RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE AMERICAN MANUAL.

Extracts from Letters, &c., received by the Publishers.

From Rev H. Galphin, Principal of the High School at Eastville, Northampton County, Virginia.

� My scholars have fallen in love with the American Manual and their improvement delightfully corresponds. If I do not mistake, it will be appreciated and introduced into Schools just in proportion as it becomes known. It ought to be in every family and in every library.

From Dr. J. Patrick, President of Madison College, Pa. � The questions and marginal notes are of incalculable service to the pupil; while at the same time the author's exposition combines the utmost perspicuity, precision, and clearness, making very attractive the study of those great principles which are the soul of the charter of our liberties.

The effects of the extensive use of the American Manual must be to elevate our national character, by preparing the American boy to act the part of a sovereign citizen, either in the place of authority as an officer, or as a private individual; and the American girl for enunciating at the fireside the principles of true patriotism and virtue �Baltimore Patriot.

The principles inculcated are sound, and tend to the improvement of the heart as well as the enlightenment of the mind � Lutheran Observer, Baltimore.

This Manual of Mr. Burleigh's is, in our opinion, the most valuable school book that has issued from the prolific American press for many years. Its value is greatly increased by the fact that numerous questions are given in an unique marginal arrangement, by which the skill of the pupils is much exercised in mentally tracing the analogy of synonymy, thus rendering perfect their knowledge of the language. � Gazette of the Union.

The conciseness and beauty of the style, the unequalled excellence of the marginal exercises in drawing out the mind, and thoroughly disciplining the mental powers, and training the pupils to reason with accuracy and precision, renders it in my opinion, the best school-book extant. I shall introduce it into the female seminary over which I preside, at the commencement of next session. D. R. ASHTON, Fifth street below Arch, Philadelphia.

I have examined the American Manual and heartily concur with Professor Ashton in regard to its merits, and shall introduce it into the French seminary over which I preside.

C. PICOT, No. 15 Washington Square.

I have critically examined the American Manual. Having taken much pains in ascertaining the true tenor of the republican institutions of my adopted country, I had previously read the leading authors on government with much satisfaction, but I have not met with any work, in any language, that so clearly, so concisely, and so beautifully conveys to the mind the principles of political science. The marginal exercises afford much invaluable assistance to the foreigner in acquiring a knowledge of the English language. The exercises also afford to the mental powers a similar discipline that is obtained in studying the ancient classics. A FREITAG, L.L.D.

Professor of German in St. Mary's College, Baltimore.

A text-book prepared by a man so distinguished for scholarship, experience, and success in teaching, as President Burleigh, cannot fail to secure universal favor. The general arrangement of the work is regular. The marginal exercises and questions placed at the foot of each page, greatly facilitate the labor both of the teacher and scholar, and serve to interest the mind of the latter, in the acquisition of knowledge. The appendix serves as a key to the whole work, which renders it complete. It is a book which, in my opinion, should be placed in the hands of every American citizen. ROBERT KERR, Principal of West. Female High School, Baltimore,

The arrangement of the book is such as greatly to facilitate the labor of instruction, and no candid mind can look over its pages without coming to the conclusion, that the work is the best of any yet published to promote among pupils generally an exact and thorough knowledge of the principles of republican government.

WM. M. CREERY, M. CONNOLLY, M. M'CONKY, E. ADAMS, R CONNOLLY, and many other principals of Public Schools in Baltimore.

From Professor Lewis W. Burnet. � I have examined the American Manual, by President Bur-

leigh, and find it to be just the book that is wanted in our schools, and I may add, in every private library. While all proclaim that our existence, as a free nation, depends on the intelligence of the people, little comparatively is doing to reduce this idea to practice in our schools.

From Hon. L. G. Edwards, Pres. of the Bd. of Pub. School Commissioners for Norfolk Co. Va.

I consider the American Manual a desideratum which had not been before supplied, and respectfully recommend that it be used generally in every District Free School in this county.

At a meeting of the Controllers of Public Schools, First District of Pennsylvania, held at the Controllers' Chamber, on Tuesday, December 10th, 1850, the following resolution was adopted: �

Resolved, That the American Manual, by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, be introduced as a class-book into the Grammar Schools of this District. ROBERT J. HEMPHILL, Sec.

The American Manual, by Joseph B. Burleigh, L.L.D., has, by order of the Trustees, been introduced into the Public Schools of the City of Washington. C. A. DAVIS, Sec'y B. T. P. C.

From the Hon. B. Everett Smith. � I doubt whether the ingenuity of man can ever devise a work better adapted to the purpose avowed by the author. I arose from the perusal of the American Manual, more deeply impressed than ever with my responsibility as a citizen, and with the absolute necessity of fostering sound virtue and political morality.


amer_man-1.jpg

DEPARTMENT OF STATE. WASHINGTON, OCT. 1, 1850. This is to certify, that Joseph Bartlett Burleigh's Script Edition of the U. S. Constitution with the Amendments, has been carefully collated with the originals in the Archives of this Department, and proved to be accurate in the CAPITALS,

ORTHOGRAPHY, TEXT, and PUNCTUATION.

amer_man-2.jpg

SECRETARY OF STATE.

amer_man-3.jpg

CHIEF CLERK.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE. WASHINGTON, OCTOBER 3, 1850.

I have carefully compared Burleigh's Script Edition of the American Constitution and the Amendments appended, with the original manuscript and the twelve Amendments, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ADOPTION, and have found that it minutely delineates the original documents, with all their peculiarities.

It may be proper to add, that other Amendments have been proposed, but only the aforesaid twelve have been constitutionally ratified.

amer_man-4.jpg

KEEPER OF THE ARCHIVES.

WASHINGTON, D. C., SEPT 30, 1850

I have critically compared Burleigh's Script Constitution of the United States, and all its Amendments, with the original documents deposited at the Department of State, and have found them in every respect alike, even to the minutest particular.

amer_man-5.jpg

PROOF-READER IN THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE See the latter part of page 22 in the Introduction and also page 118.

amer_man-6.jpg amer_man-7.jpg

SEE ALSO THE FIRST PAGE OF THIS LEAF.

THE

AMERICAN MANUAL;

OR,

THE THINKER, (PART III., COMPLETE IN ITSELF.)

CONTAINING

AN OUTLINE OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF GOVERNMENT; THE NATURE OF LIBERTY, THE LAW OF NATIONS, A CLEAR EXPLANATION OF THE

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES,

AND OF THE DUTIES OF VOTERS, JURORS, AND CIVIL MAGISTRATES; WITH

SYNONYMOUS WORDS APPLIED AND PRACTICALLY ILLUSTRATED

IN SENTENCES, AND THE CENSUS OF 1850.

THE WHOLE

ARRANGED ON A NEW AND ORIGINAL PLAN;

DESIGNED TO IMPART AN ACCURATE KNOWLEDGE OF OUR SOCIAL AND

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS; TO AROUSE THE MINDS OF YOUTH,

AND INCULCATE PURE AND NOBLE PRINCIPLES.

ADAPTED, AS A READER, OR TEXT-BOOK, TO THE WANTS

OF ADVANCED PUPILS; ALSO TO THE USE OF

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIBRARIES.

BY

JOSEPH BARTLETT BURLEIGH, LL.D.

PERMANENT STEREOTYPED EDITION.

PHILADELPHIA:

LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.,

No. 20 NORTH FOURTH STREET. 1854.


Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by JOSEPH BARTLETT BURLEIGH,

in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for

the District of Maryland.

amer_man-8.jpg

PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.

THE publishers commit this work to the practical teachers of the United States, believing that it will greatly assist them in the discharge of their important duties, and reflect the highest honor on their profession. The Author is a laborious practical teacher, of twenty years' experience; he has travelled extensively in every section of the Union, with a view to ascertain the true condition and the real wants of the schools of the country. He has also made many and important improvements in the system of instruction, and we think nothing is hazarded in the assertion that none understand the true character of the schools of the whole Union better, or are more ardently and zealously devoted to the cause of universal education.

The work seems to be imperatively demanded. It has received the highest commendation from all who have carefully examined it. Many politicians from the leading parties of the country, and some of the ablest divines from the prevailing denominations of Christians in the Union, have given it their heartiest approval.

It is intended, both by us and the Author, that it shall contain no sentiment that will in the least militate against the view's of any denomination of Christians, or that shall conflict with the political opinions of the patriotic citizens of any party in our land.

On every page are inculcated principles that will tend to make the mind purer, and the heart better. The spirit of the entire work is of the most patriotic character; it advocates the rights and the privileges of the people. It sets forth in vivid light their duties, and the necessity of the universal dissemination of sound education, and the purest principles of patriotism and morality.

The proper use of the marginal exercises cannot fail to give the pupil an accurate use of words and an extensive command of language. It must tend to render the Teacher's Profession delightful, because the plan, carried out, will always be attended with success, and enable him. at the close of each day, to see that labor has not been spent in vain.

1*

(5)


EXTRACTS FROM RESOLUTIONS, LETTERS, &C., RESPECTING THE THINKER, THE LEGISLATIVE GUIDE, AND THE AMERICAN MANUAL.

At a meeting of the Controllers of Public Schools, First District of Pennsylvania, held on Tuesday Nov l1th 1851 the following resolution was adopted �Resolved, That the "Thinker," by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh. be introduced as a class-book into the Public Schools of this District ROBERT J. HEMPHILL, Sec

At a meeting of the Board of School Commissioners for the city of Baltimore held on Tuesday, 10th February, 1852, the following resolution was unanimously adopted � Resolved, That the "Thinker" by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, L.L.D., be introduced as a class-hook into the Public Schools of Baltimore. J. W. TILYARD, Clerk Com. of Pub. Schools, Baltimore.

At a meeting of the Board of Public School Commissioners for the City of Baltimore, held on Tuesday, 10th February, 1852, the following resolution was unanimously adopted � Resolved. That the "Practical Spelling Book ' by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, L.L D., be introduced as a class book into the Public Schools of Baltimore.

J. W. TILYARD, Clerk Com. of Pub. Schools, Baltimore.

"The Practical Spelling Book" by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh. L.L.D., is happily calculated to teach the infant mind self reliance the want of which blights the prospect of so many youth. GEORGE S. GRAPE, WM. KERR, and many other principals of Public Schools in Baltimore.

The "Thinker" is one of the very best books that can be put into the hands of youth. Apart

from the morality which it inculcates, it cannot fail to secure a facility in the choice of words, a

command of language, and a familiarity with the construction and component parts of a sentence.

HIRAM JOHNSON, Prin. Pub. School No. 8, Baltimore.

From Ex Governor W. G. D. Worthington. � I have examined "Burleigh's Legislative Guide." and find as its name implies, that it is indispensable for every legislator who desires to establish a uniform system of rules for conducting public business throughout the United States. In my humble judgment, every State Legislature will immediately adopt it as their standard as soon as the merits of the work can be known. W. G. D. WORTHINGTON

I am convinced that the "Legislative Guide" will prove a valuable text-book for collegiate students, and will use it as such at St. Timothy's Hall, believing that every young American ought to be acquainted with the routine of order appropriate to legislative assemblies. St. Timothy's Hall, Catonsville, Md., Feb. 26, 1852. L. VAN BOHKELEN, Rector.

From Hon. J. C. Legrand, Ch. Justice, Court of Appeals, Md. � The plan of the "Legislative Guide" enables the student or legislator to discover, with facility, the rule and reason for it, in each particular instance, and must, therefore, be of great value to legislative and other deliberative bodies. JNO. CARROLL LEGRAND

At a meeting of the Board of Public School Commissioners for the City of Baltimore, held on Tuesday, 10th February, 1852, the following resolution was unanimously adopted � Resolved That the "American Manual" by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, L.L.D., be introduced as a class book into the Public Schools of Baltimore. J. W. TILYARD, Clerk Com. Pub. Sch. Baltimore.

We the undersigned, Teachers of the Public Schools in the city of Steubenville, find, on trial, that Burleigh's "American Manual" is the best book with which we are acquainted for waking up the mind of youth for training them to understand what they read, for leading them to investigate and reason for themselves, and thoroughly fitting them for the duties of after life. The school, the infallible test of the merits of a class-book, proves that its proper use need only be witnessed to receive the approbation of every friend of thorough education. FRANCIS TURNER, M. A. WALKER, M. KIDDO, M. HULL, T. BROWN, M. ALLEN, WM. McCAY, I. B. BUTLER, E. KELL, M. ORR.

The "American Manual" cannot fail to command general favor. � Baltimore Sun. From John B. Strange, A. M., and R. B. Tschudi, A. M., Principals of the Norfolk Academy, Va. � We do not hesitate to pronounce it (the American Manual) one of the best school-books we have ever examined, not only as regards the matter, but also the manner of communicating it. The Manual is adapted to the capacity of the youngest, and must prove highly interesting and instructive to the older pupils.

From Prof. S. C. Atkinson. � So far at my observation extends, no school book is so well calculated to enlarge and ennoble the mind of youth as the American Manual.

A lawyer by profession and a teacher from choice, Mr. Burleigh possesses at the same time a consciousness of what is needed and the ability to supply it � Frankford Herald.

We, the undersigned, teachers in the Public Schools of Pittsburg, have used Burleigh's American Manual with great satisfaction and delight. The plan of the work is in ill respects judicious. The marginal exercises are a novel and original feature, and are arranged with great accuracy and discrimination. Their use not only excites the liveliest interest among the pupils, but produces great, salutary, and lasting effects, in arousing the mental powers, and leading the scholars constantly to investigate, reason, and judge for themselves. The Manual is elegantly written, and must have the effect to give a taste to what is pure and lofty in the English language. Signed by B. M. KERR, J. WHITTIER,

and twenty three other principals of Public Schools in Pennsylvania.

From the Fredericksburg, Va. Herald � The American Manual possesses a kind of railroad facility in arousing the minds of youth, no one who is entrusted with the education of the rising generation should be ignorant of its contents, or a stranger to its thorough and efficient mode of imparting knowledge. It contains a condensed, lucid, exact and comprehensive view of our social and political institutions, and ought to be in every family.

From Hon. Wm. Roberts, President of the Bd. Pub. Sch. Com. of Princess Ann Co. Virginia � I consider The American Manual the best book for training the young mind, in the earlier stages of its education, I have ever seen.

(6)

CONTENTS.

LESSON I.

Design of the Work � Marginal Exercises � Explanation of their Use and Advantage � Analyzation of Paragraphs � Marginal words to be spelled and their varied Definitions, Synonyms, Roots &c. given � Their Application in composing Simple Sentences � Progress of the Pupil � Pages 9-11.

LESSON II.

Definitions and Synonyms not found in the Margin to be given by the Scholar � Pains must be taken to arouse Thought and Investigation � Attention of a Class to be secured

� Mode of putting Questions to accomplish this End explained � Tact necessary m the Teacher � Method of Reading most advantageous to the Scholar � Pages 11-12.

LESSON III.

Marginal Exercises to be varied according to the Proficiency of the Pupils � Necessity of distinct Articulation and correct Pronunciation � The Instructor to commit Errors Purposely, in order that the Scholars may make Corrections � Each Feature to be made a leading Subject, until well understood � Anecdote of a Paris Rhetorician � Necessity for the Scholar to comprehend what he reads

� Paramount importance of the Reading Lesson � Pages 12-14.

LESSON IV.

An oral or written Account of the Reading Lesson to be given by the Pupil from Memory � Consequent Improvement of the Learner in Writing, Spelling, Application of Words, and Ease and Rapidity of Composition � Attention of the Scholar thus riveted � Habit of relating Incidents with Accuracy and Precision thus acquired � Immeasurable benefit thereby accruing to all the Sons and Daughters of the Land � Pages 14-15.

LESSON V.

Judgment of the Teacher to be used in simplifying, suppressing, or extending the Marginal Exercises, and in illustrating and varying the Lessons � Local Prejudices to be thus overcome � The same Plan will not suit every Part of the Union � Extended application of the Marginal Words � Suggestions � Marginal Terms to be employed in the construction of Literary and Scientific Themes � Nice shades of Distinction in the varied Use of the same Word pointed out by them � Pages 15-17.

LESSON VI.

Errors to be corrected by the Pupils � Easy Answers to be at first permitted � Further directions � Attractiveness of the System � Necessity of cultivating the Moral Powers � The young must rely upon themselves � Prevention better than Cure � Pages 17-19.

LESSON VII.

The Pupil's own Thoughts to be elicited � Attributes of the Mind to be exercised � Exer-

tion required in Educators � Opposition to be met by them, then final Success � Equal Benefit not derived by all from the same Book � Thoroughness necessary m Reading � Error sometimes printed � Some Books to be shunned � Reflections � Appeal on behalf of proper Education � The American Constitution � Pages 19-21.

LESSON VIII.

Our principles of Action formed in early Life from the Books studied in School � Extensive influence of Teachers on the Destiny of Mankind � Their Labors often inadequately rewarded � Plan of rigid Moral and Intellectual Training to be carried out � Enthusiasm for Critical Study thereby excited � Consequent Advantages to Society � Pages 21-24.

LESSON IX.

Political Science in important Study � Excellencies of the National Constitution � Some knowledge of the Rise and Progress of the Science of Government necessary for all � Origin of Government � far reaching character of the Mosaic History � Only reliable account of the Antediluvian World � Momentous Events only related � Paternal Authority the Source of Government � Longevity of the Antediluvians � Consequent early dense Population of the World � Absolute Sway over Families formerly exercised by Fathers � Blessings at present enjoyed by us � Pages 24-29.

LESSON X.

Difference between Family Law and Law generally � Imperfection of early Governments � Prevalence of Licentiousness and Depravity � Wickedness destroyed by the Almighty through a Deluge � Reflections � Age of the World � Wise Laws enjoyed by but a small Portion of its Inhabitants � Noah and his Sons commanded to replenish the Earth � A Portion of Noah's Descendants regardless of the Almighty's commands, build the Tower of Babel to make themselves a Name � Futility of their Scheme � A Lesson for us � Confusion of Languages � Resolution of Society to its Primitive State � Result of Man's painful and long continued Efforts � Pages 29-34.

LESSON XI.

Early Governments not the result of Deliberation � Influence and Dominion acquired in Primitive Times by Men noted for Strength, Bravery and Skill � Nimrod founder of the first Empire � Primeval Governments despotic � Herodotus' account of the Election of the first Median king Dejoces � Early Crowns often elective � Circumscribed Dominions of the first Monarchs � Kings consequently numerous � Original divisions of Egypt, China, and Japan � Similar examples now existing m Africa � Rights of the Ruled disregarded as the power of Rulers increase � Rule, at first delegated, usurped and made hereditary. � Pages 34-40.

(7)


8 CONTENTS.

LESSON XII.

Ceremonies of Marriage, regulation of Property, and punishment of Crimes, among the first Laws instituted � Penal Laws, at first extremely severe � Many Crimes punished with Death by the Mosaic Code � Its tenderness of the Irrational Creation � Is the Basis of our own Laws � Publicity necessary to authentic Engagements � Writing unknown, Laws transmitted to Posterity in oral Verse � Executive power needed � The early Ruler a Magistrate and Priest � Land assigned to every Family � Prohibition to remove Landmarks � Title to land gained by cultivation � Modern Changes in old Regulations � Pages 40-47.

LESSON XIII.

Laws of some Sort have always governed the whole human Race � Examples � The Universe pervaded by Law � All protected and restrained by it � Condition of Society in which human Restrictions would not be needed impossible under present Circumstances � Incorrectness of a common Assertion shown � Non-existence of natural Liberty � Human Laws defective and inadequate � Those of God perfect in all Respects � Even Americans are not governed by Laws of their own making � Demonstration � All are dependent � Reflections � An Appeal � Pages 47-57.

LESSON XIV.

Man created for Civil Society � Causes which bind Men together � Each Individual should relinquish the claim of Maintaining and Redressing Personal Rights and Wrongs, to Authorities delegated by the Community � The ablest Minds generally selected to establish Rules � Security and Happiness afforded by Christian Commonwealths � Law of Nations � Based upon Christianity � Not enforced by any Human Tribunal � No Courts for adjusting National disputes � Moral obligations disregarded by ancient Empires and Republics � The fame of Rome tarnished by her Perfidy � Superior Moral Character of Modern Nations � Additional Remarks � Pages 57-62.

LESSON XV.

Divisions of the Law of Nations � Necessary Law of Nations defined � Positive or International Law explained at large � Application of the two Divisions contrasted � Each Nation at liberty to legislate for itself, provided that by so doing it does not injure another � A State breaking the Law of Nations liable to attack from all the Rest � National rights of Navigation � Passports � National Agents � Ambassadors � Pages 63-68.

LESSON XVI.

Envoys � Plenipotentiaries � Ministers � Nature of the distinction between Ambassadors Envoys, Plenipotentiaries, and Resident Ministers � Charges d'Affaires � Consuls � Their Business � War � Its Formalities and Laws � Declaration of � The Tax payer a belligerent as well as the Soldier � Difference between Offensive and Defensive War � Dangers arising from Military Ambition and Renown � Pages 68-72.

LESSON XVII.

Nature and Effect of a Blockade � Truces and Armistices defined � Consequences of a Declaration of W ar � An Embargo � Letters of

Marque and Reprisal � Privateers � Treaties � Observations on the tendency of War � Pages 72-76.

LESSON XVIII.

Origin of the American Constitution � Recapitulation � Early instances of Associations formed by the People of America for mutual Defence and Protection � Congress of 1754 � Difference between the objects of the Crown and those of its Members generally � Plan of Limited Government drawn up by Franklin, rejected not only by the King, but by all the Colonies � Reasons and Causes � Indignation roused by the passage of the Stamp-Act � Congress of 1765� Its Declaration of Rights Adopts an Address to the King, and a Petition to each House of Parliament � Congress of 1774 � First recommended by the People of Providence, Rhode Island � Pages 76-82.

LESSON XIX.

The "Revolutionary Government," or "Continental Congress" � Passes the Declaration of Rights, October 14th, 1774, and the Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776 � The separate nationality of the United States dates from the first, and the Constitution is based upon both � Various prior forms of Colonial Government � General Remarks � Pages 82-86.

LESSON XX.

Declaration, of Rights � Its reception, by the whole Country � Commencement of Hostilities � Pages 86-94.

LESSON XXI, Declaration of Independence � Pages 94-102

LESSON XXII.

Sketch of a Confederation submitted by Dr. Franklin to Congress in 1775, not discussed � Congress takes Measures to form a Constitutional plan of Union � Confirms the Articles of Confederation, November 15th, 1777 � They are sanctioned by all the States, the last one, Maryland, agreeing on the 1st of March, 1781 � Congress assembles the next day under the new Powers � The two Periods of the Continental Congress � Its Powers gradually progressive � Beginning of the Nationality of the Colonies, and rise of the General Government � The Colonies known abroad as the "United States" � Powers of Congress inadequate � Amended and extended from time to time � Pecuniary embarrassments of the Country on the return of Peace � A Government of and from the People wanted � Incompetency of the Articles of Confederation for managing National Affairs demonstrated to Madison, Hamilton, and Jay � Washington in Retirement broods over the Distress of the Country, and disappointed Hopes � First idea of a Revision of the Articles of Confederation stalled at Mount Vernon � A Convention proposed by Virginia � Held at Annapolis with but five States represented � Recommends another to meet in Philadelphia � Constitution of the United States framed by this Last � Remarks � Pages 102-109.

LESSON XXIII.

Violation of the essential Principles of rational liberty and English Common I aw, the immediate Cause of the Declaration of Independence � Proceedings of Congress pending

CONTENTS. 9

it � "Committee of the Whole" explained in full � Extracts from the Journals of Congress of 1776 � Committee of five appointed to prepare the Declaration � By agreement each draws up a Form independent of the others � Jefferson's first read in Committee, and adopted unanimously � True Causes and Nature of the Revolution exhibited by the Declaration � All the Excellencies of the English Constitution embodied in our own � A Copy surpassing the Original � The Revolution not without precedents � The merit of our Ancestors is, that they transmitted to us the freedom obtained by their Bravery � Critical position of the Signers of the Declaration � Bribes offered to some of them by Emissaries of the Crown � Their great Merit � Americans of the present Day should be Friendly to their British brethren � British Parliamentary Speeches in favor of American Revolutionary Liberty � Exhortation � Pages 109-118.

LESSONS XXIV � XXV � XXVI & XXVII. Constitution of the United States of America � Pages 118-142.

LESSON XXVIII.

