state...........................................................................152-154
What waters are territorial?
Between land territory of two states
Boundary defined............................................................................ 180
Boundary undefined........................................................................ 179
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Concurrent jurisdiction by state compact or federal statute .....................................................................181-184
Oceans and waters bordered by three or more states Bays .............................................................................185-187
Intra fauces terrae..................................................................185-187
Statutes containing express territorial provisions............187-190
Statutes extending jurisdiction.............................................190-192
Three mile limit......................................................184-185
Treaties ......................................................................................192-193
Within land territory of single state.......................................... 179
UTTERING What law governs?
Law of state in which accused was at time of parting with possession ....................................................................................99-100
Law of state in which person receiving forged instrument was ................................................................................................99-100
VENUE Common law rule.................................................................................... 21
Constitutional right to trial in county in which crime was committed ..........................................................................................28-29
For particular crimes see index heading for the particular crime
WATERS
See High Seas; Territorial Waters
WHAT LAW GOVERNS Effect, place of........................................................................................ 47
Location of accused at time of conduct in question...................... 48