Articles in addition to and amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America � Pages 112-148.

LESSON XXIX.

Commentary on the Constitution � Derivation of the word "Constitution" � The Constitutions of England and other Monarchies, depending upon immemorial Consent of the People, and long settled Usage, it is difficult for the Majority of the Ruled to understand them � Advantages of our own in this Respect � Derivation of the word "Preamble" � Importance of the Preamble in elucidating the Principles of the Constitution � Remarks � Further Particulars Comments � The "more perfect Union" � The People must Read and Ponder every Sentence of the Constitution before they can sustain it � Comparatively small number of Men and Women who have ever read the Constitution � Number of false Oaths to sustain it annually taken by Office holders � The Power and Glory of our Country sustained by its Teachers � Pages 148-156.

LESSON XXX.

Commentary on the Preamble continued � Importance of thorough Male and Female Education to Free Governments � The "establishment of Justice" � Comments � The "ensurance of Domestic Tranquillity" � Comments � Pages 156-160.

LESSON XXXI.

Commentary on the Preamble concluded � Provision for the "Common Defence" � Remarks and Reflections � Promotion of the "general Welfare" Remarks � Securing of "the blessings of Liberty to ourselves and Posterity" � General Observations � Pages 180-167.

LESSON XXXII.

Commentary on the Constitution � Legislative Department � House of Representatives � The more Popular Branch has the power of Impeachment � Senate � Check upon too hasty Action � A Court for the trial of Impeachments � Skilful distribution of Power � Pages 167-173.

LESSON XXXIII.

Duties and Compensation of Members, and Powers of Congress generally � Election � Quorum � Adjournment � Pay � Exemption from Arrest not a personal Privilege � Freedom from being Questioned for Speech or Debate necessary � Revenue Bills to emanate from the Lower House � Veto � Duties, &c , to be alike throughout the Country � Congress to regulate Commerce � Establish uniform Naturalization � Can pass general Bankrupt Laws � Is alone to coin Money and fix its Standard � The Post Office and Mail Service � Copy-rights and Patents � Piracy � Declaration and Conduct of War � Navy � Government of Land and Sea Forces � Militia � Paramount Authority requisite for the general Government � Pages 173-182.

LESSON XXXIV.

Prohibitions upon the Powers of Congress and upon the States � Migration or Importation of Persons � Slave-trade � Habeas Corpus � Bills of Attainder � Ex Post Facto Laws � No Duty to be laid on Exports of any State � No Preference to be given to Ports of any State � No Vessel from one State bound to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another � No Money to be drawn, but in consequence of Appropriations made by Law � Exhibit of the State of Public Finances to be published from time to time � No Titles of Nobility to be granted � Office holders not allowed to accept Presents, &c. from Foreign Governments � Rights of and Restrictions on the States � Continental Money � Nothing but Gold and Silver a legal Tender � The States not to pass Bills of Attainder, Ex Post Facto Laws, and Laws impairing Contracts � Not to grant Titles of Nobility � In extremity can wage Defensive War � Executive Department � President � Vice-President � Remarks � Rule for finding the Name of any Congress � Actual mode of electing Executive Magistrates � Pages 182-189.

LESSON XXXV.

Duties of the Presidential Electors � Contingency of an Election by the House of Representatives provided for � Way of Proceeding of the Electoral College � Qualifications of President and Vice-President � Salaries � Oaths of Office � Denunciation � Warning � Powers and Duties of the President � Is Commander-in-Chief of the whole Military Force � Can Reprieve and Pardon but not in Cases of Impeachment � Has in connection with the Senate, the Treaty-making Power, and that of Appointment to Office � Removes from Office without consulting the Senate � An Argument � Pages 189-195.

LESSON XXXVI.

Duties of the President, continued � Is to give Congress information of the "State of the Union," and recommend Measures for the general Good � Has Power to convene Congress � Annual Message � Special Messages � Executive Patronage, Influence, Exemption from Arrest in Civil Cases, liability to Impeachment � No Titles of any sort given by the Constitution � Observations � Judicial Department: Treason � A Law-administering Tribunal needed � Montesquieu � No Liberty if the Judiciary is not separated from the Executive and Legislative Powers � Duties of


10

CONTENTS.

the Judiciary � Range of its Powers � Judges � How appointed � Duration of their Term of Office � Subject to removal only on Impeachment � Supreme Court � Its Jurisdiction, Original and Appellate, defined and described � Trial by Jury � Pages l95-202.

LESSON XXXVII.

Treason � Its Nature � Two Witnesses needed to Convict of it � Effects of Attainder limited to the Life of the Offender � Horrible ancient English Common Law punishment of Treason � Its punishment here � Public Records � Privileges of Citizens � Fugitive Criminals and Slaves � Formation and Admission of new States � Government of the Territories � Amendments to the Constitution provided for � Public Debt � Supremacy of the Constitution and Laws � Religious Test � Oath of Office � Ratification of the Constitution � Remarks � Pages 202-208.

LESSON XXXVIII.

Commentary on the Amendments � No Religion to be established by Law � Freedom of Speech and Liberty of the Press guaranteed � Right of Petition confirmed to the People � Militia � Right of the People to keep and bear Arms not to be infringed � Remarks on Standing Armies and Military Habits � Additional observations � In time of Peace Soldiers are not to be quartered in any House without the Owner's Consent � Pages208-216.

LESSON XXXIX.

Houses of the People protected against unreasonable Searches � Speedy trial guaranteed to those accused of Crime � Life not to be twice jeoparded � Other Privileges � Jury trial extended to Civil Cases � Manner of examining Causes once tried, prescribed � Prohibition of excessive Bail and Fines, and. unusual punishment � Rights enumerated do not affect those retained � Reservation of Powers � Prohibition additional upon the Powers of the Supreme Court � Remarks � Present Manner of electing the President and Vice-President shown by Article XII. � Reason of the Change � Duration of the Constitution � General Reflections � Washington's Farewell Address � Extract from Bryant � Pages 216-225.

LESSON XL.

Duties and Responsibilities of Voters � Popular Phrases rendered obsolete by the peculiar Character of .our Institutions � Subject considered at Length � Reflections � Pages 225-234.

LESSON XLI.

Subject continued � Enlightenment necessary � Ignorance in any Part detrimental to the Whole � Apostrophe � Rights of the Minority � Party Virulence dangerous � Admonition to Voters � Pages 234-239.

LESSON XLII.

Duties and Responsibilities of Jurors � Preparatory Mental Discipline an essential thing to a Juryman � General Remarks � Two kinds of Juries � Grand Juries defined and explained � Preliminary Oaths of their Foremen and Members � Extent of their Jurisdiction � One Member appointed Secretary, but no records kept � Bills of Indictment supplied by the Attorney-General � Secret examination of Witnesses � Pages 239-245.

LESSON XLIII.

Subject .continued � Vigilance and Caution required � Presentments � Further Explanations and Remarks � Jury of Trials or Petit Jury � The Oath � Qualifications should be of an equally high order as those of a Grand Jury � Definition � Trial Public � Evidence to be first given by the Plaintiff � Cross-examination � Challenged Questions decided upon by the Bench � Speeches of Counsel � Summing: up of Testimony by the Judge � His Interpretation of the Law � The Facts determined by the Jury � Pages 245-252.

LESSON XLIV.

Subject continued � Admonition � Way of proceeding in plain Cases � In intricate ones � Common Law explained � Contrast between ancient and modern Jury treatment � Criminal prosecutions � Surest preventive of Crime � Privileges of the Accused � Further Remarks � Pages 252-260.

LESSON' XLV.

Disclaimer � Danger to be apprehended � Nothing stationary � General Observations � Pages 260-268.

LESSON XLVI.

Duties and Responsibilities of Civil Magistrates � Term defined � Improvement in the Condition of Society � Extracts from Locke and others, on the Subjects treated of � Accompanying extracts from early English Statutes � Pages 268-276.

LESSON XLVII. Genera! Observations and Reflections � Pages

276-282.

LESSONS XLVIII & XLIX. Concluding Remarks � Pages 282-290-301.

STATISTICAL TABLES � Page 323. APPENDIX � Pages 1-54.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION � Pages 45-48.

INDEX

TO THE SYNONYMS, AND OTHER WORDS, EXPLAINED AND ILLUSTRATED IN THE APPENDIX.

THE synonyms have no designatory character. U. signifies unlike; S., used in different senses; M., meaning; and Q., question, applied to words not properly belonging to any of the other divisions. The numbers are: � first, the lesson; second, the question; third, the page in Appendix. Words twice given are twice elucidated.

Les. Q. P.

Abolish, }

Abrogate, } ................xv. 16, 18

Abhors � detests............xlvi. 44, 42

Absence � recess, U .........xxvi. 11, 28

Abuses � wrongs, U .........xxi. 17, 24

Account � history ...........xiii. 26, 14

Accurately � correctly .......xvi. 5, 20

Acknowledged � recognized .. .xv. 15, 18

Acquire � receive, U ...........ix. 51, 8

Acquittal � liberty, U .........xlv. 20, 41

Actual � real...............xxiv. 8, 27

Ad (prefix) -journ, M.........xxv. 4, 28

Adapted }

Adopted } U ................xxiii. 23, 26

Adequate � commensurate ... .xv. 47, 20 Adieu � farewell � good-bye .... xxii. 8, 25

Adjoining � contiguous.......xv. 30, 19

Adjourn � prorogue..........xix. 15, 22

Administer � contribute.....xiv. 9, 16

Admitted � received.........xxii. 17, 25

Advancement � progression ... 16, 6

Advantage � benefit........xxii. 6, 25

Affirmation � oath, U ...... . xxvi. 7, 28

Affirmed � sworn, U.........xlii. 35, 40

Affront � insult..............xv. 41, 19

Ages � generations........ .xxxi. 18, 36

Ages � periods..............xiii. 26, 14

Agreement � contract ....... xvii. 15, 21

Agreement � covenant .......xv. 10, 18

Agreements � compacts ........xx. 11, 23

Alliteration, M..............xlix. 68, 43

Also � likewise ............. xxv. 2, 27

Alter � change ............... xv. 4, 18

Altered � changed ............xx. 20, 24

Amicable � friendly .......... xv. 39, 19

Among � between, U, ... xxxi. 5, 36

Analyze, M..................... 4, 6

Angry � offended...........xxiii. 27, 26

Annihilation � destruction.. .xxi. 26, 24 Ap (prefix) -propriations, M. xxv. 25, 28 Apportioned � distributed. ..xxiv. 7, 27

Apprehended � feared.......xviii. 13, 21

Apprised }

Apprized } U................xvii. 2, 20

Arms � weapons..........xxviii. 9, 31

Art � science................xiii. 88, 16

Article, S.................xxvii. 3, 29

Asbestos, M...............xxvii. 32, 26

Assemble � meet..........xxviii. 38, 32

Assembly � convocation .... xviii. 16, 21

Attainder, M..............xxvii. 8, 29

Authority � power � strength.. 20, 6 Authorizing � empowering.. .xvi. 12, 20

Les. Q. P.

Avow � declare..............xxi. 6, 24

Axioms � self-evident truths xxii. 25, 25 Aye, M., ............. .....xxix. 50, 35

Baffled � defeated ......... . xviii. 17, 21

Bail � security............xxviii. 28, 32

Ballot � ticket............xxviii. 39, 32

Banner � flag.............. .xxxi. 33, 37

Bargains � contracts........xvii. 10, 21

Basis � foundation...........xx. 13, 23

Bear � carry.................. xvi. 11, 20

Before � preceding, (phrases

syn. to)................xxii, 1, 25

Behavior � conduct ........ . xxiv. 14, 27

Beneath � under.............xv. 35, 19

Benefit � advantage......... xxii. 6, 25

Bestow � confer............ xxix. 37, 35

Between � among, U. ..... .xxxi. 5, 36 Bill of attainder � ex post

facto law.............xxxiv. 8, 38

Bliss � felicity..............xxix. 48, 35

Book of laws � code ..........xii. 112, 14

Borne � supported ........... .xviii. 25, 22

Brands � swords.. ..........xxix. 49, 35

Breach of the peace � felony xxiv. 18, 27 Break the seals of � open . xxviii. 42, 33 Brethren }

Brothers }................xxi. 44, 24.

Business � concerns........ ... .xvi., 8, 20

But, (dif. parts of speech). ..xliii. 36, 40 By degrees � gradually, (phrase

syn. to)...................xxii. 10, 25

Calculated }

Computed }.............xxix. 47, 35

Called � named ...........xvii. 13, 21

Carry � bear.................... xvi 11, 20

Case S .......................xiii. 31, 14

Catalogues � lists . ......xxviii. 40, 32

Cause � reason..........xxviii. 22, 32

Cede � surrender.............xv. 27, 19

Celebrated � illustrious ......... xiv. 28, 17

Ceremony � form. .......... xiv. 39, 18

Change � alter ............ xv. 4, 18

Changed � altered ............. xx. 20, 24

Changes � vicissitudes ....... . xvii. 17, 21

Charge � office .................. xxiv. 20, 27

Choice � option ................ xv. 28, 19

Chosen � elected ........... ..... xxi 25, 24

Chosen � selected .............. .xxiv. 6, 27

Christendom (its old M.) .......x. 1, 8

Chronological, M.. ................ix. 30, 8

Circumscribed � restricted ... . xv. 12, 18


12 INDEX.

Les. Q P

Circumstantial � minute .. . xv. 38, 19

Citizen � subject..........xxxvi 14, 38

Citizens � denizens........ xxxi. 31, 37

Citizens � people........... xiii 48, 15

Civil code, M............. xii 103, 14

Claim, S ............... xxvii 12, 29

Claims � rights.......... xii 110, 14

Class � order.............xxiv. 10, 27

Class � order � rank....... xv 44, 19

Client � patron, U.......... xliii. 41, 40

Closing } .......xvii. 20, 21

Concluding }

Coalescence � union......... xv 17, 18

Code � book of laws...... xii. 112, 14

Columbia (whence derived) .. xxx. 2, 35

Com (prefix) -pose.....xii. 56, 13

Commensurate � adequate ... xv. 47, 20 Comments � observations .. . xxix. 20, 34 Commonwealth � state... xxviii. 35, 32 Compacts � agreements ..... ... xx. 11, 23 Compensation � remuneration

xxviii 18, 31

Compile, M..............xxii. 3, 25

Complete � perfect..........xxix; 29, 34

Compose }

Constitute }.................xii. 111, 114

Con (prefix) -sequently and -tracts,

M xii. 36, 12

Concerns � business...... xvi. 8, 20

Conceit those measures (syn.

phrase to) ........... xxii. 11, 25

Concurrence }

Consent } .............xxiv. 15, 27

Conduct � behaviour.. .. xxiv. 14, 27 Confederation � union .... . xxvii. 13, 30

Confer � bestow...........xxix 37, 35

Confidence � trust.......... xlvi 29, 42

Confirm � establish ...... xxiv 4, 27

Conquered � vanquished. xiv 26, 17 Consecrated � devoted .. xxxi, 12, 36 Consecrated � hallowed .... xxix. 44, 35 Considered � regarded ... xix ... 7, 22 Constant � perpetual. . . xiv. 11, 17 Constitution (whence deriv.) xxix. 2, 34

Constitution S.........xxix 3, 34

Contempt � disdain ..... xx. 9, 23

Contentions � dissensions... xxx, 13, 35

Contested � disputed .......xv. 7, 18

Contiguous � adjoining .... xv, 30, 19 Continuance }

Continuation } .............. xxiv 21, 27 Contract � agreement ..... xvii. 15, 21

Contracts � bargains .......xvii 10, 21

Contribute � administer....... xiv. 9, 16

Controversy � dispute .......xiv. 18, 17

Conventions }

Convocations }...............xxvii 27, 30 Convocations � meetings ... xviii. 29, 22 Convocation � assembly... xviii. 16, 21

Correctly � accurately.......xvi. 5, 20

Counsel � lawyers ....... xlv. 21, 41

Countenance � encourage. .. xvi. 6, 20 Countenanced � sanctioned .... xv. 3, 18

Country � land.............xxviii 33, 30

Course � series ..... . ..... xxix. 25, 34 Covenant � agreement .... xv. 10, 18 Cradle � dwelling place, U. . . xlvi. 16, 42 Crime � misdemeanor......xxviii. 21, 31

Les. Q. P. Crown-lands � public domain, U.

xxii. 5, 25

Custom � usage.............. xv. 31, 19

Customs � practices .........xxix. 26, 34

Customs � usages...........xiv. 20, 17

Cut � tear, U................xlvi. 32, 42

Danger � jeopardy ..........xxviii 17, 31

Dealings � traffic ............. xvii 9, 21

Debate � speech ................ xxiv. 19, 27 Declare � avow ............. . xxi. 6, 24

Declare � proclaim ..........xvi. 15, 20

Declined � refused.......... xvii. 12, 21

Deeds, S................... xii. 32, 12

Defeated � baffled...........xviii 17, 21

Defective � imperfect ....... xxix. 35, 35 Defence (two ways to spell), xlv, 37, 41 Definition � synonym, U........... 10, 6 Degree, S ................. xiv. 10, 17 Demand � requirement .............. xv. 46, 20 Demoniacs � possessed persons

xlvi. 11, 42

Denizens � citizens ............ xxxi. 31, 37 Denoted � signified ............... x. 35, 9 Depredation � robbery ..... ..xv. 23, 19 Deputize (an Americanism). .xiii. 82, 16

Design � object ..............xlii, 14, 40

Destroy }

Dissolve } ................xxi. 5, 24

Destruction � annihilation ... xxi. 26, 24 Destruction � ruin ............. ix 13, 7 Destruction � ruin ........... xxxvi. 15, 38 Detests � abhors ............ xlvi. 44, 42 Developing � elevating � strength-

ening, U................. 11, 6

Devises � wills ............... xii. 108, 14

Devoted � consecrated . ........ xxxi. 12, 36

Dictate � proscribe ........ . xiv. 37, 18

Different }

Dissimilar }.............. x. 38, 9

Different � several ........... xxvii. 23, 30 Difficulties � obstacles ....... xxix. 38, 35 Dignity � honor ......... xiv. 42, 18 Dis (prefix) -approved, M .... xxv. 6, 28 Discoveries � inventions ...... xii. 105, 14 Discretion � judgment ........... . xv. 26, 19 Disdain � contempt ........ xx. 9, 23 Disparity � inequality ......... xiv. 1, 16 Display � exhibit .......... xv. 8, 18 Disposed � inclined ............. xiii. 26, 14 Dispute � controversy ....... xiv. 18, 17

Disputed � contested ......... xv. 7, 18

Disregard � slight .............. xiv 19, 17

Dissensions � contentions xxx 13, 35 Dissensions � quarrels xxx 15, 35

Distant � foreign, U ..... xxviii 36, 32 Distinct � separate x 36, 9

Distributed � apportioned xxiv 7, 27

Disturb � interrupt....... xxx 8, 35

Disunited }

Divided } ..............x. 45, 9

Done � made............xxvii 39, 30

Drawing, S ............... xii 32, 12

Due � right ............xiii 26, 14

Duties � taxes..........xxxiii 36, 37

Duty � service......... xxviii 16, 31

Dwelling place � cradle, U. xlvi. 16, 42

INDEX. 13

Each }

Every } .................. xxx. 17, 36

Educators, M ...................

Elected � chosen............xxi. 25, 24

Elevated � raised ........... xxix. 34, 34

Elevating � developing � strengthening, U ................ 11, 6

Emergency }

Exigency } ................xvi. 3, 20

Emoluments � salaries .......xxi. 33, 24

Emphasis �

Emphasis � pause � tone...... 21, 6

Employ � use...........xv. 25, 19

Empowering � authorizing .. . xvi. 12, 20

Enacted � made .............xiii. 48, 15

Encompassing � surrounding ... xvii. 1, 20

Encourage � countenance ... .xvi. 6, 20

Ends � objects ...............xiv. 41, 18

Enemies � foes............. xxi. 54, 25

Engagements, S.............xii 32, 12

Engrossed, S.............xxiii. 3, 25

Enormous � vast ...........xvi. 18, 20

Enviable, (whence derived, and

how used) ............. ix. 49, 8

Envy � jealousy............xviii 23, 22

Equably }

Equally } ..................xiv. 40, 18

Equal � uniform............xiv. 34, 17

Essay � treatise............... 23, 6

Establish � confirm.........xxiv. 4, 27

Evasion � subterfuge......... xv. 20, 18

Evident � manifest..........xvi. 17, 20

Examples � instances.......xviii. 10, 21

Excises � imposts ...... xxxiii. 37, 37

Excite � incite.............. 18, 6

Executives � pardoning power,

U .................xlv. 28, 41

Exhibit � display ............xv. 8, 18

Existing � subsisting......xviii. 11, 21

Experience � trial ..........xx. 16, 23

Exports � imports, U . ....... xxv. 28, 28

Ex post facto law � bill of at-

tainder, U .........xxxiv. 8, 38

Extending � suppressing, U .. .. vi. 2, 4

Faculties M ................ 12, 6

Faithful � true .........xlvi. 35, 42

Famous � renowned ........... xiv. 22, 17

Farewell � adieu � good-bye xxii. 8, 25

Feared � apprehended ......xviii. 13, 21

Felicity � bliss ..........xxix. 48, 35

Felony � breach of the peace ... xxiv. 18, 27

Fixed � permanent ......xii 106, 14

Flag � banner ..........xxxi. 33, 37

Foes � enemies ...........xxi. 54, 25

Foreign � distant, U..... xxviii. 36, 32

Forgive � pardon . xlvi. 5, 41

Form S.......xix. 9, 22

Forms, S .........xii 32, 12

Form � ceremony...........xiv 39, 18

Form � system ...... xix. 10, 22

Foundation � basis ......xx 13, 23

Freedom � liberty .. .. xxviii 5, 31

Friendly � amicable . ... xv 39, 19

Fruitful � prolific ...... xiv 24, 17

Fulcrum � prop ........ xlviii 49, 43

Furnished � provided...... xv. 33, 19

Les. Q. P.

General excellency � humanity,

U.....................xlv. 25, 41

Generations � ages.........xxxi. 18, 36

Glaive, M.................. . . xxix. 51, 35

Glaring � notorious.........xxii. 23, 25

Governed � ruled .... xiii. 48, 15

Government, M..............ix. 14, 7

Government, S............... ix. 15, 7

Good-bye � adieu � farewell xxii. 8, 25 Gradually � by degrees, (phrase

syn. to) ...............xxii. 10, 25

Grandeur � magnificence .. xv. 50, 20

Greatest � largest ....... xxviii. 13, 33

Grievances � wrongs ... xxviii. 8, 31

Guns � muskets.........xxxviii. 22, 38

Had, S ................. xxii. 12, 25

Hallowed � consecrated.....xxix. 44, 35

Harbors � ports............. xv 37, 19

Hidden � latent ............xxix. 21, 34

History � account..........xiii 20, 14

Honor � dignity..........xiv 42, 18

Host, S .............x 54, 9

Humanity � general excellency,

U.....................xlv. 25, 41

Ignorant }

Illiterate }..................xiv. 2, 16

Illegal � unjust ............xlv. 50, 41

Illustrious � celebrated.....xiv. 28, 17

Im (prefix) -portant, M .......xii 21, 12

Im (prefix) -punity, M......xliv. 37, 41

Imperfect � defective.......xxix 35, 35

Imports � exports, U........ xxv. 28, 28

Imposing � obtruding .......xxi. 37, 24

Imposts � excises ........xxxiii. 37, 37

In (prefix) -formed and -flicted,

M .. .......xii. 63, 13

In (prefix) -habitants, M ...xii. 50, 12

In (prefix) -secure, &c , M xliv. 38, 41

Incite � excite .......... 18, 6

Inclined � disposed ....... xiii. 26, 14

Independent (whence deriv.) . xxx. 9, 35

Indians � savages ..... xviii 14, 21

Indictment � presentment .. xliii. 5, 40

Ineffectually }

In vain } (phras. syn. to) xxii 20, 25

Inequality � disparity .. . xiv 1, 16

Infallible � unerring.....xiii. 2, 14

Infirmity � weakness ...xiii 26, 14

Infringement (whence deriv. ) xix 5, 22

Inhabitants � people ..... xxviii 33, 32

Inheritance � legacy .... xxxi . 3, 36

Inheritances � patrimonies xii. 107, 14

Injure }

Impair }...................xv. 18, 18

Inoffending � unoffending.....xv. 21, 19

Instances � examples .......xviii, 10, 21

Instructed � taught .............xiv. 25, 17

Instrument, S...........xxiii. 21, 26

Instrument � tool..... ......xxi 38, 24

Insult � affront ........ xv. 41, 19

Insurrections � rebellious.... xxv. 16, 28

Insurrections � riots ........ xxxiii. 74, 38

Intellectual � moral ............... 15, 6

Intention � purpose ..... .... xxiv 12, 27

Inter (prefix) -national, M .. .xiv 14, 17

Interrupt � disturb .......... .xxx. 8, 35

2


14 INDEX.

Les. Q. P.

Inventions � discoveries......xii. 105, 14

Italics, M..................... 1, 2

Jealousy � envy........... .xviii. 23. 22

Jeopardy � danger.........xxviii. 17, 31

Judgment � discretion.. .......xv. 26, 19

Junes � voters, Q.............xlv. 17, 41

Juryman, M................See page 242

Kept � retained...............xx. 18, 23

Kingly � regal..............xviii. 20, 22

Land � country............. xxvii. 33, 30

Largest � greatest .........xxviii. 43, 33

Lasting � permanent......,xvii. 28, 22

Latent � hidden............. xxix, 21, 34

Law, S.......... ............. xxvii. 5, 29

Law � rule................xxviii. 3, 31

Laws � statutes .............xiii. 48, 15

Laws � statutes.......... xxvii. 30, 30

Lawyers � counsel .......... .xlv. 21, 41

Leave � permission.......... xv. 36, 19

Legacy � inheritance . .... ... xxxi. 3, 36

Liberty � acquittal, U....... xlv. 26, 41

Liberty � freedom ......... xxviii. 5, 31

Light � trivial........... ...xxi. 16, 24

Like � similar..............xviii. 26, 22

Likewise � also............ xxv. 2, 27

Lists � catalogues.........xxviii. 40, 32

Literary � scientific, U......... 22, 6

Loyalty, M..................xix. 19, 23

Made � done...............xxvii. 39, 30

Made � enacted ..............xiii. 48, 15

Magistrate � priest, U.......xii. 62, 13

Magna Charta, M...........xlvi. 20, 42

Magnificence � grandeur......xv. 50, 20

Main, (in opposite senses). .xxix. 42, 35

Main � ocean..............xxix. 41, 35

Manifest � evident...........xvi. 17, 20

Manner }

Mode } ..................xxiv. 13, 27

Manner � way ............xxviii. 12, 31

Matters � resolutions, Q .. .xxiii. 14, 26

May, S...................xix. 2, 22

Meaning � signification ....xxix. 18, 34

Meet � assemble..........xxviii. 38, 32

Meetings � conventions ....xviii. 29, 22

Memento }

Monument } ..................xxiii. 25, 26

Method }

Mode } ...................xiv. 38, 18

Metonomy, M.............. 13, 6

Minute � circumstantial ..... xv. 38, 19

Misdemeanor � crime .... xxviii. 21, 31

Model � pattern........... .xxx. 4, 35

Modern � recent...........xiv. 32, 17

Modulation � emphasis....... 21, 6

Monarchs � sovereigns....... xv. 6, 18

Monolith � obelisk ........ xxxi. 39, 37

Moral � intellectual.......... 15, 6

Moral ......... 15, 6

Moslems � Turks........ .. .xlvi. 10, 42

Motives � principles.........xvi. 20, 20

Multitudes � swarms.... .xviii. 22, 22

Muskets � guns..........xxxviii. 22, 38

Mutual � reciprocal.......... xv. 43, 19

Les. Q. P.

Named � called ................ xvii. 13, 21

Necessary � requisite........ xii. 44, 12

Necessity }

Need } .................... xii. 104, 14

Need � want ..................xiii. 26, 14

Nevertheless }

Notwithstanding } ............ xxvii. 35, 30

Nobles � peers ..............xxxi. 22, 36

Notorious � glaring . ....... xxii. 23, 25

Oath � Affirmation ......... xxvi. 7, 28

Obelisk � monolith ......... xxxi. 39, 37 Object � design ..............xlii, 14, 40

Objects � ends ................ xiv. 41, 18

Observations � comments ... xxix. 20, 34 Obstacles � difficulties ............xxix. 38, 35 Obtain � procure . ................ xvi. 14, 20 Obtruding � imposing .. ........ .xxi. 37, 24

Ocean � main .................. .xxix. 41, 35

Ocean � sea ......... ....... xxxi. 10, 36

Offended � angry ............. xxiii. 27, 26 Officer � charge .............xxiv, 20, 27

On � upon ................xxviii, 44, 33

Open, S .............. ......xxvii. 9..29

Open � break the seals of . .. xxviii. 42, 33

Option � choice............... xv. 28, 19

Or (affix) elect , M. ....... . xxvi. 2, 28 Orally, M ..................... 9, 6

Order � class..............xxiv. 10, 27

Order � class � rank ..........xv. 44, 19

Outline � sketch....... ...... xxii. 2, 25

Ownership � property ....... xii. 109, 14

Palladium, M ..............xxix. 27, 34

Panel }

Pannel } ...........xlii. 27, 40

Paragraph � sentence, U ........ 23, 6

Pardon � forgive ............ xlvi. 5, 41 Pardoning power � executives,

U......................xlv. 28, 41

Part }

Portion }...... .....xxvii. 25, 30

Passed }

Propounded }.............. xxiii. 19, 26

Patrimonies � inheritances ... xii. 107, 14

Patron � client, U...........xliii. 41, 40

Pattern � model.............. xxx. 4, 35

Pause � emphasis � tone, M.. . 21, 6

Peace � quiet .......... ... ..xxviii. 11, 31

Peace � tranquillity .......... xii. 102, 14

Peace � tranquillity......... xiv. 33, 17

Peers � nobles. ............. xxxi. 22, 36

People � citizens........... xiii. 48, 15

People � inhabitants..... xxviii 33, 32

People � populace........ xxii 24, 25

Perceived � seen ...........xxix 30, 34

Perfect � complete .......xxix 29, 34

Perfidious � treacherous..... xiv. 29, 17

Periods � ages .............xiii 26, 14

Permanent � fixed...........xii. 106, 14

Permanent � lasting....... xviii. 28, 22

Permission � leave......... xv. 36, 19

Perpetual � constant........ xiv. 11, 17

Pillaged }

Plundered }.................xxi. 43, 24

Place � spot ...............xxiv. 16, 27

Poetry � verse...............xii. 57, 13

Ponder � reflect..........xxix. 45, 35

INDEX. 15

Les. Q P

Ports � harbors ............ xv. 37, 19

Possessed persons � demoniacs

xlvi. 11, 42

Potent }

Powerful } ...............xxix. 23, 34

Power � authority � strength. iii. 20, 2

Power � strength............xiv. 35, 18

Powers, S................... 20, 6

Practices � customs......xxix. 26, 34

Pre (prefix) -scribe, M......xiii 13, 14

Preamble (whence derived) xxix. 8, 34

Preamble, S...............xxix. 9, 34

Preceding � before (phrases syn.

to)..................xxii. 1, 25

Precepts }

Principles } .................xv. 2, 18

Prejudice, M................... 3, 4

Preparing, S..............xxiii. 16, 26

Prerequisite � qualification, U.

xxvii. 37, 30

Prescribe � dictate...........xiv. 37, 18

Presence � sight, U,.......xxviii. 41, 32

Presentment � indictment ..xliii. 5, 40

Pretences }

Pretexts } ................xx. 3, 23

Priest � magistrate, U.......xii. 62, 13

Principles, S...............xix 4, 22

Principles � motives ........xvi. 20, 20

Pro (prefix) -vide, M.........xxv. 9, 28

Proceeding }

Process }.............xxviii. 23, 32

Proclaim � declare...........xvi. 15, 20

Procure � obtain............xvi. 14, 20

Progression � advancement.... 16, 6

Prolific � fruitful............xiv. 24, 17

Prop � fulcrum............xlviii. 49, 43

Proper � right.............xxix. 32, 34

Property � ownership........xii. 109, 14

Prorogue � adjourn......... .xix. 15, 22

Prosecute }

Pursue } .................xv. 40, 19

Prosperity � welfare ....... xxiv. 5, 27

Provided � furnished ..........xv. 33, 19

Prudence � wisdom.........xxxi. 21, 36

Public domain � crown-lands,

U .................xxii. 5, 25

Purpose � intention ........xxi v. 12, 27

Purpose � sake..............xv. 22, 19

Qualification � prerequisite,

U..................xxvii 37, 30

Quarrels � dissensions.......xxx. 15, 35

Quick � speedy...........xxviii. 20, 31

Quiet � peace ......... xxviii. 11, 31

Quit � relinquish............xiv. 4, 16

Raised � elevated ........xxix 34, 34

Rank � class � order........ xv 44, 19

Rational }

Reasonable } .........xxix. 40, 35

Re (prefix) -consider, M. ... xxv. 3, 28

Real � actual.............xxiv. 8, 27

Reason � cause......xxviii. 22, 32

Rebellions � insurrections .xxv 16, 28

Receive � acquire, U.......ix 51, 8

Received � admitted ...... xxii 17, 25

Recent � modern .......xiv 32, 17

Recess � absence, U.....xxvi 11, 28

Les. Q. P.

Reciprocal � mutual ....... . xv. 43, 19

Recognized � acknowledged .. xv. 15, 18

Recorded }

Registered }..................xiv. 30, 37

Redress }

Relief } ..................xxi. 51, 25

Reflect � ponder...... .....xxix. 45, 35

Refused � declined..........xvii. 12, 21

Regal � kingly ............xviii 20, 22

Regard }

Respect }..................xiv. 23, 17

Regarded � considered . .....xix. 7, 22

Relinquish � quit.......... .xiv. 4, l6

Remuneration � compensation

xxviii. 18, 31

Renewed }

Revived }.................xvii. 5, 21

Renowned � famous.........xiv. 22, 17

Repeatedly (phrases syn. to) . .xx. 24, 21

Repose }

Rest }...................xxx. 7, 35

Representatives � senate, Q. xxiii 22, 26

Requirement � demand .... ..xv. 46, 20

Requisite � necessary........xii 44, 12

Resolutions � matters, Q, .... xxiii. 14, 26

Restrained }

Restricted }.................xx. 14, 23

Restrainment � suppression. ..xx. 7, 23

Restricted � circumscribed ... .xv. 12, 18

Retained � kept..............xx. 18, 23

Revered � venerated.........xx. 22, 24

Revolutionary � transitional,

U......................xxii. 9, 25

Right, S....................xix. 16, 23

Right � due.................xiii. 23, 14

Right � proper............xxix. 32, 34

Rights � claims...............xii. 110, 14

Rigorously � strictly.........xiii. 26, 14

Riots � insurrections .....xxxiii. 74, 38

Robbery � depredation........xv. 23, 19

Ruin � destruction ...........ix. 13, 7

Ruin � destruction.......xxxvi 15, 38

Rule � law ..............xxviii 3, 31

Ruled � governed............xiii. 48, 15

Sabbath, M.................xii. 9, 11

Sacredness (whence derived) xii 33, 12

Safe }

Secure }.................xxx. 5, 35

Sake � purpose ..............xv. 22, 19

Salaries � emoluments......xxi. 33, 21

Sanction }

Support }...................xv. 11, 18

Sanctioned � countenanced . .. xv. 3, 18

Savages � Indians.......... xviii.. 11, 21

Scholar 13, 6

School (words derived from) ... 13, 6

Science � art ........ .....xiii. 88, 16

Scientific � literary, U.......... 22, 6

Sea � ocean ..............xxxi. 10, 36

Seasons � times ......... xv. 49, 20

Security � bail ............ xxviii. 28, 32

Seen � perceived ........ xxix. 30, 34

Self-evident truths � axioms xxii 25, 25

Semi (prefix) -barbarous, M xiii. 9, 14

Senate � representatives, Q xxiii 22, 26

Sentence � paragraph, U....... 23, 6


16 INDEX.

Les Q. P.

Sentient (whence derived) ... 17, 6

Separate � distinct ............x. 36, 9

Sept � tribe ...............xxxi 14, 36

Series � course............. xxix 25, 34

Service � duty............xxviii. 16, 31

Several � different.........xxvii. 23, 30

Several � various............x. 37, 9

Sheep, Q ..................xlv. 23, 41

Sheriff, M...............xlii. 24, 40

Ships � vessels...............xv 32, 19

Sight � presence, U.....xxviii 41, 32

Signification � meaning . . xxix, 18 34

Signified � denoted......... . x. 35, 9

Similar � like ...........xviii 26, 22

Sketch � outline............xxii. 2, 25

Slight � disregard........... xiv, 19, 17

Societies, M............... xiii. 3, 14

Soil, S.................... xx. 25, 24

Sovereigns � monarchs......xv. 6, 18

Speech � debate..........xxiv 19, 27

Speedy � quick............xxviii. 20, 31

Spot � place ............xxiv. 16, 27

State � commonwealth ... .xxviii. 35, 32

States, M. . . ........... xiii. 8, 14

Status quo, Q................xv, 13, 18

Statutes � laws... ......... xiii. 48, 15

Statutes � laws...........xxvii, 30, 30

Step, M....................xii. 76, 13

Step (prefix) -father, M.......xii. 77, 13

Story, S ....................ix. 28, 7

Strength � authority � power .. 20, 6

Strength � power...........xiv, 35, 18

Strengthening � developing �

elevating, U.............. 11, 6

Strictly � rigorously........ .xiii. 26, 14

Subject, S.................vii. 3, 6

Subject � citizen..........xxxvi. 14, 38

Subsisting � existing.......xviii. 11, 21

Subterfuge � evasion.........xv. 20, 18

Supported � borne..........xviii. 25, 22

Suppressing � extending, U.. ... 2, 4

Suppression � restrainment .. xx. 7, 23

Surrender � cede........... xv. 27, 19

Surrounding � encompassing xvii. 1, 20

Swarms � multitudes.......xviii. 22, 22

Swords � brands ......... . xxix. 49, 35

Sworn � affirmed, U........xlii. 35, 40

Synonym � definition, U........ 10, 6

System � form.............. xix. 10, 22

Talesmen, M ..............xliv. 42, 41

Taught � instructed .........xiv. 25, 17

Taxes � duties..........xxxiii. 36, 37

Tear � cut U................xlvi. 32, 42

Temporary }

Transient }............. . xxiv. 11, 27

Term � word................xvi. 2, 20

Testimony � witness......xxvii. 41, 30

That, Q .................xliv. 30, 41

Ticket � ballot...........xxviii. 39, 32

Times � seasons ............ xv. 40, 20

Tion (affix) capita-, M......xxv. 23, 28

Tone � emphasis � pause, M. .. 21, 6

Les. Q. P.

Tool � instrument ...........xxi. 38, 24

Traffic � dealings...........xvii. 9, 21

Tranquillity � peace......... xii. 102, 14

Tranquillity � peace....... xlv. 33, 17

Trans (prefix) -mitted, M ... xii, 58, 13 Transitional � revolutionary, U,

xxii. 9, 25

Treacherous � perfidious.... xiv. 29, 17

Treatise � essay ,.............. 23, 6

Trial � experience............xx. l6, 23

Tribe � sept ...............xxxi 14, 36

Trivial � light ..............xxi. 16, 24

True � faithful............ xlvi 35, 42

Trust � confidence........ xlvi. 29, 42

Turks � Moslems ..........xlvi. 10, 42

Ty (affix) notorie, M.......xii. 25, 12

Un (prefix}, M............ .. .xii, 114, 14

Un (prefix) -aided, M.........xii 113, 14

Under � beneath ..............xv. 35, 19

Unerring � infallible. ........ xiii. 2, 14

Uniform � equal.......... .. xiv, 34, 17

Union � coalescence........ . xv. 17, 18

Union � confederation . .... xxvii. 13, 30

Unjust � illegal .... ....... . xlv. 50, 41

Unoffending � inoffending ... .xv. 21, 19

Upon � on ...................xxviii 44, 33

Usage � custom ...............xv. 31, 19

Usages � custom ............ .xiv. 20, 17

Use � employ................xv. 25, 19

Validity, S...................xii. 32, 12

Vanquished � conquered .....xiv. 26, 17

Various � several ............. x. 37, 9

Vast � enormous ............xvi. 18, 20

Venerated � revered ..........xx. 22, 24

Verse � poetry ............... xii. 57, 13

Vessels � ships .. ............xv. 32, 19

Vetoed, M. ... .............xiii. 63, 15

Vice (prefix), M............ xxvi. 16, 28

Vice, S...................xxvi. 17, 28

Vicissitudes � Changes ......xvii. 17, 21

Voice }

Vote }...................xxiv. 9, 27

Voters � juries, Q............xiv. 17, 41

Want � need............... .xiii. 26, 14

Way � manner ... ..... .xxviii 12, 31

Weakness � infirmity..... xiii 26, 14

Weapons � arms....... xxviii 9, 31

Welfare � prosperity . . . xxiv 5, 27

Wills � devises ........ xii 108, 14

Wisdom � prudence . .. xxxi 21, 36

Witness � testimony. xxvii 41, 30

Word � term .... . xvi. 2, 20

Work, S . ... 2, 6

Writ of error Q .... xxxix 15, 39

Wrongs � abuses U xxi. 17, 24

Wrongs � grievances . . xxviii 8. 31

THE

AMERICAN MANUAL.

LESSON I.

THE design of the right-hand column of words (See LESSON 7.) is to render the school-room a place of intense interest, enchaining the mind of the pupil by gradual and constant exercise of all the intellectual faculties; for, like the body, the more the mind is properly exercised the stronger it becomes. When the right-hand column is used as a spelling lesson, and the teacher gives out any word, it is intended that the word in the same line indicated by the figure 1 shall be spelled in its place. For example � when the teacher pronounces book, the pupil will spell work � when primary, the pupil will spell elementary � when lessons for practice, the pupil will spell exercises � and when writers, the pupil will spell authors. Again, when the teacher pronounces work, the scholar will spell book � when elementary, the scholar will spell primary � when exercises, the scholar will spell lessons for practice � when authors, the scholar will spell writers. It is obvious that by this plain not a word can be spelled without "waking up the mind" of the scholar. The pupil spells and learns the meaning of two words in every line, and eventually forms the habit of observing how every word read is spelled, or, in other words, learns to spell every word in the language correctly; and, what is more, not only learns the meaning of every word, but also the nice shades of difference between words generally used as synonymous with each other. Youth thus enter with zest on the study of their mother tongue, and each day brings increasing delight in tracing the beauties and following out the philosophy of language, in which all the business of life is transacted, effectually fitting the student for the real practical duties of the world.

In order to enliven the class, train the pupils to think quick, and to rivet their attention the teacher may occasionally give them the marginal words to spell by letter. Thus, the teacher pronounces work, Susan begins, B, Mary instantly follows, OO, then Jane, K, and Harriet pronounces the word; and so on down the column and

2*

(17)


18 INTRODUCTION.

through the class. It will be advisable for those who use the Manual as a reading book to take but one feature at a time, and to omit the questions till the pupils are perfectly familiar with the marginal exercises.

It cannot be too often repeated, that the great object has been to discipline the mind, to give the pupil an accurate command of language; and hence, the word found in the margin is often not the easiest or the plainest one that might have been given. For example (see page 83), ken, 18th marginal line; also (page 111) coterie, 33d marginal line, and moderator, 49th marginal line.

Some words in the right-hand column are definitions, some synonyms, and some neither definitions nor synonyms, but phrases or expressions that convey a similar idea to the mind. Hence, the pupil in properly using this book must reason, investigate, and reflect ; the attention thus aroused in school will accompany the pupil through life, and in the place of stupidity, sluggishness, and a distaste for intellectual pursuits, an acute intellect and polished mind will be formed which will adorn the possessor, and! bless society to the end of time.

It is believed that pupils who properly use this book will acquire attentive habits, desire for study, and patient investigation, which will fit them in after life to be the solace and pride of their families, and the ornaments of society.

LESSON II.

Another excellent feature of the marginal exercises is, that youths gradually train the eye to look in advance of the word they; are pronouncing. For example, when the scholar pronounces schools, the first word in the third line of Lesson 7., the eye glances forward to the end of the line in order to bring.in the meaning of exercises, the word indicated by the figure 1. The eye thus accustomed to reach in advance of the words being pronounced, the pupil is enabled to articulate the difficult words that occur in the course of reading, without the least hesitancy. Hence, a habit of reading fluently is acquired at the same time youth are obtaining a command of language. Educators will find it well frequently to call the attention of the young to the great variety of meanings the same word may have, owing to its connexion with the sentence in which it is placed. Thus work, the second

INTRODUCTION. 19

word in the first line of Lesson 7., is used in the sense of book, but it may have ten different significations. See Lesson 8., Question 2 Page 6 Appendix. Teachers who properly use the marginal column will soon find the eyes of their pupils beaming with joy, as their minds expand by the use of the marginal exercises. The pupil should so study the lesson as not to make the slightest halt in substituting the meaning for the word indicated by the figure 1. For backward or dull scholars, it will be well for the teacher to simplify the answers in the Appendix. For example, Question 2, of Lesson 8., in the Appendix may be elucidated more in full, 'thus: (see Ques. 2. Les. 8.) first in the sense of BOOK, as the work is well written; that is, the book is well written. Second, in the sense of LABOR, as he is at work; that is, he is at labor. Third, in the sense of MANAGE, as work out your own salvation; that is, manage your own salvation. Fourth, in the sense of OPERATE, as the principle works well; that is, the principle operates well. Fifth.. in the sense of BECOME, as the cogs work loose by friction; that is, they become loose by friction. Sixth, in the sense of FERMENT, as malt liquors work; that is, they ferment. Seventh, in the sense of REMOVE, as the plaster works out of place; that is, the plaster is removed out of place. Eighth, in the sense of KNEAD, as the young ladies, Bridget, Elizabeth, and Louisa, work pastry: that is, the young ladies knead pastry. Tenth, in the sense of EMBROIDER, as (he young ladies, Jane, Susan, and Harriet, work purses; that is, they embroider purses. For backward or dull scholars it would probably be best for the teacher to omit the questions in the book entirely, and give them a few easy oral ones; and for those advanced it will be well to vary the exercise and make it more difficult. By taking again Question 2, Lesson I., the advanced pupil would give something like the following answer. First, in the sense of BOOK, as my mother purchased the work. Second, in the sense of LABOR, as John is at work, &c.

It frequently occurs throughout the book that the best word for the text is found in the margin. In doing this, the author had a two-fold object; first, to exercise the judgment and discriminating powers of the pupils; second, it was often more convenient. For examples of this kind, see page 111, and the 38th line; COMMITTEE would be far preferable, both in brevity and style, to number of their body; PLAINTIFF, page 250, marginal line 149; REPLICATION, page 251, marginal line 167; GIVEN HIS CHARGE, Lesson XLIV., page 252, line 2 ; with many others, are examples of this kind.


20 INTRODUCTION.

As a genera] rule, the term or phrase given in the margin is the approximate meaning of the word in the same line, indicated by the figure 1. The teacher should be careful to make the pupil understand that the same word may convey a very different or even an opposite signification in one sentence from what it does in another ; for example, when we speak of a nervous writer, we mean one strong and vigorous; but when we speak of a nervous lady, we mean one weak and feeble.

After the pupils have become familiar with the marginal words they should substitute original meanings, obtained by their own research and reflection: for example, in the place of the meaning given in the margin of work, in the first line of Lesson 7., the scholars may substitute Reader, Manual, or Volume; any phrase or expression that will convey a similar idea.

LESSON III.

The Index to synonyms, [see page 11] will also furnish many interesting fireside lessons, and greatly assist the teacher who uses the Manual for advanced classes. For example, suppose the pupil wishes to know the difference between abolish and abrogate; by reference to lesson XV., Question 16, page 18 of the Appendix (as pointed out by the Index), the difference is explained at length; and by turning to Lesson XV. (Question 16, which points out the line in which the words occur), and page 70, in the body of the book, the pupil will see an application of the words in a sentence; hence it is plain that if the nation does away gradually with its old regulations, abolish will be the best word to use in the text; if suddenly, then abrogate would be the best, It appears that alter precedes abolish (see page 70, line 54); hence, it is evident that the change may be a gradual alteration, and therefore abolish is the best word to use in the text. Again, suppose the difference between declare and avow is required; under the letter D, page 12, in the Index, the difference is indicated, and clearly explained in Lesson XXI., Question 6, page 24 of the Appendix By reference to Lesson XXI. (Question 6, which points out the line in which the words occur), page 94, the application of the words will appear; declare being the best word to use in the text, because its application is national. The Biographical Tables also furnish fruitful and varied themes

INTRODUCTION. 21

for composition, and are of much service by arousing a literary spirit in the family circle. The pupils should be encouraged to obtain knowledge from friends as well as from books.

Again, to vary the exercise, as well as to give the pupils some lesson that will interest their families at home, the teacher may assign with Lesson I., Table I. (found on page 332) of the State in which the school is taught. For example, suppose the school to be in the State of Pennsylvania; by reference to the table, it will be perceived that Pennsylvania is the ninth State in the column of States, and that opposite each State is the first column of figures denoting in years the time for which the governor in that State is elected. The figure opposite Pennsylvania in the first column is 3; hence, the governor of Pennsylvania is elected for three years. The figures in the second column denote, in dollars, the governor's salary per year; opposite Pennsylvania in the second column is 3000; hence, the governor of Pennsylvania has an annual salary of $3000. Again, suppose the school happens to be in Virginia, and that the class has been assigned Lesson II. By reference to Table II. it will be seen that Virginia is the twelfth State in the column of States. The first column of figures denotes the number of State Senators. In the first column of figures opposite Virginia is 50; hence, the number of State Senators in Virginia is 50. The second column of figures denotes the time, in years, for which the State Senators are elected ; 4 is opposite Virginia in the second column of figures; hence, the term of office for the State Senators in Virginia is four years. The third column of figures denotes the number of State Representatives for each State. The figures opposite Virginia are 152 ; hence, the number of State Representatives' in Virginia is 152. The fourth column of figures denotes the time, in years, for which the State Representatives are elected. The number opposite Virginia is 2; hence, the term of office of the State Representatives for Virginia is two years. The fifth column of figures denotes, in years, the youngest age at which any man can legally serve as State Senator. The figures opposite Virginia in the fifth column are 30; hence, a man must attain thirty years in Virginia before he can be legally elected a State Senator. Again, suppose the school happens to be in Ohio, and the class has Lesson IV. assigned. For the home lesson the teacher may assign Table V. Ohio is the twenty-fifth State in the column of States, on page 336. The first column of figures


22 INTRODUCTION.

denotes the number of inhabited dwelling houses in each of the States respectively. The figures opposite Ohio in the first column are 336,098 ; � hence, according to the government authority of the last census, there were 336,098 inhabited dwelling houses in Ohio. The scholars may commit to memory one table, or even less than one table, for each day; and in the course of a short time they will be familiar with all the statistics of their own State.

LESSON IV.

Inattentive examination has led many who were not practical teachers to believe that the author intended the right-hand column of words as exact definitions; nothing could be farther from the fact. There are about one thousand questions calling the attention to the difference between the meaning of the word indicated by the figure 1 and the word in the margin, at the end of the line. The great object is to give varied accuracy in the use of words, a command of language, and gradually but thoroughly to exercise, the judgment and discriminating powers of the pupils. Pages 291, 297, and many others, call the attention expressly to the use of the marginal column. It cannot be too much borne in mind, that even of any several-words derived from various tongues, and conveying each in its own, the same thought as either or all of the rest, there is generally, in our language, a slight shade of difference in the application, so that they cannot be used indiscriminately. See page 4, Ap. Probably no two words can be found, in their true and nice application, exactly alike, though there are many conveying a similar idea. Let it be always distinctly recollected, that the main object of the marginal exercises is properly to discipline the mind, to cultivate a taste for the philosophy of our own language, and Jit the pupils for the duties of after-life.

Especial attention is also requested to the peculiarities of orthography in the Constitution. Several persons have had the kindness to point out what they supposed to be errors in spelling, whereas if they had taken pains to examine the questions at the termination of the Constitution (page 147), and the answers found to questions 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, and 71, in the corresponding lesson in the Appendix, or Key (pages 33 and 34), they would have seen the importance of not altering one iota, a document so sacred and venerable as the AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. Hence, in-

INTRODUCTION. 23

stead of being an insuperable objection to the use of the Manual, it will be seen that the very fact of its containing a FACSIMILE of the original manuscript of the Constitution (now in the Department of State in the City of Washington), greatly enhances its value. Hundreds of errors are now to be found in law and other books purporting to contain copies of the Constitution. One of the most popular school-books of the day has XIII. amendments to the Constitution ; yet only XII. have been made by Congress. If in less than a century, independent of variations and errors in orthography, punctuation, &c., an entire amendment can be added to the Constitution, is there not danger, if authors are allowed to vary from the original manuscript, that in the course of time the entire original Constitution will be changed or obliterated, and a new one formed, according to the caprices of the public mind? Again, our language is subject to constant change, and, according to the general received opinion, up, the last word in the 120th line, page 134, is superfluous; yet it is found in the manuscript as originally adopted. The specimens of old English poetry, page 44 of the Appendix, and the Constitution itself, may, when compared with the best writers of the present day, serve to show the changes our language has gradually undergone. It may be well here to remark, that no one can comprehend the author's system of instruction who does not constantly refer to the questions. The answers to the questions, in the Appendix or Key, are intended simply as models; the pupils should always be encouraged to give original answers.

Books are companions whose silent and ever-acting influence, for good or for evil, is incalculable. If we place in the hands of youth books from which they form habits of memorizing like parrots and reciting like automatons; if we allow our daughters to take to their bosoms productions that please the fancy while they undermine the morals; if we allow our sons to read works that enervate and degrade instead of invigorating and exalting; if we are indifferent to the contents of a volume recommended or decried by a gaudy, a mercenary, a base, a prostituted press, we suffer others, tampering not with things of time but of eternity, to stain the fair blank of mind, prepared for the pen of virtue, and mar the symmetrical proportions of the soul. With interests so vast at stake, it behooves every educator, if he has not at hand those known to be disinterested, carefully to read books designed for his use, relying in the end upon his own judgment, so that neither the selfishness


24 INTRODUCTION.

of individuals, nor the cupidity of hireling critics, burning with insane zed to promote private ends, shall thwart his laudable efforts to ELEVATE AND ENNOBLE THE MINDS OF THE RISING GENERATION.

Should these remarks ever meet the eye of a teacher wishing to procure his bread without labor, to white away the time and pocket the money consecrated to the noble purpose of training youth for the duties of life and of eternity � if there be any having the superintendence of schools, or in any way whatever the charge of the young, who, to screen the teacher's indolence or serve in any manner private ends, advance the specious argument that the multiplicity of words given confuse and bewilder the pupil � the brief and irrefutable answer slay be made, that learning the definitions from a dictionary, the study of the classics, and the acquirement of any knowledge, is liable to the same sophistical objections. But skilful and conscientious teachers will not be dismayed by labor; and the child's eye, beaming with joy, as indications of an expanding mind, will dispel such arguments like mist before the burning sun.

By those who wish to travel the old beaten track, to use the books their forefathers used, this work may be cast aside as a "humbug;" and every other effort made to a rouse the unreflecting to a sense of the imminent dangers that now threaten the ruin of our Republic will also be cried down by those who feel that knowledge and morality endanger the wheedling politician's permanent hold on office. Some will, however, be found who regret the innovations of the day; who, like the Chinese, wish Us now to live as man lived two thousand years ago, trusting to the profession of rulers, and neglecting all the means by which we may know how well they live up to their vaunting professions of disinterested patriotism.

The present is an age of progress � the farmer uses labor-saving machines in agriculture; all the departments of human industry call to their aid, and are served by, the skill and ingenuity of modern inventions; the labor of months is now often performed in a few days; feats are accomplished that would formerly have been deemed incredible; and even the lightning of heaven has been bridled and broken to an express courser by man. Has it come to this, that every thing shall receive countenance and support save that only which affects the training of the young, that which has for its object the growth, the progress, the strength, the welfare of the immortal mind?

INTRODUCTION. 25

In two quarters have objections been raised to the use of a work of this kind in female seminaries. One class argue that political science is dry, uninteresting, and useless: "What," say they, "do young girls want to know of the Constitution of the United States? An accomplished education consists in dancing gracefully ; in being familiar with the contents, of every novel in English and French." The other class wish to limit woman's knowledge to cooking and washing. The former would make woman a toy of youth, to be deserted in age ; the latter, a cateress to man's selfishness � not a companion and equal, but his abject slave through life.

Who moulds the destiny of the future? Who makes an indelible impression on the infant mind ere it gives utterance to expressions of endearment and purity 2 Woman ! Ye master spirits of the present and the past century, who were the real authors of your greatness? What enabled you to fill the world with your fame, and engrave your names high on the pillars of immortality? The tomb resounds, MATERNAL INFLUENCE. Oh, shades of Washington and Napoleon ! How long will the world be learning that when the father's influence is no more felt, when the paternal spirit takes its flight, and leaves the widow and her infant brood to loneliness and woe, the educated mother's power is sufficient, soaring above the misfortunes of earth, to mould the character and shape the destiny of WORLD-RULERS?

Where is the man � yea, what man ever lived distinguished for great deeds and noble actions, for goodness and excellence, who owed not his eminence to the elevating influence of FEMALE POWER? What mother � yea what father � lives, believing that the mind is immortal, that God governs the universe and takes cognizance of the affairs of man, who would wish the daughter's mind to remain blank in reference to our social and political institutions? Who would wish the females of our country to remain for ever ignorant of the disinterested motives, the self-sacrifices of the founders of our Republic? Who would desire ANY to remain ignorant of the AMERICAS CONSTITUTION, the sheet-anchor of the world's liberties, and the guarantee alike of man's and woman's privileges? Who would wish the daughters of America to form alliances for life like the Turkish slave � who would wish fading beauty � wealth, "which takes to itself wings" � to be the soul of attraction? for when these begin to wane, she must bid farewell to earthly happiness, and it may be, through a defective education, to CELESTIAL

BLISS.

The female may even now he born on whom may fall the mantle of the combined virtues of the illustrious dead, whose name may yet animate a slumbering world to deeds of excellence and of piety. It may be that female fame may yet leave all names now first, second on earth's annals of renown. The female may even now live who may follow closer the precepts and the commands of the SAVIOUR, of mankind than ever mortal yet attained. \V ho is afraid that by the study of political and liberal science woman will usurp the duties of man? As the Creator has assigned the moon, the sun, and the stars, their respective orbits, so also has he prescribed the sphere and the duties of woman ; and glorious will be that day when she assumes an intelligent and a proper sway in the affairs of a SUFFERING WORLD.


26 INTRODUCTION.

LESSON V.

Particular attention is called to the novel plan of reading the questions, used in this book, and the answers thereto, in the Appendix. For this exercise the class should be separated into two divisions, facing each other. The poorest readers should be the questioners, who ought always to face the best readers, or answerers, For example, suppose the school to be in Maryland, and the class to be composed of Ann, Louisa, Sarah and Jane, the former two being the poorest readers. If Lesson X. be assigned, Ann begins with question 1, page 35, Miss Sarah, in what sense was Christendom formerly used? Sarah, having her book open at the 8th page of the Appendix, reads 1st answer of the 10th Lesson. Louisa then asks the 2d question on the 35th page, and Jane reads the 2d answer from the 8th page of the Appendix. A class of 30 or 40 may proceed in the same manner. The poorest readers in front of the best should proceed, in rotation, to read [ask] the questions, taking care always to raise the eyes and look at those questioned. The best readers, facing the poorest, should, in rotation, read [answer] the questions, each pupil, in turn, taking care always to look at the one propounding the query. Long practice in the school-room proves that these familiar dialogues and colloquies effectually break up ,drawling tones, lifeless monotony, heedlessness, &c., and impart to each pupil vigor, life, and accuracy. The tables are designed to be read as dialogues. For example, if the school be in Maryland, and Table III., page 334, be the reading exercise, Joint Ball, at the head of the 1st division, looks directly at William Lewis, who is at the head of the 2d division, and says, Mr. Lewis, (see question 40, page 334,) When is the election held in our state? William Lewis replies, (see Maryland, 11th state from the top, and the 2d column of figures,) Mr. Ball, the election in Maryland is held on the first Wednesday in October. It will be perceived that John adds to question 40, in our state. With little encouragement each pupil will be able to frame his own questions for the census tables of 1850. This book can be used by two different classes at the same time, the less advanced being selected to ask the questions. The Manual contains many mental questions such as are not generally found in school books. Every query is designed to lead the pupil to think, investigate, and reason. Reading the questions and the answers gives variety, and cannot be too highly commended. All who have tried this system speak of it as the best possible exercise for all scholars who are in the habit of reading too low or too fast. Asking and answering questions is the easiest and quickest way to elevate the voice to its natural pitch. The learner soon acquires the habit of reading with ease, distinctness, and elegance. The questions and answers are in reading -what the gammut is in music, a natural and an infallible guide. They are the simplest

INTRODUCTION. 27

kind of dialogues and colloquies, and gradually excite backward, inattentive, and indolent pupils to the highest degree of quickness and energy. It is, however, of the utmost importance that the class proceed, in reading these dialogues and colloquies, in the right way. By invariably raising the eyes in propounding and answering the queries, and looking at the person questioned or answered, the pupil is at once initiated into the secret of the best elocution, by following the natural instead of an artificial rule. Hence inattentive habits, indistinct enunciation, and mannerism, the great impediments to good reading, are effectually avoided. Long experience in the use of this plan has proved that the learners will soon use the language of the book clearly and naturally. Youth, in fact, form the habit of communicating what they read with the ease, facility, and clearness of animated conversation.* Pupils in rising to read should endeavor to feel that they are communicating the subject to all present, and talking the sentences read. The best readers are those who talk best to the persons in the school room. This plan will soon enable them to read with ease and facility. Accustomed to look constantly in advance of the word being pronounced, they read naturally, and will not make the slightest pause when they come to a difficult word, or raise their eyes towards the audience. The plan pursued in this work is not to make every part so plain that youth may understand it without study. The questions are of a mental character, and regard the pupil not as a parrot but as a rational being, susceptible of constant and progressive improvement. They are designed to lead youth, by easy and progressive steps, to the top of the ladder of thought.�

The marginal arrangement is believed to be the best method ever devised for forcing the eye in advance of the word being pronounced. It is most effectual in aiding the pupil to read with ease, fluency, and correctness. The exercises also give an accuracy and variety in expressing the same idea, and a command in the use of language. The marginal words that most consider best selected, may be, by a few, called the poorest. This conflicting opinion does not, however, detract any thing from their transcendent excellence. No work can ever receive the sanction of all. Even the Bible itself is loudly decried by a certain class. Suppose, however, that the author has not, in every case, selected the best marginal words, every human production must be imperfect. If the best expressions are not always used, then the

* One of the most eminent scholars of the age remarks that, "the highest degree of excellence in reading and speaking is attained by following nature's laws, and not torturing the young to read according to mechanical rules as various and as contradictory as the eccentricities of the authors who compose them."

� This subject is more extensively illustrated in a small book called "THE THINKER," by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh. The Thinker appropriately, precedes the American Manual. The Thinker probably contains a greater variety than any other took of its size over published. As a practical work of morality, it ought to be in the hands of every youth.


28 INTRODUCTION.

teacher can encourage the pupils to unwearied effort in selecting those which are better.* When the best are used, then the next best may be selected. Every educator will at once see that no class of marginal words could be selected that would alike suit all schools, and be equally acceptable to all teachers.

LESSON VI.

The questions in this book are intended to make separate and distinct reading lessons, and should be read [asked] by one division of the class and the answers (see page 4 of the Appendix) should be read [given] by the other division of the class. 1. [Mary.] Some words of the questions in this book are printed in italics, what is the meaning of italic? 2. [Jane.] What is the difference in meaning between suppressing and extending? 3, What is the meaning of prejudice? 4. [Susan.] You perceive the syllable un is placed before weaned, how does un, as a prefix, affect words? The questions and the answers thereto throughout this book are intended to be read by the pupils either as dialogues or colloquies, (see page 4, Lesson VI., of the Appendix,) In case the answers to the questions in the Appendix are lengthy, as is the case with the remarks that follow the 4th query, all the pupils in the class may read by turns, each reading only to a period.


EXPLANATIONS.

LESSON VII.

Spelling Definitions. Synonyms Unlike words Mental exercises


(§ 1.) This 1work is a family manual for reference,

Book.


and a text-book and reader for 1elementary

Primary


schools and academies. The marginal 1exercises

Lessons for practice


are peculiar to the 1author's schoolbooks.

Writer's.

5

(§ 2.) Before the 1top of the first letter

Upper part


of some word in each line is a 1diminutive

Very small


figure 1, which 1denotes that the word marked

Signifies


by it may be 1omitted, and the definition, or

Not mentioned


1some other expression that will convey a

Any 2

10

similar 1idea, be put in its stead. (§ 3.) For

Meaning


example, the 1first line may be read, "this

Top 2


book is a 1family manual," and so on through

General 2


the 1lesson, omitting the marked words, and

Exercise 2


1putting in their stead those in the margin.

Substituting


* It has generally been acknowledged whenever at first sight the best words appear not to nave been taken, or where the most difficult were not marked, that they were elsewhere exemplified.

DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 29

15

This 1Manual can be used as a reader in the

Book


largest 1public Schools, without occupying

Free 2


more time than the 1ordinary Readers. (§ 4.)

Common.


By reading in this 1book pupils gradually

Manual.


acquire a 1knowledge of our social and political

Familiarity with

20

institutions. Youth are 1thus led, by

In this way


1progressive steps, to cultivate a taste for useful

Easy and advancing


reading, 1industrious habits, and patient

Attentive


research, without which they are not 1properly

Suitably.


fitted for the 1duties Of after life. (§ 5.) The

Labors.

25

1alluring incentives of the Marginal words

Enticing.


give, by easy 1gradations, a variety of words

Steps


in expressing the same 1idea, and an accuracy

Thought


in the use of 1terms.* (§ 6.) Immediately

Words


before 1telling the meaning of the words

Giving

30

1marked by the small figure 1, the pupils

Labelled


should 1raise their eyes from the reading exercise,

Look


and 1look at those to whom they read.

Glance

LESSON VIII. � 1. To what does their refer? [line 14] 2. In what sentences can you use the word work [see Lesson VII, line 1] so that in each it shall convey a different meaning? 3. What is a paragraph? 4. What does analyze mean? 5. What is the meaning of marginal words? 6. Amos, what is a simple sentence? 7. Peter, what is a compound sentence? 8. Phillip, is it a bad plan to think, out of school, about the subject of your lesions? 9. Thomas, what does orally mean? 10. Henry, what is the difference in meaning between definition and synonym? 11. Joseph, illustrate the difference in the meaning of developing, strengthening, and elevating. 12. William, what is the meaning of mental faculties? 13. Asa, what is the meaning of metonomy? 14. Charles, what does rhetorician mean? 15. Timothy, what is the difference, in meaning, between intellectual and moral? 16. Alfred, what is the difference in meaning between progression and advancement? 17. Eli, from what is sentient derived? 18. Moses, what is the difference in meaning between incite and excite? 19. Stephen, in how many sentences can you use the word power, so that in each sentence it shall convey a different meaning? 20. Joshua, illustrate, in sentences, the difference in the meaning of strength, power and authority? 21. Edward, what do persons mean when they speak of pause, tone, and emphasis? 22. Edwin, what is the difference between scientific and literary? 23. Hiram, what is the meaning of a sentence, a paragraph, an essay, and a treatise? 24. Benjamin, what is the most important part of our education?

* See the Index, page 11 � See Rules for Reading, page 1, Appendix

3*


30 UTILITY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.


LESSON IX.*



� (§1.) POLITICAL 1SCIENCE is an exceedingly

Knowledge


interesting and 1important study, and justly

Useful


1claims the attention, both of the young and

Demands.


of the old. It 1expands and strengthens the

Enlarges.

5

mind � 1increases our knowledge of human

Adds to


1nature � enables us to judge of the actions of

Character.


men, and understand the 1system of government

Plan


1under which we live, �(§ 2.) No American

Subject to


citizen can 1creditably perform the duties

Honorably.

10

incumbent on him, without a 1knowledge of

Acquaintance


the nature of political 1power. The Constitution

Authority.


of the United States is the most 1complex

Intricate.


yet perfect system of human 1policy

Government

15

ever established, and combines alike the 1excellencies

Good qualities


of all the 1illustrious States of ancient

Famous.


and modern 1times. �(§3.) It is, therefore,

Eras


1necessary for every citizen to know some-

Useful.

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

�(§1.) 1 What is the meaning of "both of the young and of the old," in the 3d line? 2. What conjunction usually follows both? 3. Can you give an example in which both is substituted for a noun? �(§ 2 ) 4. When you substitute acquaintance for knowledge, in the 10th line, why do you change a to an? 5. In what country do you think the people the happiest and most powerful at the present time? 6. What do you think is the only guarantee of the perpetuity of liberty and the happiness of communities? 7. Can you name some of the causes which led to the settlement of this country? 8. What do you think has contributed to make the people of the United States so prosperous and happy? �(§ 3) 9. Why is the study of political science interesting

* Lesson IX is the beginning of the main subject of this work To meet the convenience of different Teachers who must necessarily have classes of varied attainments the lessons are generally divided into 10 or 12 sections each of which usually contains from 8 to 12 lines. It will be borne in mind, that these sections are merely arbitrary divisions and not paragraphs. According to this arrangement Teachers may, with the utmost ease vary the lessons they wish to assign. For some classes, one section may be enough for a task, others may take 2 3 4 5 6 sections or it may be, even a whole lesson, for a single exercise. The answers to the questions are often not found in the Lesson and are intended to stimulate the pupils to industrious habits out of school � to develope thoroughly the mental and moral powers � to train properly the young for the momentous duties and responsibilities that await them in the future. Teachers will perceive that each section of questions is intended to correspond to its numbered section in the context

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 31


thing of the 1origin and progress of political

Rise


science, its nature and 1necessity; to understand

Need

20

the causes and 1circumstances which

Incidents


have 1contributed to found States and Empires;

Helped


the means by which they 1acquired

Attained.


honor and 1renown; the reasons of their

Fame.


real happiness and 1grandeur; and the true

Splendor

25

causes of their 1degeneracy and ruin.

Destruction


(§4.) Government is 1a science of the most

*One


exalted character, and can only be 1learned

Acquired.


by study. It 1combines reason, morality,

Unites


and wisdom, and 1approximates to the attributes

Approaches

30

of Divine power. In 1treating, therefore,

Discoursing


of the Constitution of the 1United States,

Confederacy


and the 1duties of citizens, it seems proper

Obligations


to commence with the 1origin and progress

Beginning.


of 1government.

Political power.


(§ 5.) ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT.


35

It is the nature of each 1order of created

Class


beings to take 1pleasure in one another's

Enjoyment


company. The beasts of the 1forest, and

Wilderness

and useful to all? 10. Why is it necessary for everyone to know something of the nature of political power? 11. What is the difference between ancient and modern times? 12. Can you name some of the most famous nations of antiquity? 13. Illustrate the difference between ruin, in the 25th line, and destruction. (§ 4 ) 14. Can you illustrate the meaning of government, in the 26th line? 15. How many simple sentences can you name in each of which government shall have a different meaning? 16. Why is the science of government a subject of much importance? 17. In what country is it necessary for every one to understand the principles of government? 18. Why do you suppose it is more necessary for people to be enlightened under a republican than under a despotic government? 19. Ought all the people in every country to be educated? 20. Why do you suppose, in treating of the Constitution of the United States, it is proper to begin with the origin and progress of government? * What do


32 ORIGIN OP GOVERNMENT.


the birds of the air, herd and 1 flock together;

Collect


but the 1power is given to the human race

Ability.

40

alone, to 1look through the vista of past, and

See.


of future time, to derive 1 wisdom from the

Knowledge.


Creator of all, and enjoy the 1inestimable

Invaluable.


blessings of 1rational government. (§6.) The

Reasonable.


history of the people of 1 Israel is the only one

Jacob.

45

that carries on a continued 1narration from

Story.


the 1beginning of the world without any

Origin.


interruption, and even with this, there are

Disturbance.


occasionally chronological 1difficulties. Yet

Impediments


these are of minor importance, 1compared

Contrasted.

50

with the universal 1obscurity and uncertainty

Mystery.


which pertain to the 1annals of all other nations.

Histories.


(§ 7.) The Mosaic 1history, contained

Account.


in the first seven chapters of 1Genesis, is the

The first book of the Bible.


only reliable 1account of the world before

Narration.

.55

the 1deluge. Moses has related only those

Flood.


1momentous events which were necessary

Weighty.


for man to know; all minor 1details, which

Explanations

you think is the difference between a and one? (§5.) 21. What is the meaning of all, in the 42d line? 22. What do you think is the nature of each order of created beings? 23. Can you name any created beings, besides the birds and the beasts, that take pleasure in each other's company? 24. Can you name some of the advantages the human race has over all other orders of created beings? 25. Can you assign any reason why forest, in the 37th line, is used instead of forests, inasmuch as there are many forests in the world, and the author is speaking in general terms? (§6.) 26. What is the meaning of one, in the 44th line? 27. Can you tell why Jacob was called Israel?

28. In how many simple sentences can you use story, in the 45th line, so that the word shall in each case convey a different meaning?

29. What is understood after this, in the 47th line? 30. What is the meaning of chronological, in the 48th line? 31. What does these refer to, in the 49th line? (§7.) 32. Give an account of the eventful life of Moses. 33. Can you give an account of the flood? 34. Do you suppose they had any printed books in the time of Moses? 35. How do you suppose this account of Moses was originally recorded?

ORIGIN OP GOVERNMENT. 38


would be exceedingly interesting and 1gratifying

Pleasing.


to us, have been 1omitted. (§ 8.) We are,

Neglected.

60

however, led to 1 infer from this history, that

Conclude.


the origin of government arose from 1paternal

Fatherly.


authority, and is nearly 1coeval with the

Of equal age.


creation. We are 1informed that the first

Told.


man 1 lived 930 years; that his children and

Existed.

65

their 1descendants generally attained a similar

Offspring.


longevity. (§ 9.) This great length of human

Length of life


life would, in a few 1centuries, have filled the

Hundreds of years.


earth with a 1dense population; and it would

Thick.


certainly have been natural for all to 1reve-

Regard.

70

rence the authority of their common 1progenitor,

Ancestor.


who probably 1received much knowledge

Obtained.


by 1inspiration,and retained a greater amount

Divine influence.


of 1virtue and wisdom than any of his cotem-poraries.

Moral goodness.


Moreover, it is reasonable to 1suppose,

Conceive.

Excellent

75

that the one who stood 1preeminent in

above others.


experience and years would be 1sovereign of

Ruler.


those in his 1vicinity. (§ 10.) The duties of

Neighborhood.


rulers and of parents are in many respects

Governors.


nearly 1allied; both are bound by the holiest

Connected.

36. Why do you suppose we have not a more detailed account of the world before the flood? (§ 8.) 37. Whence do you suppose government originated? 38. Assign all the reasons you can for this conclusion? 39. Who was the first man? 40. What can you say of his extraordinary career. (§9.) 41. What does all mean, in the 69th

line? 42. Can you name some of the different parts of speech in the margin? 43. * Which of the marginal exercises affords you the greatest facility in composing simple sentences? 44. Who do you suppose is meant by ancestor, in the 70th� line? 45. How do you suppose his attainments in virtue and wisdom compared with his cotemporaries? (§10.) 46. In what respects are the duties of rulers and of parents similar? 47. Who do you suppose, among rulers, merits most

* Intended to exercise the discriminating powers.

� The line in the margin is generally synonymous with the one in the context.


34 ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT.

80

ties to promote the happiness of those 1com-

Entrusted.


mitted to their 1charge � both are entitled to

Care.


respect and obedience; and the most 1enviable

Desirable.


and exalted title any ruler can 1 acquire

Receive.


is "the father of his 1country." (§ 11.) Formerly,

Native land

85

fathers exercised an 1absolute sway

Unlimited.


over their families and considered it 1 lawful

Right.


to 1deprive even their children of life; and this

Dispossess.


1custom is still sanctioned by many savage

Usage.


tribes, and 1prevails in the oldest and most

Predominates.

90


populous 1empire in the world.* How thankful

Region including several countries


ought we to be, who are alike 1exempt

Free.


from 1despotism and unrestrained liberty;

Arbitrary rule.


and enjoy the 1inestimable blessings of a

Priceless.


1republican government, and the heavenly

Representative.

95

influence of our HOLY RELIGION.

Power.

the gratitude of mankind? 48. Who, among all the innumerable hosts that have ever lived, do you suppose deserves most our gratitude and veneration? 49. What is enviable, in the 82d line, derived from, and is it generally used in a good or a bad sense? 50. Can you name any word that may convey one meaning in one sentence, and directly its opposite in another? 51. What is the difference between the meaning of acquire and receive, in the 83d line? (§ 11.) 52. Name, in this lesson, a simple sentence�53. A compound sentence�54. A paragraph. 55. Can you name any revolting custom that formerly prevailed, and is sanctioned by the unenlightened at the present day? 56. Name some of the peculiarities, advantages, and blessings resulting from Christianity. 57. What is the oldest and most populous empire in the world? 58. How many times larger, in population, is China than the United States? 59. What nation do you suppose is the most power-I ful? 60. In which do you suppose the people the happiest? 61. Can you name any peculiarities in the natural productions, works of art, language, literature, &c., of China? 62. How do you suppose the power of the Emperor of China compares with that of the President of the United States? 63. In which country would you rather live? 64. Why? 65. What invaluable privilege and unfailing source of happiness have the people of our country that the Chinese do not enjoy 3

* A prominent feature of this work is to excite investigation, thought, reflection, and reason ; Teachers and Parents should, therefore, afford all possible facilities in encouraging the young to read out of school, and give extended narrations of all the knowledge thus industriously obtained

ORIGIN OP GOVERNMENT. 35


LESSON X.



(§ 1.) Between the laws in 1Christendom,

Regions inhabited by Christians


however, and the 1regulations of a family,

Rules.


there are several 1material differences; the

Very important.


latter are of a more 1limited character.

Restricted.

5

When children arrive at 1age, they are as free

Twenty-one years.


as their parents � but citizens are 1always under

At all times.


the control of the 1 laws of their country.

Regulations.


(§ 2.) Governments may and often do 1inflict

Impose.


1capital punishment, but no parent is ever

A punishment that takes away life.

10

allowed to exercise this 1prerogative. The

Peculiar authority.


law speaks with authority, and 1commands �

Orders.


the parent admonishes, 1entreats or advises.

Persuades.


The child, in his 1turn, may become a parent

Vicissitude.


� but it does not 1consequently follow that

Accordingly.

15

the parent may exercise the 1 functions of

Powers.


government.

Polity.


(§ 3.) The first 1governments, like the first

Systems of polity.


arts and 1sciences, were exceedingly imperfect.

Collection, of leading truths relating to any subject


The 1patriarchs often ruled with despotic

Ancient fathers of mankind

20

1sway, yet they were not able to impart

Power.


harmony and 1 happiness even among those

Felicity.


who were 1affiliated to them by the tenderest

Bound.

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

(§1.) 1. In what sense was Christendom formerly used? 2. What are some of the differences between national and family government? 3. Wherein consists the propriety of assigning a fixed age as minority? (§ 2.) 4. What is meant by capital punishment? 5. What is the design of punishment? 6. Is there any other way of inducing a compliance with rectitude? 7. What is the proper treatment of incorrigible offenders? (§3) 8. Why were the earliest systems of government defective? 9. Has experience the effect to improve polity? 10. Can you tell the condition of the first laws, arts, and sciences, and name some of the improvements that have been made in each? 11. What is understood by despotic power? 12. In what grade 01


36 ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT.


ties; 1discord and murder entered the family

Contention.


of the first ruler of the human 1race. (§ 4.)

Family.

25

Want of proper order and 1government among

Discipline.


the families of mankind increased till 1 licentiousness

Unrestrained liberty.


and 1depravity prevailed to so great

Destitution of holiness.


an extent, that from the vast 1multitudes of

Population.


the earth only eight 1righteous persons were

Pioas.

30

to be found 1worthy of preservation. Then

Deserving.


the 1vengeance of heaven was kindled at the

Retribution.


1frenzied disorders of men, and the ALMIGHTY,

Maddening.


who governs with the 1utmost harmony and

Greatest.


regularity, the boundless 1universe, determined

System of cre-

ated worlds

35

to 1destroy the whole dense population

Extirpate.


of the earth with a 1universal deluge.

Overwhelming.


(§ 5.) Hence it appears that an 1abiding sense

Permanent*


of the 1omniscience and 2omnipresence� of

Power of knowing all things


God, and personal accountability to him for all

2 Presence in every place at the same time.

40

that each one 1does, says, and even thinks, is

Performs.


necessary to secure 1undying grandeur.

Immortal.

society can despotic power be exercised? (§ 4.) 13. Under what circumstances are licentiousness and depravity most likely to prevail? 14. Do you think of any appalling desolation that the Almighty sent upon the earth, on account of the lawless spirit and wickedness of its inhabitants? 15. Why does the author use boundless before universe, in the 34th line? 16. Can you give some idea of the extent of the universe? 17. Which is the easiest to define, the extent of the universe, the commencement of time, or the duration of eternity? 18. What should these things teach us? 19. How does human life and all earthly happiness compare with the duration and joys of eternity?

20. Had the earth probably become very populous before the flood?

21. What cause could have accumulated so numerous a population in the comparative infancy of the earth? (§ 5.) * When you substitute permanent for abiding, in the 37th line, why do you alter an to a? 22. How are you pleased with the study in which you are now engaged? 23. Do you consider it important? 24. Who do you think will be the legislators and governors in our country 40, 50, 60 or 70 years hence? 2&. Should you ever be a legislator, a judge, or a governor, what is it ne-

� The figures 2, 3, 4, &c., before words, refer to words similarly marked in the margin.

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 37


This 1immutable truth should be indelibly

Unchangeable.


1engraven alike on the hearts of rulers and

Impressed.


the 1ruled. With this sense, the former can

Governed.

45

safely 1attain the pinnacle of earthly fame

Reach.


and have their names 1transmitted in grateful

Handed down.


remembrance to 1posterity. By piety

Succeeding generations.


the former and the latter can alike 1secure

Make certain


temporal comfort and 1everlasting happiness.

Eternal.

50

(§ 6.) The world has been 1created nearly

Made.


six thousand years, yet, for want of 1order

Method.


and suitable government, individuals, 1tribes,

Races.


and 1nations have been to each other the greatest

Communities


1scourge. Even at the present day, of

Punishment.

55

the 1estimated nine hundred millions of the human

Computed.


1race, that now inhabit the globe, how

Family.


few are in the enjoyment of wise 1 laws and

Regulations.


salutary 1government!

Control.


(§ 7.) Immediately after the flood, the 1Lord

Supreme Being.

60

blessed Noah and his sons and 1commanded

Ordered.


them to "replenish the earth," which 1denoted

Signified.


that they should be divided into 1separate nations, under 1various governments,

Distinct



Several


and dwell in 1different countries, till every

Dissimilar.

cessary for you constantly to remember? 26. Should you forget this, what would be your future fate among posterity�and before what infallible tribunal will you have to appear and answer for your conduct?

27. After we die, where must we all appear and for what purpose?

28. What effect should this consideration produce on youth? 29. What on men? (§ 6.) 30. What is the reputed age of the earth? 31. What its present population? 32. How is that population politically divided? 33. What has been the nature of their respective intercourse? 34. Does this intercourse resemble that between the respective States of the American confederacy? (§ 7.) 35. Illustrate the difference between denoted and signified, in the 61st line�36. separate and distinct, in the 62d line�37. various and several, in the 63d line�38. different and dissimilar, in the 64th line. 39. What was the


38 ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT.

65

part of the earth was 1reinhabited. Upwards

Inhabited anew.


of one hundred years after the 1 flood,

Inundation.


the descendants of Noah, under the 1command,

Control.


1doubtless, of Nimrod, "journeyed

Without doubt


from the east, and 1settled on a plain in the

Fixed their habitations.

70

land of Shinar." (§8.) They rapidly 1increased

Augmented.


in number, but, 1regardless of the

Neglectful.


commands of the Almighty, they 1determined

Resolved.


to have but one government � to 1remain one

Continue.


nation � and 1 formed a plan "to build a city,

Devised.

75

and a 1tower whose top would reach unto

Lofty fortress


heaven." Thus, among other 1purposes, the

Uses.


tower would be a 1 beacon to guide the inhabitants

Sign.


back to the city when they had 1wandered

Strayed.


to a great distance in 1search of the

Quest

80

1necessaries of life; it would be a centre of

Requisites.


union, and they would thereby not be 1disunited

Divided.


and 1scattered abroad upon the face of

Dispersed.

exact number of years after the flood, when the people commenced building the Tower of Babel, and why do you suppose the term "upwards of 100 years" should be used in the 65th line? 40. Can you tell where it is recorded that the Lord blessed Noah and his sons? 41. Can you tell who Nimrod was, and why do you suppose it without doubt that the hordes that "journeyed from the east" were under Nimrod's command? 42. As Noah was living at this time, what reason can you assign why he had not the command instead of Nimrod? 43. What leads us to infer that the hordes that "journeyed from the east and settled on a plain in Shinar" did not include all the inhabitants of the earth? 44. Can you tell where the land of Shinar was? (§ 8.) 45. What is the difference between disunited and divided, in the 81st line? 46. Why do you suppose the people did not intend the tower as a place of refuge in case of another flood? 47. What do you suppose were some of the objects of the tower? 48. What name was given to the tower? 49. What was the meaning of the name? 50. What do you suppose were some of the reasons why the people wished to have but one government? 51. How did the Lord countenance this plan of having one grand ruler of all mankind? 52. What effect has increasing the territory and population of a country on the power of rulers? 53. Does the more power rulers possess generally

ORIGIN OP GOVERNMENT. 39


the whole 1earth. (§9.) It appears, moreover,

Habitable globe.


that they sought their own 1glory, and wished

Renown.

85

to obtain 1adoration and fame among posterity.

Praise.


Yet it is 1remarkable that of all that

Extraordinary.


ambitious 1host not a single name is mentioned

Multitude.


by any 1 historian.

Writer.


We may here 1derive a most instructive

Obtain.

90

lesson on the 1vanity of all earthly fame, and

Pride.


the weakness and 1folly of man if not guided

Irrationality.


by the 1unerring precepts of heaven. (§ 10.)

Infallible.


The 1whole race at that time spoke the same

Entire.


language. 1Jehovah, who gave to man speech,

The Lord.

95

by a 1miracle dissolved this powerful bond

Wonder.


of union, scattered the different 1tribes, and

Hordes.


thus, by 1dividing the languages, divided the

Separating.


governments; 1accordingly, since then, every

Therefore.


nation has had a 1language and government

Dialect.

100

1peculiar to itself. Thus it appears that the

Appropriate.


1descendants of Noah, after the confusion of

Offspring.


languages, 1occupied a position similar to

Held.


that of the first 1parents of mankind; and

Ancestors.


nearly two thousand years after the 1world

Earth.

increase or decrease their regard for the rights of their subjects and their morals and piety? (§ 9.) 54. In how many simple sentences can you use the word host, in the 87th line, so that in each case it shall convey a different meaning? 55. Can you use it so that in one sentence it shall convey a meaning directly the opposite of what it does in the other? 56. Can you name any Republic that has a Christian government? 57. Can you mention any powerful nation that once adopted a republican government, and rejected Christianity? 58. What has been the fate of every nation that has not been governed by Christian laws? (§ 10). 59. Do you know whether learned men have thought the term confusion of languages might bear another construction? 60. What reasons can you assign that seem to prove beyond doubt that the opinion generally received is correct? 61. What was the exact number of years, according to the most accredited authorities, after the creation, that the confusion of languages occurred?


40 ORIGIN OP GOVERNMENT.

105

had been created, we find society 1resolved

Reduced.


to nearly its 1primitive state, and government

First


in its infancy. (§ 11.) The 1post-diluvians

Persons living since the flood.


had, however, 1retained some important features

Kept


of the Divine 1statutes. After centuries

Laws.

110

of 1experience, trials, and sufferings, we

Tests.


find mankind governed by those 1rules and

Maxims.


precepts which derive their 1origin from sentiments

First existence.


of 1equity and justice, engraven on

Rectitude.


the human heart by the 1invisible hand of

Unseen.

115

1Providence.

Divine guidance.

62. What natural monuments go to prove, independent of revelation, that the Lord intended that there should be many governments? (§ 11.) 63. Do the natural divisions of the earth into separate continents, islands, &c., seem to indicate that the Almighty intended one nation to have absolute sway? 64. What reasons can you assign why it would not be well to have a republican president govern the whole world? 65. What has heretofore been the fate of republics that have attempted universal dominion? 66. Is our own republic the most powerful that has ever existed 1 67. What do you suppose contributes most to the happiness of man?


LESSON XI.



(§ 1). IT appears evident, that the first 1governments

Systems of polity.


were not the result of 1deliberations.

Mutual discussions and exa-

minations.


The 1usages of the patriarchs, established

Customs.


without the 1sanction of legislative

Support

5

1assemblies, gradually became the first laws

Parliaments.


among mankind. Consequently, these 1customs

Usages.


were the origin of all the 1political

National.

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

(§ 1.) 1. What do you think ought to be the object of every government? 2. Mention some of the advantages likely to result from legislative deliberation. 3. Under what governments do you

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 41


regulations that have either 1depressed or

Degraded.


1ameliorated the condition of the human race

Made better.

10

in all 1succeeding ages. (§ 2.) In the different

Following.


societies that were 1formed after the confusion

Organized.


of tongues, and the 1dispersion of "the

Separation.


people," at the building of the Tower of 1Babel,

Confusion.


were persons noted for 1physical power,

Superior strength.

15

skill, and 1bravery. Those who enjoyed

Courage.


these 1 blessings soon acquired public confidence

Advantages.


and admiration. Hence the 1utility of

Benefit.


their services, and the favorable 1opinion of

Sentiment


men, enabled them gradually to acquire 1dominion.

Supreme authority.

20

(§ 3.) The 1records of all nations

Authentic memorials.


prove that the first rulers owed their 1ascendancy

Superiority.


to the 1services they had rendered society,

Benefits.


or to military 1prowess. Nimrod was

Valor.


the 1founder of the first empire of which we

Establisher.

25

have any 1authentic account. We are informed

Reliable.


by the 1sacred historian that he was

Divine.


a mighty hunter, and are led to 1infer that the

Conclude.


people were often with him, that they 1gradually

By degrees.


put themselves 1under his authority.

Subject to.

30

In 1process of time, he conquered nations,

Progressive course.


increased his power, and 1 founded the

Established.

think a majority of the people enjoys the most happiness? (§ 2) 4. Do you suppose there were any distinguished personages at the building of the Tower of Babel? 5. Who do you suppose of those Babel-builders acquired dominion? 6. Do you think of any endowments that are requisite for every ruler to possess in rendering service to the community? 7. What is of the utmost consequence that all should possess? 8. May everyone possess this inestimable blessing? (§ 3.) 9. What sort of men have generally been the first rulers of nations? 10. Who was the founder of the first empire of which we have any authentic account? 11. Who informs us what this man was, and what he became? 12. Illustrate the meaning of Sacred His-


42 ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT,


Babylonian, or Assyrian 1empire, for he became

Realm.


a " 1mighty one in the earth."

Powerful.


(§4.) It is a 1remarkable, but irrefutable

Extraordinary.*

35

1fact, that the first human governments were

Truth.


of a 1despotic character. Yet they were

Absolute.*


1baneful in their operation, and signally failed

Ruinous.


in securing permanent order, 1harmony, prosperity,

Concord.


or 1tranquillity to individuals � peace

Freedom from trouble.

40

between tribes and nations, or the 1permanent

Lasting.


power and 1magnificence of empires.

Grandeur.


The 1deleterious influences of the arbitrary

Destructive.


will and 1unbridled passions of rulers,

Licentious.


the 1usurpation of human rights by petty

Unlawful seizing.

45

chiefs and mighty 1monarchs, affected all

Sovereigns.


classes, till universal 1contamination and

Pollution.


depravity prevailed. (§ 5.) Herodotus, who

Wickedness.


is styled the father of 1profane history, informs

Secular.


us that the Medes, after having 1rejected

Shaken off

tory. (§ 4.) 13. *In substituting extraordinary for remarkable, and absolute for despotic, why do you change a to an? 14. What was the character of the first human laws? 15. What was their result in relation to individuals �16. tribes and nations�17. and empires? 18. Do you suppose people generally look to their rulers for examples to imitate? 19. Do you suppose evil rulers tend to make good people wicked? 20. If rulers usurp, or steal, or rob, or get intoxicated, what are their subjects likely to do? 21. What would be the tendency of righteous rulers on a vicious or corrupt people? 22. Do you suppose people would be likely to become tacked or corrupt, if they always had pious rulers? 23. Do you think any one can commit a crime and escape punishment? 24. Is it wise or foolish, then, to do wrong? 25. Is it the mark of a great or a little mind to do wrong? 26. Can you mention any authority from the BIBLE that has reference to this subject? 27. Who do you think are the happiest in this life, those that do wrong, or those that strive to do right? 28. Who do you think stand the best chance of being happy in the life to come, those that are indolent and vicious, or those that are industrious and strive to be good? (§ 5.) 29. What is history? 30. Who is styled the father of profane history? 31. What is profane history? 32. Can you give any account of the nature and power Of the Assyrian or

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 48

50

the1 Assyrian yoke, were some time without

Tyranny of the Assyrians


any form of government, and 1anarchy prevailed

Intestine broils


and subjected them to the most 1 horrible

Fearful.


excesses and 1disorders. It was at

Tumults.


length 1resolved by them, that, in order to

Determined

55

avoid their 1direful calamities, they would

Woeful.


elect a king. Dejoces, a man of 1consummate

Complete.


prudence and skill, was 1unanimously

Without dissent.


1elected.

Selected.


(§ 6.) In the 1primitive ages crowns were

Pristine.

60

often elective, and those were 1selected who

Chosen.


were either capable of 1dispensing justice

Distributing.


to their subjects, or of 1commanding them

Directing.


in time of war. The 1dominions of the first

Territories..


monarchs were of small 1extent. In the

Limit.

65

early ages, every city had its king. 1Sacred

Holy.


and 1profane historians alike bear testimony

Secular.


to the narrow bounds of 1ancient kingdoms,

Primitive.


and the valor and even excellent 1traits of

Qualities.


their rulers. Joshua 1defeated thirty-one

Overthrew.

70

kings; and Adonibezek 1owned that in his

Confessed.

Babylonian empire? 33. What do you suppose contributed to the overthrow of the Assyrian empire? 34. What was the character of the government of the Medes after they had shaken off the tyranny of the Assyrians? 35. Why do you suppose their government did not continue a democracy? (§ 6.) 36. From whom did sovereigns in the primitive ages derive their power to govern? 37. If sovereigns sometimes derived their power to govern from the Lord, what name ought to be given such government? 38. Can you name any remarkable texts in scripture to prove that the Lord did not approve of kingly government? 39. What do you suppose was the earliest kind of government? 40. What was the first kind of human government? 41. What was the second kind of human government? 42. What were formerly considered requisites in a king? 43. Do you suppose modern kings are the most learned and virtuous people in the nations they respectively govern? 44. What are your reasons for this opinion? 45. Were monarchies formerly extensive? 46. What reasons can you


44 ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT.


wars he had destroyed " 1three score and ten

Seventy.


kings." (§ 7.) Egypt was 1originally divided

Primarily.


into several states. The different 1provinces

Dominions.


that compose the present 1empires of China

Regions.

75

and Japan, formed 1anciently as many distinct

Of old.


1sovereignties. A few families assembled in

Dominions.


one neighborhood composed all the 1subjects

Vassals.


of many of the first 1monarchs. Africa, a

Kings


1part of Asia, and the Indian tribes of our

Portion

80

own 1continent, present us with samples

Hemisphere.


similar in many 1respects to the primitive

Particulars.


monarchies.

Kingdoms.


(§ 8.) But the 1ambition of monarchs � the

Inordinate grasping.


desire to 1transmit to their posterity their

Hand down.

85

power and their 1 fame, as well as their property,

Renown.


among other causes 1induced them to

Influenced.


usurp the rights 1delegated to man by his

Intrusted.

assign for this opinion? (§ 7.) 47. What was formerly the political condition of Egypt? 48. What other sources prove that monarchies were not originally extensive? 49. Do you suppose crowns are still elective? 50. What is your reason for this opinion? 51. What countries, at the present,day, are in some respects similar to the primitive monarchies? 52. What remarkable fact, independent of revelation, proves the existence of God, and of our souls after our bodies turn to dust? (§ 8.) 53. What is the principle which induces us to desire to transmit our possessions to our particular heirs? 54. What is your opinion about the justice and propriety of the law of inheritance? 55. Why do you suppose the law of inheritance ought not to apply to power and office, as well as to property? 56. Wherever it has so applied, what has been the uniform result? 57. Do you suppose human nature is the same now that it always has been? 58. What are your reasons for this opinion? 59. Do you suppose there is no danger that the rulers of a republic will ever abuse authority entrusted to them? 60. What are your reasons for this opinion? 61. If a farmer hires a man to work, or a merchant employs a clerk, or a mechanic an apprentice, and the employed, in either case, abuse the trust confided to him, what is usually done? 62. Who are the employed, the rulers or the people? 63. What ought to be done, when rulers abuse the trust confided to them? 64. Why do you suppose a

ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT. 45


creator. 1Accordingly all history shows, that

Consequently


as the 1power of the ruler has been increased

Authority.

90

the rights of the 1ruled have been disregarded.

Subjects.


(§ 9.) Hence, the 1mightiest empires of the

Most powerlul.


1earth, the Babylonian, the Assyrian, the

World.


Egyptian, and the Chinese, 1with all

As well as.


those of later 1ages, as they increased in

Times.

95

1territory and population, became hereditary.

Area.


But the highest 1dazzling power ever possessed

Brilliant.


by any 1monarch, the renown of the

Potentate.


mightiest 1armies that have ever been led to

Hosts.


the field of 1slaughter, have exhibited alike

Butchery.

100

the 1insensibility, the degradation, the hopeless

Stupidity.


misery of the 1mass of the subjects, and

Body.


the 1 fatuity, the wretchedness of their rulers.

Imbecility.


Without the light of Divine 1revelation, what

Communication.


stronger 1proof need be adduced to demonstrate

Evidence.

105

to all the absolute 1necessity of integrity

Want.


and 1piety, than the total ruin of all

Duty to God.


1ancient empires and republics, whose surpassing

Old.


power and 1magnificence would be

Grandeur.


deemed a 1fable were it not that their crumbling

Falsehood.


1monuments still attest that they existed.

Relics.

people that can neither read nor write cannot tell when authority is abused? (§ 9.) 65. What effect has absolute power always produced on rulers? 66. Their subjects? 67. What rendered the Babylonian, Assyrian empires, &c., unable to cope with other nations? 68. How many lives do you suppose have been sacrificed to gratify the vanity or ambition of a few men clothed with authority? 69. How much treasure? 70. What incalculable good do you suppose might be accomplished with the treasure, the talent, and the lives that have been wasted in war? 71. Do yon suppose it is pleasing to the Almighty Ruler of the universe to have discord and contention among men? 72. What has Christ, through whose atonement alone we can be saved, commanded? 73. Do you suppose the time will come when wars will cease? 74. What does the Bible say about this subject?


46 PRIMITIVE LAWS.


LESSON XII.



(§ 1.) AMONG the earliest 1laws instituted,

Statutes.


was, undoubtedly, the 1establishment of the

Institution.


1regulations concerning property � the punishment

Rules.


of crimes � the ceremonies of 1marriage.

Matrimony.

5

These 1usages, which experience has

Customs.


proved to be indispensable to the 1well-being

Happiness.


of mankind, were coeval with the first 1form

System.


of human government. (§ 2.) We 1find, in

Learn.


the early ages, that the penal laws were

Punishing.

10

extremely 1severe. By the code of Moses,

Rigorous.


1blasphemy, idolatry, profanation of the sabbath,

Irreverence toward Jehovah.


1witchcraft, and many other crimes,

Sorcery.


were punished with death. Yet it is 1remarkable,

Eminently worthy of note.


that the laws of Moses were 1exceedingly

Transcendently.

15

tender of all the 1irrational creation.

Created beings not possessing reason.


The Mosaic statutes have 1received the approbation

Obtained.


of the wise and good of all 1succeeding

Following.


ages. They are the 1basis of the

Foundation.

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

(§ 1.) 1. Name some of the earliest laws instituted. 2. Have people ever deviated from these usages? 3. What are your reasons for this opinion? 4. Do you suppose these usages were designed or sanctioned by the Creator? 5. What are your reasons for this opinion? 6. Can you name a few instances where men in the most exalted human stations, possessing unlimited power, have been signally abased for deviating from these primitive laws? 7. Were the primitive lams lenient? 8. What are your reasons for this opinion? (§ 2.) 9. What is the meaning of sabbath, in the 11th line? 10. When was the sabbath first observed as a day of rest? 11. Do you think it a good or a bad plan to loiter away one's time on the sabbath? 12. Assign your reasons for this opinion. 13. Can you name any nation that has attained either durable happiness or power, that profaned the sabbath? 14. How do our laws compare with those of the primitive ages? 15. What reasons can you assign why ours may with safety be more lenient? 16. How do the laws of Moses compare with all other laws? 17. Where are the laws

PRIMITIVE LAWS. 47


laws of our country, and have 1remained

Continued.

20

unaltered, stood the 1test of the most profound

Scrutiny.


1criticism, and received the Veneration

Animadversion


of nations for upwards of three thousand

2 Reverence.


years. (§ 3.) In every age, the more 1 important

Weighty.


1transactions of society, such as purchases,

Affairs.

25

sales, marriages, 1sentences of judges,

Judicial decisions.


the 1claims of citizens, &c., have had a

Titles.


certain degree of 1notoriety, in order to

Publicity.


secure their execution and 1validity. Hence

Justness.


certain 1forms have been established for

Prescribed modes.

30

drawing 1deeds, certain persons authorized

Contracts.


to receive them, and public 1places appropriated

Apartments.


to preserve them; for the 1welfare

Prosperity.


of society depends upon the 1sacredness of

Inviolableness.


the 1engagements of its members.

Mutual promises.

35

(§4.) In the primitive 1ages, the art of

Eras.


writing was not 1practised; consequently all

Exercised.


1contracts and deeds were verbal; yet it was

Bargains.

of Moses found? 18. Have our laws any similarity to those of Moses? 19. What is your reason for this opinion? 20. Why do you suppose the laws of Moses were so perfect? (§ 3.) 21. Illustrate the meaning of im before portant, in the 23d line. 22. What does ty, ending words, denote, as society, in the 24th line? 23. What is im, and also ty, called? 24. Why are they so called? 25. What is the meaning of the affix ty, in notoriety, in the 27th line? 26. What is the meaning of ty, in validity, in the 28th line? 27. Why do you suppose the line is always named in which the prefixes and affixes are used? 28. Does ty affixed to words always have the same meaning? 29. Is ty ever used as a prefix? 30. Why is it not a prefix in the word tyrant? 31. With what words are prefixes and affixes used? 32. In how many simple sentences can you use the words notoriety, validity, forms, drawing, sacredness, engagements, and deeds, in the 27th, 38th, 29th, 30th, 33d, and 34th lines, so that in each case they shall convey a different meaning? 33. From what is sacredness derived, in the 33d line? 34. Is there any thing peculiar in its meaning? 35 What is your reason for this opinion? (§ 4.) 36. What is the meaning of con. placed before words, as consequently, in the 36th line, and con-


48 PRIMITIVE LAWS.


1necessary to have them acknowledged and

Requisite.


authenticated; hence, all 1proceedings in

Transactions

40

1transferring property were held in public,

Conveying.


and before 1witnesses. The same method

Deponents.


was 1adopted in dispensing justice among

Chosen.


the 1people; and the gates of cities were

Citizen.


usually 1resorted to for these purposes. (§ 5.)

Repaired.

45

Though the 1primitive inhabitants were not

Original.


skilled in the 1art of writing, yet they had

Profession.


adopted several 1expedients to supply its place;

Devices.


the most rational plan was to 1compose their

Form.


laws, histories, &c., in 1verse, and sing them;

Poetry.

50

thus were the first 1 laws of states and empires

Statutes.


1transmitted to posterity. It has been

Handed down.


1found, in all ages, that it is not enough that

Discovered.

tracts, 37th line? 37. * What is con called when placed before words? 38. *Why is it so called? 39. *Name some other syllables used in the same way. 40. Illustrate the meaning of con with some other words. 41. What is meant by deeds, in the 37th line? 42. What were verbal deeds? 43. How are deeds and contracts at the present day authenticated? 44. What is the difference between requisite and necessary, in the 38th line? 45. What do you understand by gates of cities, in the 43d line? 46. Why do you suppose we have no gates to cities in the United States? 47. Can you name any modern cities that have gates? (§ 5.) 48. What conjunction follows though, in the 45th line? 49. Why does this conjunction usually follow though, and what is it called? 50. What is the meaning of in before habitants, in the 45th line? 51. Why does not in have the same meaning before human, as inhuman? 52. As the ancients had not the art of writing, how did they record sentiments and events? 53. Can you name any specimens of history transmitted in verse? 54. Wherein are the functions of modern government essentially different from those of the ancients? 55. To what does its refer, in the 47th line? 56. What is the meaning of com, before pose, in the 48th line? 57. What is the difference between verse and poetry, in the 49th line? 58. What is the meaning of trans, before mitted, in the 51st line? 59. Illustrate its meaning with some other words. 60. Why do you suppose the primitive inhabitants were not skilled in the art of writing?

* The Teacher will bear in mind, that these questions, with all others of an intricate character, are to be omitted when the pupils are not advanced.

PRIMITIVE LAWS. 49


laws exist. It is 1requisite to provide for

Essential.


their 1execution; and as the early patriarchs

Performance

55

1presided over* their families, and settled the

Superintended.


disputes that naturally arose among their

Controver-

sies


children, so the first monarchs 1distributed

Allotted.


justice in person among their 1subjects.

Inferiors.


(§6.) It appears that the earliest 1rulers

Governors.

60

exercised the station of both 1magistrate and

Judge.


priest. We are informed that Moses, 1oppressed

Overburdened.


with the multiplicity of 1affairs, chose

Business.


a certain number of wise men to 1dispense

Administer


justice among the people. These judges 1decided

Settled.

65

all matters of small 1importance; but

Weight.


their decisions were 1subject to the 2supervision

Liable.


and reversion of Moses. The administration

2 Review.


of 1justice was, in the early ages, generally

Equity,

70

given to the 1priests, who determined

Spiritual directors.


all 1disputes, and inflicted such punishment

Contests.


as they 1deemed necessary.

Thought.


(§ 7.) 1Probably the earliest, and certainly

Likely.


the most important regulation 1in reference

Relating.

61. Who is the first writer mentioned in authentic history? (§ 6.) 62. What is the difference between a magistrate and a priest? 63. What is the meaning of in before formed, in the 6tst line? 64. Illustrate the meaning of in with some other words. 65. What is the meaning of in before flicted, in the 70th line? 66. What meaning do im, in, and il always have when prefixed to verbs? 67. Illustrate their meaning by examples. 68. What meaning do im, in, ig, ir, ne, dis, and ill have when placed before adjectives? 69. Are there any exceptions to this rule? 70. Illustrate their meaning by examples. 71. What offices did the earliest rulers fill? 72. Do you suppose one man is competent to fill so many offices? 73. Does it require more than erudition and talent to fill any of them? 74. Who were generally appointed, in the primitive ages, to dispense justice?

* The teacher will perceive that the definitions or synonyms of two or more words are sometimes given in the margin, in which case they are printed in italics.


50 PRIMITIVE LAWS.


to property, was 1assigning and securing

Allotting.

75

to each family a certain 1portion of land.

Piece.

The state of be-


This was the first step towards 1civilization,

ing refined in manners from


for among all savages lands are common;

primitive gross, ness, and im-

proved in arts

and learning.


they have no 1boundaries, no land-marks;

Limits.


every one seeks his 1subsistence where he

Support.

80

sees fit. But in the civilized 1state it is

Condition.


necessary to 1distinguish land, and adopt

Separate.


such rules as will secure to each 1member

Individual.


the 1 benefit of his labor; so that he who

Profit


sows may have a reasonable 1expectation of

Prospect.

85

reaping and enjoying the 1profits of his skill

Reward.


and 1industry. The rights of all ought to

Diligence.


be 1guaranteed, so that no one can seize the

Warranted.


1profits of another's labor. (§ 8.) Laws were

Proceeds.


early 1established, not only to regulate the

Enacted.

90

division of 1land, but also to guard against

Real estate.


and prevent 1usurpation. With a view to

Occupation without right


curb the grasping desires of 1avaricious and

Covetous.


tyrannizing oppressors, and to protect 1mutually

Reciprocally.


the rights of all, we 1 find that the earliest

Learn.

95

laws 1required every person to fix the

Demanded.


boundaries of his 1possessions by land-marks.

Property.

(§ 7.) 75. What was probably the first and most important regulation in reference to property? 76. What is the meaning of step, in the 76th line? 77. Why does not step have the same meaning before father?

78. Illustrate some of the different meanings of step in sentences.

79. How are lands held among all savages? 80. How do savages obtain their support? 81. What regulations are observed among all civilized nations? 82. Why do you suppose it necessary to have such rules? (§ 8.) 83. Why were other laws established besides those that regulate the division of land? 84. Do you suppose reason or revelaiion sanctions the ownership of a whole state by one, (wo, three, four, or Jive men? 85. Assign some reasons why it would not be well for a few men to own all the land in a whole nation? 86. What did the ancient laws require all persons to do? 87. What were all ex-

PRIMITIVE LAWS. 51


Moses 1expressly forbids the Israelites from

In direct terms.


removing the ancient 1boundaries of lands;

Limits.


and in the days of Job, those who 1removed

Displaced.

100

these marks were 1ranked among the worst

Classed.


of mankind. 1Profane history informs us of

Secular.


the importance attached to this most 1salutary

Advantageous.


regulation. 1Homer speaks of it as a

The father of poets.


custom of the highest 1antiquity. Virgil refers

Age.

105

it to the age of Jupiter, which 1appears

Seems.


with him to mean the 1 beginning of time.

Commencement.


(§ 9.) 1Agriculture first gave rise to property

Husbandry.


in 1lands; but this property must

Real estate.


change after the death of the 1owner. It

Proprietor.

110

is 1reasonable to suppose that after cultivating

Rational.


the 1land for years, men would become

Ground.


strongly attached to it, and desire to 1transmit

Convey.


its 1enjoyment to those bound to them by

Possession.


the holiest ties. Furthermore, the 1peace of

Tranquillity.

115

society required that some 1permanent, regulation

Durable.


should be 1established in reference to

Settled.

pressly prohibited from doing? 88. How are lands measured? 89. If land-marks are removed, have people of the present age any means of knowing where they stood? 90. What nation first used surveying? 91. What character separates land-marks, in the 96th line? 92. Should you ever use this character in composing letters, or in any other writing? 93. Why do you think it important to notice the different pauses and characters used in the books we read? 94. Will you elucidate the meaning of the use of the hyphen by a few examples? 95. What marks are meant in the 100th line? 96. Do you know what the opinion of many learned men is respecting Homer and his writings? 97. Who was Virgil? (§ 9.) 98. What first gave rise to property in lands? 99. Why do you suppose men would naturally desire to transmit their property to their posterity? 100. What do you suppose has produced many inventions and laws? 101. Why do you suppose the peace of society required permanent regulations in reference to property of deceased persons? 102. What is the difference between the meanings of peace and tranquillity, in the 114th line? 103. What


52 PRIMITIVE LAWS.


the property of deceased persons. 1Necessity,

Need.


which is said to be the "mother of 1inventions"

Discoveries.


as well as of laws, 1required some

Demanded.

120

1permanent regulations in reference to inheritances,

Filed.


and also the power of making 1devises.

Wills.


Hence, 1property in lands was the

Ownership.


origin of 1rights and jurisprudence, which

Claims.


1compose the most important part of the

Constitute.

125

whole civil 1code. (§ 10.) Civil laws, like

Book of laws


governments, were at first very 1 imperfect;

Defective.


1jurisprudence was not formed into any regular

The science of right.


system till after the 1 lapse of centuries.

Passing away


No one ruler or lawgiver, 1unaided by Divine

Unassisted.

130

1inspiration, could foresee all events;

Infusion.


unlooked-for 1occurrences gave occasion for

Incidents.


the 1establishment of most of the laws that

Enactment.


now 1govern civilized society. Old regulations

Regulate.


have consequently been either 1extended,

Enlarged.

135

reformed, or 1repealed, in proportion to the

Revoked.


1ingenuity and industry of man in extending

Acuteness.


1commerce � discovering the natural wealth

Trade.


of the earth � the 1multiplicity of inventions

Variety.


� the wonderful 1 improvements in the arts,

Progress.

is the meaning of civil code, in the 125th line? 104. What is the difference between necessity and need�105. inventions and discoveries� 106. permanent and fixed�107. inheritances and patrimonies�108. devises and wills�109. property and ownership�110. rights and claims� 111. compose and constitute�1-12. code and book of laws, in the 117th, 118th, 120th, 121st, 122d, 123d, 124th, and 125th lines respectively? (§ 10.) 113. What is the meaning of un prefixed to aided, in the 129th line? 114. What meaning has un prefixed to words? 115. What were civil laws at first? 116. Can any ruler or body of legislators, however wise, foresee all events? 117. What gave rise to most of the laws in force among civilized nations? 118. What has happened to ola regulations? 119. What has caused this great difference between many of the ancient and modern laws? 120. Who is meant by the

NATURE OF LIBERTY. 53

140

sciences, letters, and, above all, the 1promulgation

Diffusion.


of the 1ameliorating doctrines of

Improving.


the 1 Savior of mankind.

Redeemer.

Saviour of mankind in the 142d line? 121. Where do we find his precepts? 122. What do you suppose would be the result if all lived according to the doctrine taught by JESUS CHRIST?


LESSON XIII.



(§ 1). WE see by reference to the 1unerring

infallible.


page of history, that laws of some 1kind

Sort.


have 1always governed the whole human

Ever.


race. 1Civilized societies have their extensive

Cultivated.

5

and 1complicated systems of jurisprudence.

Intricate.


1 Semi-barbarous states yield to the

Half savage.


1commands of a king, or some other despotic

Orders.


ruler; and even savages obey their chief, 1endure

Abide by.


the rules which the 1customs of their

Usages.

10

tribes 1prescribe, or obey the obvious and

Ordain.


indisputable laws of 1right and the voice of

Justice.


nature, which 1alarm the soul with excruciating

Frighten.


1remorse whenever justice is disregarded.

Agony.

(§ 1.) 1. What do you suppose is meant by infallible page of history, in the 1st line? 2. What is the difference between unerring and infallible? 3. What is the meaning of societies, in the 4th line? 4. What part of speech is it? 5. What number? 6. What do nouns ending in ty always denote? 7. How do they always form their plural? 8. What is the meaning of states, in the 6th line? 9. Do you know what meaning semi has before barbarous, in the 6th line? 10. Do you suppose it always has this meaning? 11. What is your reason for this opinion?* 12. Illustrate the meaning of semi with some other words. 13. What is the meaning of pre before scribe, in the 10th line? 14. Does it always have the same power when used as a prefix? 15. Illustrate its meaning with some other words. (§ 2.) 16. Do you sup-

* When pupils give either a simple affirmative or negative answer, it is always well to require their reasons, inasmuch as yes or no may be indifferently given without either thought or reflection.


54 NATURE OF LIBERTY.


(§ 2.) Law 1pervades the universe;

Is diffused through.

15

no created being is 1exempt from its protecting

Flee.


care � nor can any one ever 1deviate

Turn aside.


from its 1salutary influence with impunity.

Wholesome.


Even in 1societies possessing the greatest

Communities


blessings, each individual is 1restricted to certain

Restrained within.

20

1limitations in his intercourse with

Bounds.


others, and 1 invested with rights which extend

Clothed.


alike to all, and which cannot be 1 infringed

Violated.


without 1endangering the security

Putting in hazard.


and happiness of every 1member, who is an

Citizen.

25

integral part of the community.

Component.


(§ 3.) If each and everyone possessed 1sufficient

Adequate.


knowledge, and a 1disposition to do what

Desire.


was 1strictly just � to give to all their due �

Rigorously.


to take only what was 1 lawful � then, indeed,

Proper.

30

there would be no 1need of human restrictions.

Want


But the history of man in all 1ages

Times.


proves that, either from ignorance, the 1weakness

Infirmity


of his judgment, or from his natural 1in-

Propensity.

pose there is any place where there is not law? 17. What is the meaning of being, in the 15th line? 18. Why would not beings be a better word than being, in the 15th line, inasmuch as nothing is ex empted? 19. If the wisest and best men are required to observe certain rules, is it unreasonable that scholars should scrupulously regard the rules of school? 20. Which do you suppose most benefits the pupils, the school with perfect order, or the school without any order? 21. Do you think each one at school should strive to aid the teacher in preserving perfect order? (§3.) 22. Do you suppose there might be any condition in which human law would not be necessary? 23. What does all history prove? 24. What is necessary for man's quiet and happiness? 25. What do reason and revelation alike prove? 26. What is the difference between disposed and inclinedstrictly and rigorousiy � due and right � need and want � history and accountages and periods � weakness and infirmity, in the 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, and 32d lines respectively? 27. Why do you suppose man is used in the 31st line, as it is evident the author meant the whole human race? (§ 4.) 28.

NATURE OF LIBERTY. 55


clination to evil, he has been 1prone to go

Disposed.

35

astray, and that laws are 1 indispensable to

Necessary.


his 1tranquillity and his happiness. Moreover,

Quiet.


reason and revelation alike 1attest that

Bear witness


man was created for society, and 1 intended

Designed.


by the 1 Deity to be subject to that law and

Creator.

40

order which the created 1intelligences of

Spiritual beings.


heaven 1obey, and that there is no such thing

Comply with.


as 1natural liberty. (§ 4.) It has often been

Original.


1asserted, that man gave up certain natural

Affirmed.


1rights when he became a member of civil

Privileges.

45

society, but it appears 1evident that such

Plain.


was not the 1case. No one ever had the right

Fact.


to do as he 1chose, for all were born with

Liked.


equal 1rights; and if one had natural liberty,

Claims.


then all were equally entitled to it. 1Suppose

Admit.

50

all have natural 1 liberty, then our property,

Freedom.


yea, our lives, are at the 1disposal of any

Mercy.


person who is either able or 1willing to take

Desirous.


them from us. In our country, every 1infringement

Breach.


of the law is a 1violation alike of

Transgression.

55

public and rational liberty, for 1God created

Jehovah.


man 1subject to law, and that is his natural

Amenable,


1state.

Condition.

What has often been asserted? 29. Is such the case? 30. What are some of your reasons for this opinion? 31. In how many simple sentences can you use case, in the 46th line, so that in each instance it shall convey a different meaning? 32. Is the assertion that "all men were created equal" literally true? 33. What are your reasons for this opinion? 34. If some are born deformed or with sickly constitutions, and others are born perfect and robust, what is the meaning of "all were born with equal rights," in the 47th line? 35. What reasons prove that no one has natural liberty? 36. What effect do you suppose it would have in this country if every one violated the laws that appeared unjust? 37. What do you suppose is the natural state


56 NATURE OF LIBERTY.


(§ 5.) The laws of one's 1country may or

State.


may not 1protect the natural rights of man

Guard.

60

according to 1circumstances or the peculiarities

The worldly

estate.


of the individual's 1condition; but

Mode of being.


the law of God is a perpetual 1security

Protection.


against 1oppression, and no liberty has ever

Tyranny.


existed or can 1exist where the laws of God

Have being.

65

are not obeyed. For take away the 1sacred

Divine.


law, and the weaker are 1subject to the

Liable.


stronger, and the 1stronger may, in their turn,

More powerful.


become subject to 1combinations of the

Coalitions.


weaker. (§ 6.) It may, moreover, be 1observed

Remarked.

70

that liberty does not 1consist in laws

Depend on.


of our own 1making; for let us examine the

Framing.


laws of our 1country, and we shall find most

Confederacy.


of them were in 1 force before we had existence.

Operation.


Furthermore, it is 1evident that a large

Plain.

75

majority of 1people, even of this country,

Citizens.


are never 1governed by laws of their own

Ruled.


making, though the statutes may be 1enacted

Made.


during their own 1lives.

Existence.

of man? (§ 5.) 38. What is the meaning of the expression, "one's country," in the 58th line? 39. May the laws of one's country operate unequally? 40. What laws always operate justly? 41. What would be the condition of society if the principles of the sacred law were banished? 42. Do you suppose any nation ever enjoyed true liberty that had not received the aid of Divine revelation? 43. Do you suppose we often enjoy many blessings which are the result of Christianity without being conscious of the true source from whence they flow? (§ 6.) 44. Do you suppose liberty consists in laws of our own making? 45. What are your reasons for this opinion? 46. How long do you suppose most of the laws of this country have been in force? 47. Why are not a majority of the people in this country governed by laws of their own making, even when the laws are made during their lives? 48. What is the difference between people and citizensgoverned and ruledstatutes and lawsenacted and made, in the 75th, 76th, and 77th lines respectively? 49. What words do you consider

NATURE OF LIBERTY. 57


(§ 7.) The 1Congress of the United States

Legislature.

80

consists, (1848,) in 1round numbers, of 291

Whole.


members; 31 in the 1senate and 116 in

Upper house.


the 1house of representatives make a quorum

Lower house


for transacting business. Hence it 1appears

Is evident.


that a 1bill may pass both houses by a majority

Law.

85

of one vote; 58 would be a 1majority

Legal number.


in the 1house and 16 in the senate. A

Hall of representatives.


1contingency might therefore happen in

Fortuitous event.


which a bill would 1pass both houses by receiving

Prevail in.


74 votes, and the 1sanction of the

Approval.

90

President would make it a 1law. Consequently,

Statute.


every person in the whole 1union

Country.


might be 1governed by a law made by 75

Ruled.


1men; and 217 senators and representatives

Legislators.


might be 1opposed to the law made by 75

Unfavorable.

95

men, which would 1 govern upwards of

Rule.


twenty millions of 1people. On the other

Citizens.

synonyms, and what definitions, in section 6? (§ 7.) 50. Why is the term round numbers used in the 80th line? 51. In the 80th line, it is asserted that the full number is 291 members, can you tell how many there are in the senate, and how many there are in the house of representatives? 52. Can the largest State, with nearly three millions of inhabitants, send more senators than the smallest State, with less than one hundred thousand inhabitants? 53. If you know the number of States and the whole number of members in Congress, can you not tell how many representatives there are? 54. How many make a quorum in the house? 55. How many in the senate? 56. How many may pass a law in the house? 57. How many in the senate? 58. How is it that, in the 85th line, it is said 58 may be a majority, when there are 116 necessary to make a quorum, and 58 is only one-half of 116�why would not 58 be a tie, and not a majority? 59. Could there possibly be a contingency in which 75 men might make a law that would govern upwards of twenty millions of people? 60. If such is the power of law-makers, what ought to be the character of all men elected to legislative bodies? 61. What people do you suppose the most likely to discern and elect men of pure principles and patriotic character, an intelligent or an


58 NATURE OF LIBERTY.


hand, a bill of the 1utmost importance may

Highest


unanimously pass both houses and be 1vetoed

Prohibited.


by the President. It must then be 1returned

Sent back.

100

to the house in which it 1originated � say the

Had origin.


house of representatives � who 1pass it again

Sanction.


1unanimously. It then goes to the senate, who

Without a dis-

senting voice.


happen to have but a bare 1quorum � nineteen

Legal number to transact business.


votes are given in 1favor of the bill and eleven

Support

105

against it; consequently it does not 1receive

Obtain.


a 1majority of two-thirds of the senate

Plurality.


and is 1defeated. Hence it appears that a

Rendered null.


bill of 1vital importance might be defeated

Essential.


by either the 1arbitrary will � the vanity �

Despotic.

110

the imbecility � or the mistaken 1views of

Opinions.


one man. The President has 1power during his

The prerogative.


continuance in 1office to forbid any bill from

Authority.


becoming a law, though he is 1sustained by

Upheld.


less than three-eighths of the 1members of

Delegates.

115

1congress, and opposed by the unanimous

The national assembly.


voice of the nation. Further the 1 final vote

Ultimate.


of eleven senators may be in 1opposition to

Contradiction.


the 1views of two hundred and thirty-one

Sentiments.


representatives and forty-nine 1 senators.

Legislative counsellors.

120

1Moreover, these eleven senators may

Further.

illiterate people? 62. What may prevent a bill from becoming a law after it has unanimously passed both houses of congress? 63. What is the meaning of the word vetoed, in the 98th line? 64. When a bill is vetoed, to which house must it be returned? 65. May a bill, under any circumstances, become a law though the President veto (forbid) it? 66. Name some circumstances in which a contingency might happen to defeat a bill of vital importance? 67. Can Delaware, with a population of 78,085* inhabitants, send as many senators to congress as the State of New York, with a population of 2,428,921* inhabitants? 68. Why is the term original collective con-

* According to the census of 1810, New York has at the present time nearly 3,000,000.

NATURE OF LIBERTY. 59


be from the six 1smallest States in the Union,

Least populous


whose original collective 1constituency would

Body of constituents.


be less than one-half that of a single 1senator

Legislator.


from the largest State. Hence the 1hopes

Expectations

125

of upwards of twenty millions can be 1temporarily

For a time.


1 blasted by, it may be, even a good

Destroyed.


man, though an 1unsuitable President.

Unfit.


(§ 8.) Again, suppose a 1bill passes unanimously

Form of law not enacted.


both 1houses of congress, receives

Branches.

130

the 1sanction of the President, and becomes

Approval.


a law; 1yet the original constituents of the

Though.


1makers of the law would probably be less

Framers.


than one-tenth of the 1people that would be

Inhabitants.


1governed by the same. It is undoubtedly

Ruled.

135

1true, that all the important laws passed

A fact


by congress, whether for good or for 1evil,

Woe.


have received the 1sanction of less than two

Approbation.


hundred votes, and that the 1constituents of

Employers.


these rulers have, on 1an average, been a

A mean proportion.

140

minority of the 1legal voters of the country,

Lawful.


to say nothing of those of their 1constituents

Electors.


who were entirely 1opposed to the action of

Adverse.


their 1representatives. Thus the laws that

Deputies.


govern 1upwards of twenty millions of people,

More than.

stituency used in the 122d line? 69. What is the difference in the way in which U. S. senators and representatives are elected? (§ 8.) 70. Do important bills generally receive the unanimous concurrence of congress? 71. What are your reasons for this opinion? 72. Do you suppose congress could pass an evil law? 73. What are your reasons for this opinion? 74. What kind of men do you think ought to be elected as legislators? 75. Do you suppose those are generally the best legislators who give the people the most to eat and drink on election days? 76. What men in former republics adopted this practice? 77. Do you suppose there is any danger that men may become candidates for congress with any other object in view than the purest


60 NATURE OF LIBERTY.

145

even in this 1country, have been directly

Land.


1framed by about one-twentieth of the population;

Made.


it is, indeed, 1an axiom that no one

A self-evident truth.


has perfect 1 liberty � no people can be governed

Freedom.


by laws of their own 1making. We

Constituting.

150

are all 1dependent � 2dependent on our parents

Unable to exist by ourselves


and friends � dependent on our fellow citizens

2 Subject to the power of.


� dependent on 1our cotemporaries � dependent

Those living at the same time.


on our 1ancestors � dependent on the

Forefathers.


1goodness, and protecting care of our Heavenly

Benevolence.

155

Father. (§ 9.) If such are the 1 intricacies

Complexities


and the imminent dangers of 1delegated

Deputed.


power in the purest 1republic on which

Commonwealth.


the sun ever shone, how 1 indispensable is it

Necessary.


that all should understand the 1 fundamental

Essential.

160

1principles of political science! Let every

Elements.


citizen duly 1profit by the sufferings which

Improve.


mankind have 1endured for nearly six thousand

Borne.


years. Let the 1ambition of each

Ardent desire


be properly aroused to obtain the 1imperishable

Permanent.

165

wealth of the mind, to 1understand

Comprehend


and 1support the Constitution of the United

Sustain.


States, and transmit in 1unsullied brightness

Pure.


the 1character of the American name.

Good qualities.


(§ 10.) Let all early receive 1 impressive

Indelible.

patriotism? 78. What is a self-evident truth? 79. How ought each one, then, to perform the trusts committed to his charge? (§ 9.) 80. In whose hands is power originally vested? 81. What is understood by delegated or deputed power? 82. Is deputize a correct English word? 83. When power is deputed, has it irrevocably left its grantor? 84 What are some of the sufferings which mankind have so long endured? 85. What is meant by the "wealth of the mind," in the 165th line? 86. Why may the American name be considered bright? 87. What is meant by political science? 88. What is the difference between an art and a science? (§ 10 ) 89. What are republics or com-

NATURE OF LIBERTY. 61

170

lessons from the fate of former 1republics,

Commonwealths.


which, in their 1day, though far more

Time


powerful than ours, have either been 1crushed

Overwhelmed.


by military despotism, or rent 1asunder by

Apart


1intestine broils. Let every philanthropist

Domestic.

175

arouse, so that the predictions of kings, 1nobles,

Peers.


and many of the 1literati of Europe, pronouncing

Learned men


1anarchy and despotism to be the

Want of rule.


future 1fate of the United States, shall be falsified.

Destiny.


And thus the 1augmenting number

Increasing.

180

of our 1adult population, now probably five

Grown up.


millions, who can neither read 1understandingly

Knowingly.


nor write intelligibly, may be 1diminished,

Lessened.


and finally 1extinguished by the well-directed

Eradicated


1efforts of every American citizen.

Exertions.

185

(§11.) It is imperative to 1weigh properly

Consider.


the 1expediency of disseminating in

Propriety.


every part of the republic the 1inestimable

Invaluable.


blessings of letters, 1fraternal union, and

Brotherly.


Christian 1sentiment. In this way our country

Feeling.

190

may be made the 1 hallowed ark to

Sacred.


preserve in safety the 1rational liberties of

Reasonable.


mankind, by becoming the 1depository of

Lodgment.


human rights, and the 1asylum of the oppressed

Refuge.

monwealths? 90. What republics, in their day, exerted apparently a more extensive influence, and were comparatively more powerful than the United States? 91. Why should we learn lessons from these republics? 92. Why should those lessons be indelibly impressed? 93. What is the probable reason that monarchs and noblemen denounce our government? 94. Name some of the causes which may justly alarm the friends of our government. 95. Are crowned heads interested in promoting disunion in the United States? 96. Are the literati interested in the perpetuity of our institutions? 97. What should be our conduct towards those who differ from us in opinion? 98. What were some of the causes which produced the fall of former


62 NATURE OF LIBERTY.


and trodden-down of 1the old world.

Europe.

195

In view of all these impending 1circumstances

Facts.


and 1denunciations, it behooves

Public menaces.


each of us to use the utmost 1caution and

Prudence.


unceasing 1vigilance in regard to the perpetuity

Watchfulness.


of our 1unequalled institutions. (§ 12.)

Unrivalled.

200

Let us justly 1compare the fame of our

Estimate.


philosophers, 1legislators, heroes, and their

Law-makers.


influence on 1cotemporaries, with those that

Persons existing at the same time


flourished in the 1palmiest days of Greece

Most prosperous.


and Rome. Let the most 1indefatigable

Unwearied.

205

exertions be used to 1convey knowledge

Carry.


to every home, that one united 1intellectual

Mental.


1phalanx may be presented to assert the

Array of men


rights of mankind � to 1demonstrate to the

Prove.


1monarchies of the world, that while we

Kingdoms.

210

praise our 1illustrious ancestors in words we

Renowned.


1imitate them in actions. Then their enviable

Copy.


names, and the 1glory they won while

Fame.


living will not be 1tarnished by the degeneracy

Stained.


of their 1posterity. For our republican

Descendants.

215

institutions, while they 1inculcate human

Instil.


equality and a reverence for the 1approximating

Approaching


1perfection of our statutes will impart

Supreme excellence.

republics? (§ 11.) 99. How are the inhabitants of Europe oppressed and trodden down? 100. Why may our institutions be considered unequalled? (§ 12.) 101. Who were some of the principal philosophers?�102. Legislators?�103. Heroes, of antiquity? 104. Whence is the word palmiest derived? 105. Why is it applicable to the subject? 106. What is the nature of the indefatigable exertions we should use? 107. What is meant by a phalanx? 108. What is the strongest bulwark of American liberty? 109. What is the general tendency of republican institutions? 110. Are republics favorable to literature? 111. What should we endeavor to show the monarchies of the world? 112. Which do you think the best way to honor our

NATURE OP LIBERTY. 63


additional 1veneration for the wisdom of

Adoration.


the Divine law � instil an implicit 1obedience

Compliance with.

220

to the decrees of heaven, and secure the 1tenderest

Dearest.


regard for the rights of every human

Just claims


1being.

Creature.

Illustrious ancestors, to praise them in words or imitate them in actions 1 113. What ought to be the character and tendency of our republican institutions? 114. The class spell by letter the marginal words.


LESSON XIV.



(§ 1.) THE great 1inequality in the condition

Disparity.


of the race; the general propensity to

Inclination


1exercise power to the disadvantage and injury

Use.


of the 1ignorant and the weak; the necessity

Illiterate.

5

of 1curbing the excesses of the base

Checking.


and the 1wicked tend to form communities.

Evil.


The love for society; the 1fellowship with

Mingling.


those of like 1dispositions or similar conditions

Minds.


and the 1desire for knowledge, also, help to

Wish.

10

secure association. But a 1proper knowledge

Suitable.


of the 1Divine Law and an unwavering 2determination

Bible.


by all, to live according to its precepts

2 Purpose.


are 1necessary to secure the greatest

Requisite.


1comfort on earth and eternal bliss in HEAVEN.

Enjoyment

15

(§ 2.) In communities it is 1requisite that each

Essential.


individual should 1relinquish the claim of

Quit.


asserting individual rights, and 1redressing

Repairing.

(§ 1.) 1. What is the difference between disparity and inequality, in the 1st line?�What do their prefixes denote? 2. What is the difference between ignorant and illiterate, in the 4th line?�What do their prefixes signify? 3. How would it affect the sense, if the comma were


64 NATURE OF LIBERTY.


personal 1wrongs; every one must take the

Injuries.


general will of the community for a 1guide, and

Rule.

20

renounce all resort to individual 1force, for

Violence.


each receives 1instead of it the protection

In place.


of the 1commonwealth. None are allowed

State.


to consult 1exclusively their own happiness,

Solely.


without regard to the peace and 1order of the

Regular discipline.

25

society with which they are 1connected.

United.


Men with the best 1intentions often err;

Designs.


1precipitancy, or the want of knowledge or

Hastiness.


talent, may 1prevent them from coming to

Hinder.


correct 1conclusions concerning what is just.

Deductions

30

No one does 1right on all occasions.

Proper.


(§ 3.) Civil society is intended to 1remove

Displace.


these 1difficulties; the ablest minds are generally

Impediments.


1selected to establish the rules which

Chosen.


best promote the general good. It is 1requisite

Necessary.

35

that all subject themselves to the 1legal

Lawful.


authority created to 1enforce these regulations.

Administer


Christian institutions 1conduce in

Contribute


the highest possible 1degree to man's present

Measure.


and 1perpetual happiness. They have

Constant.

40

the 1immunity to enforce laws that best promote

Prerogative.


the general welfare � maintain 1perfect

Entire.

omitted after all, in the 12th line. ( § 2.) 4. What is the difference between relinquish and quit, in the 16th line 7 What is it requisite for every one to do in civil society 1 6. What may prevent even good men from coming to just conclusions 7 7. To what does it refer, in the 21st line 7 8. What is the meaning of none, in the 22d line? (§ 3.) 9. What is the difference between administer and contribute, in the 37th line? � What do their prefixes ad and con denote 7 10. In how many simple sentences can you write degree, in the 38th line, so that in each case it shall convey a different meaning? 11. What is the difference between perpetual and constant, in the 39th line? � What do their prefixes per and con denote? 12. To what does they refer, in the 39th line? 13. What is the character of laws en-

LAW OF NATIONS. 65


subordination without oppression � regulate

Submission.


private conduct without 1 invading the right

Infringing.


of individual opinions, and binding to 1prescribed

Dictated.

45

1modes of worship.

Forms.


(§ 4.) LAW OP NATIONS.



The Law of Nations designates the 1rights

Immunities.


and 1ordains the duties of nations in all their

Prescribes.


varied 1relations with each other. It is a

Dealings.


plain system of rules 1emanating from the

Proceeding.

50

principles of justice, which 1govern and regulate

Control.


the affairs of men in their 1social relations.

Companionable.


On no subject have writers 1differed

Varied.


more than on this; 1yet none is more simple

Notwithstanding


or easier of comprehension. It is 1established

Erected.

55

on the 1basis of Christianity, and is

Foundation.


1recognized, understood and observed only

Acknowledged.


among 1enlightened and Christian communities.

Intelligent.


(§ 5.) Its binding 1power is entirely of a

Authority.


moral and religious nature; its 1 fundamental

Essential.

60

principles are 1contained in the text "Do ye

Embraced.


unto others as ye would that others, in 1similar

Like.


1circumstances, should do unto you,"

Situations.


and 1enjoins benevolence, kindness and charity

Commands.


among all 1mankind. There is no human

The human race.

65

1tribunal to enforce an observance of

Seat of justice.


national law. Nations, in this respect, 1sustain

Bear.


a similar 1position toward each other

Attitude.


that 1individual members of society would

Single.


if all the halls of justice were 1abolished.

Destroyed.

acted and enforced by Christian communities? (§4.) 14. What was anciently the difference between the law of nations and international law? � What is the meaning of the prefix inter before national? 15. What is the valid basis of the law of nations? (§ 5.) 16. What relation


66 LAW OF NATIONS.

70

(§ 6.) There are no courts for the 1adjustment

settlement.

of national 1misunderstandings. Each

Quarrels.

nation is a judge of its own 1wrongs, and

Injuries.

decides its own 1standard of justice. Hence,

Criterion.

when a 1controversy arises between nations,

Dispute.

75

and the parties 1disregard the voice of reason

Slight.

and the established 1usages of the Christian

Customs.

world, they have no other 1resort than that

Expedient.

of 1arms. (§ 7.) It appears that the most

War.

renowned and powerful empires and republics

Famous.

80

of antiquity paid no 1regard to the moral

Respect.

national obligations of justice and 1humanity.

Benevolence

Athens, that 1fruitful mother of philosophers

Prolific.

and statesmen, who 1instructed the world in

Taught

85

the arts and 1sciences, encouraged her navy

Systematic knowledge.

in 1piracy, and put to death or sold into per-

High-sea robbery.

petual slavery, not only the 1prisoners taken

Captives.

in war, but also the 1women and children of

Females.

the 1conquered country.

Vanquished.

(§ 8.) Rome, the 1 boasted mistress of the

Vaunted.

90

world, is celebrated alike for her 1tyrannical

Imperious.

triumphs, her 1treacherous treaties, and her

Perfidious.

continual violations of justice. To the 1eter-

Lasting.

nal disgrace of the Roman name it is 1recorded,

Registered.

do nations sustain toward each other? (§ 6.) 17. Repeat the substance of section sixth. 18. What is the difference between controversy and dispute, in the 74th line? 19. Disregard and slight, in the 75th line? 20. Usages and customs, in the 76th line? (§ 7.) 21. Give a synopsis of section seventh. 22. What is the difference between renowned and famous, in the 79th line? 23. Regard and respect, in the 80th line? 24. Fruitful and prolific, in the 82d line? 25. Instructed and taught, in the 83d line? 26. Conquered and vanquished, in the 88th line? (§ 8.) 27. Of what does section eighth treat? 28. What is the distinction between celebrated and illustrious, in the 90th line? 29. Treacherous and perfidious, in the 91st line? 30. Recorded and registered, in the 93d

LAW OF NATIONS. 67

in her most 1approved legal code,

Commended

95

that whoever 1passed from one country to

Moved.

another became immediately a 1slave. (§ 9.)

Bondman.

It is only in 1modern times that nations

Recent.

assuming a moral character have, like the

Taking.

individuals 1composing them, considered

Forming.

100

themselves bound by the 1immutable prin-

Unchangeable.

ciples of justice. In a state of 1peace all

Tranquillity.

the nations in Christendom stand in an 1equal

Uniform.

1relation to each other, and are entitled to

Connection.

claim equal 1regard for their national rights,

Consideration.

105

and require 1reciprocal obligations in good

Mutual.

faith, whatever may be their 1relative size or

Particular.

power, or however varied may be their poli-

Strength.

tical and religious 1institutions. It is a funda-

Establishments.

mental 1principle in the law of nations, that all

Doctrine.

110

are on a 1perfect equality and entirely indepen-

Complete.

dent (§ 10.) Every nation has the sole 1privi-

Advantage.

lege of regulating its 1internal policy, and no

Domestic.

political power has a right to 1prescribe for

Dictate to.

another a mode of government or 1 form of

Ceremony.

115

religion. The Law of Nations, which 1equally

Equably.

dispenses its 1rights and requires the fulfil-

Immunities.

ment of its obligations, has for its 1objects the

Ends.

peace, the happiness, the 1 honor and the un-

Dignity.

fading glory of 1mankind.

Humanity.

line? (§ 9.) 31. Give a detailed account of section ninth. 32. What is the difference between modern and recent, in the 97th line? 33. Peace and tranquillity, in the 101st line? 34. Equal and uniform, in the 102d line? 35. Power and strength, in the 107th line? (§ 10.) 36. Repeat the substance of section tenth. 37. What is the difference between prescribe and dictate, in the 113th line? 38. Mode, in the 114th line, and the word method? 39. Form and ceremony, in the 114th line? 40. Equally and equably, in the 115th line? 41. Objects and ends, in the 117th line? 42. Honor and dignity, in the 118th line?


68 LAW OF NATIONS.


LESSON XV.



(§ 1.) THE Law of 1Nations may be divided

Commonwealths


into two parts, 1viz.: the Necessary Law of

Namely.


Nations, and the 1Positive Law of Nations,

Absolute.


or International Law. Those 1principles of

Precepts.

5

justice which reason 1dictates and revelation

Prescribes.


enjoins, may be 1considered the Necessary

Regarded as.


Law of Nations, 1for these principles, indispensable

Because.


to international 1commerce, are of

Intercourse.


universal application, and are 1sanctioned by

Countenanced.

10

the ablest jurists, numerous historical 1precedents,

Examples.


and the long-established 1usages of

Customs.


Christian governments. No 1power can, by

Nation.


its separate laws, 1invalidate any portion

Weaken.


of the 1necessary law of nations any more

Requisite,

15

than 1single individuals can, by their private

Separate.


acts, 1alter the laws by which the States

Change.


wherein they 1 live are governed. (§ 2.) The

Dwell.


1Positive, or International Law, consists of

Explicit


treaties or 1compacts between two or more

Contracts.

20

1sovereigns or nations. Treaties are of various

Monarchs.


kinds: � as, treaties of 1peace � of

Amity.


1alliance, offensive and defensive � for regulating

Union.


1commercial intercourse � for settling

Trade.


1disputed boundaries � any matter of national

Contested.

25

1interest, policy or honor. When treaties are

Concern.

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

{§ 1.) 1. Of what does section first treat? 2. What is the difference between principles and precepts, in the 4th line? 3. Sanctioned and countenanced, in the 9th line? 4. Alter and change, in the 16th line? (§ 2.) 5. Of what does section second treat? 6. What is the difference between sovereigns and monarchs, in the 20th line? 7. Disputed and contested, in the 24th line? 8. Display and exhibit, in the

LAW OF NATIONS. 69


made, ministers, usually called 1plenipotentiaries

Ambassadors of full power.


1chosen, one, two, three, or more, by

Appointed.


and for each nation, 1meeting at some place

Convening.


1mutually agreed upon, and generally in the

Reciprocally.

30

territory of some neutral state � often 1display

Exhibit.


much 1ingenuity in making the preliminary

Acuteness.


arrangements, as each strives to 1secure

Obtain.


the best possible 1terms for his respective

Conditions.


1country.

Nation.

35

(§ 3.) After the 1plenipotentiaries have

Diplomates.


come to 1an understanding, they write out

A stipulation.


their 1agreement, which is then sent to their

Covenant,


respective nations or sovereigns. If its 1articles

Terms.


are confirmed, they 1 immediately become

At once.

40

an international law to those 1countries.

Lands.


Should either power refuse to 1sanction the

Support.


acts of its ministers, the treaty is 1inoperative

Null.


and things remain 1in statu quo. In the

As before.


United States, the 1concurrence of the President

Approbation.

45

and two-thirds of the senate is 1requisite

Necessary.


for the adoption and 1ratification of

Confirmation


a 1treaty. The Necessary Law of Nations

Compact.


may 1apply to the whole human family;

Rule.


whereas international law is more 1circumscribed

Restricted.

50

in its 1extent, and binds only the

Limit.


contracting nations. (§ 4.) It is 1an acknowledged

A recognized


principle that, having a right to 1adopt

Select.

30th line? (§ 3.) 9. Give a detailed account of section third. 10. What is the difference in the meanings of agreement and covenant, in the 37th line? 11. Sanction and support, in the 41st line? 12. Circumscribed and restricted, in the 49th line? 13. Status quo is the name of a certain kind of treaty � can you tell the condition in which it leaves the contracting parties? (§ 4.) 14. Of what does section fourth treat? 15. What is the difference between acknowledged and recog-


70 LAW OF NATIONS.


such 1form of government as it deems expedient,

System.


every nation may alter, or even 1abolish,

Abrogate.

55

its internal regulations at 1pleasure,

Will.


provided the 1changes do not in the least

Variations.


1affect any of its obligations to other governments,

Impair.


and that the claims of 1individual

Private.


creditors are not thereby 1weakened. No

Invalidated.

60

division of territory, 1coalescence with other

Union.


powers, or change in government, can 1impair

Injure.


any of its rights, or 1discharge it from

Free.


any of its just 1engagements.

Liabilities.


(§ 5.) A community, or 1kingdom, basely

Realm.

65

resorting to any 1subterfuge to shake off

Evasion.


its 1obligations � or wantonly making war

Engagements


upon its 1unoffending neighbors without asserting

Inoffending.


any 1just cause for the same, and apparently

Proper.


for the 1sake of plunder and a desire

Purpose.

70

of conquest, would 1forfeit alike its claim to

Lose.


the 1protection of the Law of Nations, and

Defence.


the 1regard of the civilized world. Such

Respect.

power would be a 1common enemy, and the

General.


act of 1appropriating the spoils thus obtained

Impropriati ng.

75

would be called national 1robbery. Every

Depredation.


government would be bound to join a 1league

Confederacy.


to force the 1relinquishment of such unlawful

Abandonment.


possessions. (§ 6.) It is generally 1acknowledged

Allowed.


that every nation may 1use its

Employ.

nized, in the 51st line? 16. Abolish and abrogate, in the 54th line? 17. Coalescence and union, in the 60th line? 18. Impair and injure, in the 61st line? (§ 5.) 19. Of what does section fifth treat? 20. What is the difference between subterfuge and evasion, in the 65th line? 21. Inoffending and inoffending, in the 67th line? 22. Sake and purpose, in the 69th line? 23. Robbery and depredation, in the 75th line? (§ 6.) 24. Give a synopsis of section sixth. 25. What is the difference be-

LAW OF NATIONS. 71

80

own discretion in making commercial and

Judgment.


other treaties � that 1one government may

Any.


surrender to another a part or all of its territory,

Cede.


1provided that in so doing the rights

Conditioned.


of no other 1power are either molested or

Commonwealth

85

endangered. Every country, has a right

Jeoparded.


to 1monopolize its own internal and colonial

Engross.


trade, and can exclude or admit at 1option

Choice.


any or every other 1nation.

Country.


(§ 7.) It is generally 1conceded that every

Granted.

90

nation has 1an exclusive right to rivers flowing

The sole.


through its territory � to all 1inland bays

Arms of the sea.


and 1navigable waters whatsoever � and to

Waters affording free passage to vessels.


the 1adjoining sea-coast for the distance of

Contiguous.


three miles from shore. 1Custom has rendered

Usage.

95

it necessary for 1vessels sailing beyond

Ships.


the 1jurisdiction of their own country to

Limits.


be 1provided with passports. (§ 8.) A passport,

Furnished.


is an 1official certificate, bearing the

Authoritative


seal of the government 1under whose flag

Beneath.

100

the vessel sails; it gives 1permission to pass

Leave.


from and to certain 1ports or countries, and

Harbors.


to navigate 1prescribed seas without molestation.

Determinate.


It should contain a 1minute description

Circumstantial.


of the vessel, her 1master, crew, loading, &c.,

Captain.

tween use and employ, in the 79th line? 26. Discretion and judgment, in the 80th line? 27. Surrender and cede, in the 82d line? 28. Option and choice, in the 87th line? (§ 7.) 29. Repeat the substance of section seventh. 30. What is the difference between adjoining and contiguous, in the 93d line? 31. Between custom and usage, in the 94th line? 32. Vessels and ships, in the 95th line? 33. Provided and furnished, in the 97th line? (§ 8.) 34. Of what does section eighth treat? 35. What is the difference between under and beneath, in the 99th line? 36. Permission and leave, in the 100th line? 37. Ports and harbors, in the 101st line? 38. Minute and circumstantial, in the 103d


72 LAW OF NATIONS.

105

and request all 1friendly powers to permit

Amicable.


her to 1pursue the prescribed voyage without

Prosecute.


any 1interruption. Although the vessel

Disturbance.


may 1be the property of a single merchant,

Belong to.


yet any injury done the vessel or 1crew

Sailors.

110

would be considered a national 1 insult, and

Affront.


one requiring full 1reparation, according to

Amendment.


1the law of nations.

international law.


(§ 9.) The 1mutual welfare of nations requires

Reciprocal.


that they should have 1accredited

Authorized.

115

agents to 1represent them at the national

Personate.


courts, or legislative 1assemblies of each

Convocations


other. These 1officers have usually been

Officials.


divided into the following classes, 1to wit:

Namely.


1st class, or highest 1order, Ambassadors

Rank.

120

and 1Papal Legates, � 2d class, Envoys Extraordinary

Nuncios and Internuncios.


and Ministers 1plenipotentiary, �

Of full power


3d class, Ministers 1resident, accredited to

Abiding.


sovereigns or 1independent nations, � 4th

Free.


class, 1Charges d'Affaires, accredited to the

Deputies.

125

minister of foreign 1affairs. (§ 10.) An ambassador

Business.


is a foreign 1minister of the highest

Representative.


rank; he acts in the place of the sovereign

Degree.


or government that employs him, and 1is entitled

Has a claim.


to all the respect and 1 immunities that

Privileges.

130

the ruler of the country he 1represents would

Personates.


be if 1personally present. An ambassador

Individually.

line? 39. Friendly and amicable, in the 105th line? 40. Pursue and prosecute, in the 106th line? 41. Insult and affront, in the 110th line? (§ 9.) 42. Of what does section ninth treat? 43. What is the difference between mutual and reciprocal, in the 113th line? 44. What is the difference in the meanings of class, order and rank, in the 119th line? (§ 10.) 45. Give a detailed account of section tenth. 46. What

LAW OF NATIONS. 73


is not 1answerable, even for the most atrocious

Responsible.


crimes, to the judicial 1tribunals of the

Courts.


country to which he is sent. For 1flagrant

Enormous.

135

offences he may, however, be sent to his

Crimes.


own government, with a 1demand that he

Requirement


should receive 1adequate punishment. Ambassadors

Commensurate.


are 1usually selected from the

Commonly.


ablest 1politicians of their respective countries

Statesmen.

140

� their residence is at the 1seat of government

Capital


of the power with which they 1negotiate.

Treat.


(§ 11.) In 1times of peace, it is usual

Seasons.


for each Christian 1nation to be represented

Country.


at the 1national legislature of every foreign

Court.

145

government, and the 1duties of an ambassador

Obligations.


consist in 1transacting all public business

Negotiating.


to the best possible 1advantage for his own

Benefit of.


government. He may 1penetrate the secrets,

Fathom.


the 1designs and the policy alike of the government

Schemes.

150

in which he 1resides, and that of

Sojourns.


every nation whose 1representatives he may

Envoys.


meet; hence there is 1constant danger of

Continual.


1immorality and crime among the highest

Dishonesty.


national 1functionaries. It is a mournful fact,

Officers.

155

that foreign courts have been more 1celebrated

Noted.


for 1intrigue and corruption than for

Complicated plots.


1purity of morals and patriotic deeds. National

Chasteness.


1gratitude has oftener been awarded to

Thanks.


private 1citizens than to public functionaries.

Individuals.

is the difference between demand and requirement, in the 136th line?

47. Between adequate and commensurate, in the 137th line? (§ 11.)

48. Give a synopsis of section eleventh. 49. What is the difference between times and seasons, in the 142d line? 50. Between grandeur and magnificence 1


74 LAW OF NATIONS.


LESSON XVI.



(§ 1.) AN envoy is a person 1deputed by a

Appointed.


sovereign or government to 1negotiate a

Hake.


treaty, or to 1transact any other business

Manage.


with a foreign nation. The 1word is usually

Term.

5

applied to a public 1minister sent on an

Agent


1emergency, or for a particular purpose.

Exigency.


A plenipotentiary is a person 1clothed with

Invested.


full 1power to act for his sovereign or government,

Authority.


1usually to negotiate a treaty at the

Commonly.

10

close of a war. The 1representatives of the

Deputies.


government of the United States at 1 foreign

Distant.


courts are usually 1styled ministers, and their

Denominated


duties depend entirely on the 1nature of the

Sort of.


1instructions given them by the executive

Advice.

15

cabinet at Washington. (§ 2.) The business

Council.


of the foreign ministers of the 1United States

American republic.


is generally to keep their government 1correctly

Accurately.


informed of the 1proceedings of foreign

Transactions


courts � to see that their countrymen are not

Administrations.

20

molested within the realms in which they

Disturbed.


reside, and to 1countenance all enlightened

Encourage.


proceedings that tend to 1ameliorate the

Improve.


condition of the human race. The distinction

Situation.


1between ambassadors, envoys, plenipotentiaries,

Betwixt.

25

and resident ministers, 1relates

Applies.

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

(§ 1.) 1. Repeat the substance of section first. 2. What is the difference between word and term, in the 4th line? 3. Between emergency and exigency, in the 6th line? (§ 2.) 4. Give a synopsis of section second. 5. What is the difference between correctly and accurately, in the 17th line? 6. Between encourage and countenance, in the 21st line?

LAW OF NATIONS. 75


chiefly to diplomatic precedence and 1etiquette,

Ceremony.


and not to their 1essential powers

Requisite.


and 1privileges. Governments generally reserve

Prerogatives.


to themselves the right to 1ratify or

Confirm.

30

1 dissent from treaties concluded by their public

Reject.


1ministers.

Agents.


(§ 3.) A charge d'affaires 1ranks lowest

Stands.


in the 1class of foreign ministers, and is

Order.


usually a person intrusted with public 1 business

Concerns.

35

in a foreign country 1in the place of an

In lieu.


ambassador or other minister of high 1degree.

Rank.


A consul is a commercial 1agent, appointed

Factor.


by the government of a country to 1reside

Dwell.


in foreign dominions, usually in 1seaports.

Maritime towns.

40

Consuls are not entitled to the 1immunities

Exemptions.


of public ministers, 1nor are they under the

Neither.


special 1protection of the law of nations.

Shelter.


The power of a consul may be 1annulled at

Cancelled.


pleasure by the ruler of the country where

Option.

45

he 1resides, whereas the power of a foreign

Lives.


minister can be 1annulled only by the government

Abrogated.


which he 1represents. (§ 4.) Consuls

Supplies the place of.


must 1carry with them a certificate of their

Bear.


appointment, and must be 1publicly recognized

Officially.

50

and 1receive from the government in

Get.


whose dominions they 1propose to reside, a

Intend.


written declaration, called an exequatur, 1authorizing

Empowering


them to 1perform their specified duties.

Attend to.

(§ 3.) 7. Of what does section third treat? 8. What is the difference between business and concerns, in the 34th line? 9. Between agent and factor, in the 37th line 1 (§ 4.) 10. Repeat the substance of section fourth. 11. What is the difference between carry and bear, in the 48th line? 12. Between empowering and authorizing, in the 52d


76 LAW OF NATIONS.


The 1business of consuls is to attend

Occupation.

55

to the 1commercial rights and privileges of

Mercantile.


their 1country and its citizens. Unless it is

Government.


stipulated by treaty, the refusal to receive a

Covenanted.


consul is considered no breach of 1etiquette

Decorum.


between nations; but the 1refusal to receive

Declining.

60

a foreign minister denotes 1hostility.

Enmity.


(§ 5.) War, the greatest 1scourge that has

Evil.


ever 1afflicted the human race, has, among

Troubled.


civilized nations, its 1 formalities and its laws.

Ceremonies.


It is customary to 1precede it by a demand

Preface.

65

for redress of 1grievances. When every

Wrongs.


means has been resorted to in vain to 1obtain

Procure.


1justice � when peace is more dangerous and

Redrew


1deplorable than war itself � then nations

Lamentable.


usually 1set forth their grievances, accompanied

Publish.

70

with a declaration of war, and 1proceed

Begin and carry on.


to 1hostilities. In monarchies, the right to

War


1declare war is usually vested in the sovereign.

Proclaim.


In the United States, the 1power to

Authority.


declare war is confided to the 1national legislature.

Congress.

75

(§ 6.) When war is once 1declared,

Commenced.


each and every man in the 1belligerent countries

Fighting.


is 1a party to the acts of his own government;

Concerned in


and a war 1between the governments

Betwixt.


of two 1nations is a war between all

Countries.

80

the 1 individuals living in their respective dominions.

Persons.


The 1officers of government are

Functionaries.


considered 1merely as the representatives of

Only.

line? (§5.) 13. Repeat the substance of section fifth. 14. What is the difference between obtain and procure, in the 66th line? 15. Between declare and proclaim, in the 72d line? (§ 6.) 10. Of what does section sixth treat? 17. What is the difference between evident and

LAW OF NATIONS. 77


the people. It is 1evident that every citizen

Manifest.


indirectly contributes to 1sustain war, inasmuch

Support.

85

as it requires 1enormous sums of money,

Vast.


and can be 1waged only by the general

Prosecuted.


1consent of the citizens of each country in

Concurrence


paying taxes. The 1soldier is therefore the

Warrior.


direct, and the tax-payer the indirect 1belligerent;

Combatant.

90

both 1participants, though perhaps

Sharers.


in an unequal degree, in whatever of 1honor

Glory.


or of 1 infamy may be attached to the common

Shame.


1cause.

Object pursued.


(§ 7.) When one nation 1 invades the territory

Hostilely enters.

95

of another, under any 1pretence whatever,

Pretext.


it is called an 1offensive war on the

Aggressive.


part of the invading nation, and a 1defensive

War of resistance.


war on the part of the nation 1invaded.

Attacked.


1Offensive wars are generally waged by the

Invading.

100

most 1powerful nations; and nothing more

Potent


clearly 1demonstrates the absurdity and

Proves.


1injustice of wars than the fact that by them

Wickedness.


chiefly 1tyrants sustain their power � fill the

Despots.


world with 1wretchedness, and enslave mankind.

Misery.

105

The most 1unhallowed armies that

Wicked.


ever 1desolated the earth and converted it

Ravaged.


into a human slaughter-house, have 1clamored

Vociferated.


most about the justice of their 1cause.

Party.


The most 1idolized generals, those who have

Adored.

110

commanded the mightiest armies and 1boasted

Vaunted.

manifest, in the 83d line? 18. Between enormous and vast, in the 85th line? (§ 7.) 19. Give a synopsis of section seventh. 20. What is the difference between principles and motives, in the 111th line? 21. Can you name some renowned generals that, professing to be republicans, devastated the world and destroyed the liberties of the people? 22.


78 LAW OF NATIONS.


most of their republican 1principles, have been

Motives.


the first to snatch the 1imperial purple, and

Dress of kings.


1usurp the unalienable rights of man.

Steal.

Why ought not people to entrust their liberties to those who vaunt most about their patriotism and devotion to republican principles?


LESSON XVII.



(§ 1.) A BLOCKADE is the 1surrounding of a

Encompassing.


place with hostile troops or 1ships in such a

Vessels.


manner as to prevent 1escape and hinder

A departure.


supplies of provisions and 1ammunition from

Military stores.

5

entering, with a view to 1compel a surrender

Force.


by hunger and 1want, without regular attacks.

Need.


No neutral nation is 1permitted to

Allowed.


afford any 1relief whatever to the inhabitants

Succour.


of a place blockaded, and all 1supplies in a

Commodities

10

state of 1transmission for such relief are

Conveyance.


liable to 1confiscation. A mere declaration

Forfeiture.


of a blockade is not considered 1binding

Obligatory.


upon 1neutrals unless the place be actually

Non-combatants


surrounded by troops and ships in such a

Encircled.

15

manner as to render an entrance 1 hazardous.

Dangerous.


It is also requisite that neutrals be 1apprised

Informed.


of the 1blockade. (§ 2.) A Truce is a temporary

Investment.


1suspension of arms, by the mutual

Cessation.


agreement of the 1belligerent parties, for negotiating

Hostile.

20

peace or any other 1purpose; at

Cause.

(§ 1.) 1. What is the difference between surrounding and encompassing, in the 1st line? 3. Why would not apprized answer as well as apprised, in the 16th line? 3. How many simple sentences are there in section first? 4. Of what does section first treat? (§ 2.) 5. What

LAW OF NATIONS. 79


the 1expiration of a truce, hostilities may be

Close.


renewed without a new declaration of war.

Revived.


Truces are either 1partial or general. A partial

Limited.


truce 1suspends hostilities only between

Stops.

25

certain places, as between a town and the

Specified.


army 1besieging it; but a general truce

Investing.


extends to all the territories and dominions

Includes.


of the 1belligerent nations. An Armistice

Hostile.


has a more 1limited meaning, being applied

Restricted.

30

to a 1short truce, and solely to military

Brief


1affairs.

Matters.


(§ 3.) A 1declaration of war is a total prohibition

Proclamation


of all commercial 1intercourse and

Communication.


1dealings between all the citizens of the hostile

Traffic.

35

powers. All 1contracts made with the

Bargains.


subjects of a national 1enemy are null and

Foe.


void. It is unlawful for a 1citizen of one of

Subject


the 1 belligerent countries to insure the property,

Contending.


or even to 1remit money to a citizen

Transmit.

40

of the other 1country. (§ 4.) An embargo

Land.


is 1a prohibition upon shipping not to leave

An Injunction.


port. This 1restraint can be imposed only

Restriction.


by the 1supreme government of a country,

Paramount.


and is 1an implied declaration of some im-

A virtual.

45

mediate and 1impending public danger. Letters

Threatening.


of 1marque and reprisal, are letters under

License.


seal, or commissions 1granted by a government

Issued.

is the difference between renewed and revived, in the 22d line? 6, What do their prefixes denote? 7. Of what two subjects does section second treat? (§ 3.) 8. Repeat the substance of section third. 9. What is the difference between dealings and traffic, in the 34th line? 10. Between contracts and bargains, in the 35th line? (§ 4.) 11. Give a synopsis of section fourth. 12. What is the difference between declined


80 LAW OF NATIONS.


to its citizens to make seizure or 1reprisal

Capture.


of the 1property of an enemy, or of

Goods.

50

1persons who belong to a government which

Individuals.


has 1refused to do justice to the citizens of

Declined.


the country 1granting the letters of marque

Giving.


and reprisal. The 1war-vessels thus permitted

Men-of-war


by a government to be 1owned by its private

Possessed.

55

citizens are 1called privateers.

Named.


(§ 5.) A Treaty is a solemn 1contract between

Agreement.


two or more nations, 1formally signed

Ceremoniously.


by commissioners 1duly appointed, and ratified

Properly.


in the most sacred manner by the 1supreme

Highest.

60

power of each state, which 1thereby

By that means.


plights its national fidelity and honor.

Pledges.


Treaties 1usually take effect from the day

Generally.


they are 1ratified, and are as binding upon

Approved-


nations as private 1contracts are upon individuals.

Compacts.

65

Treaties should always 1receive a

Obtain.


fair and liberal 1construction and be kept

Explanation.


inviolable. (§ 6.) Nations, like individuals,

Sacred.


know not what 1changes may await them.

Vicissitudes.


The most powerful 1states, whose citizens

Governments

70

vainly 1boasted of their perpetual grandeur

Vaunted.


and 1duration, have been subverted and their

Continuance.


monuments of 1art demolished by the unsparing

Human skill.


ravages of 1ruthless conquerors. Hence

Barbarous.


it 1behooves the most powerful nations to

Becomes.

and refused, in the 51st line? 13. Between called and named, in the 55th line? (§ 5.) 14. Of what does section fifth treat? 15. What is the difference in the meaning of agreement and contract, in the 56th line? 16. How many different parts of speech are there in the marginal exercises in section fifth? (§ 6.) 17. What is the difference in the meaning of changes and vicissitudes, in the 68th line? 18. What

LAW OF NATIONS. 81

75

apply to themselves the same 1unerring rules

Infallible.


and principles of justice and 1humanity which

Benevolence


they 1require their weaker neighbors to observe.

Demand.


It is their duty to 1check wickedness;

Curb.


to sustain liberty, order, 1equity and

Justice.

80

peace among all the weaker powers of the

Quiet.


earth; to unite in 1the enforcement of the

Putting in execution.


positive law of nations, and the 1rational

Reasonable.


usages of 1the Christian world.

Christendom


(§ 7.) It may be observed, in 1concluding

Closing.

85

this subject, that the 1tendency of war is to

Effect.


1aggrandize the few, to strengthen more and

Increase the power of.


more the bands of 1tyrants, and bring the

Despots.


1direst miseries upon the many. War cherishes

Most terrible


nothing good, and fosters 1all manner

Every description.

90

of wickedness. As the 1true spirit of the

Essential part.


Divine law is generally 1diffused among, and

Disseminated


understood by the great 1majority of the

Mass.


people, so do they 1become more temperate,

Grow.


1honest, industrious and intelligent. Consequently,

Upright.

95

nations grow 1better; cultivate

More prosperous.


a liberal and humane policy, enjoy internal

Generous.


peace and happiness, and 1outward power

External.


and 1dignity. It is evident no nation

Honor.


can 1contribute to another's degradation, or

Minister.

100

promote another's 1welfare, without, in a corresponding

Happiness.


degree, 1depressing or elevating

Sinking.


its own. The most 1sacred observance

Scrupulous.


of the 1positive laws and rights of nations

Definite.

is the duty of all powerful nations? 19. Repeat the substance of section sixth. (§ 7.) 20. What is the difference between concluding and closing, in the 84th line? 21. Repeat the substance of section seventh 22. What is the only real guaranty of individual happiness and na-


82 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.


is 1essential to exalted national character,

Necessary.

105

the 1happiness of the whole human family,

Welfare.


the perpetuity of the 1liberties of mankind,

Franchises.


and the 1tranquillity of the world. It is to

Peace.


be 1hoped that the light of Christianity

Desired.


will soon 1utterly extinguish the spirit of

Entirely.


1war, and thus promote human happiness.

Bloodshed.

tional perpetuity and grandeur? 23. Which do you think the happiest individuals and nations, those that resort to fraud and violence, or those that deal with justice and humanity?


LESSON XVIII.



ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.



(§ 1.) THE 1brief survey we have now

Concise.


taken of the 1nature of political power may

Character.


1enable us more fully to understand the origin

Help.


and the causes of the American 1Union.

Confederacy.

5

We have seen that the nations of the 1earth

World.


profess to be governed by the 1immutable

Unchanging.


principles of 1justice � that during all ages a

Right.


1latent spark of the fire of rational liberty

Concealed.


has 1glowed in the human breast � that nearly

Burned.

10

four thousand years ago the 1seeds of republican

Elements.


principles were 1scattered over the

Disseminated.


1face of the earth by inspiration. When

Surface.


the world 1seemed to be shrouded in political

Appeared.


1darkness � when the sun of human liberty

Ignorance.

15

had set upon the melancholy 1wreck of ancient

Ruin.

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

(§ 1.) 1. Repeat the substance of section first. 2. To whom do you suppose the principles of republicanism were given by inspiration?

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 83


republics � the Almighty, whose 1inscrutable

Unsearchable.


wisdom is often 1concealed from

Hidden.


mortal 1view, brought to light a new world.

Ken.


(§ 2.) 1Therein liberty, flying before the potentates

In that place

20

of the earth, 1chose for itself a secret

Selected.


asylum. 1 Thither the oppressed and downtrodden

To that place


of all the 1nations of the earth fled.

Kingdoms.


Though they were not able to 1shake off

Cast


entirely all the 1shreds of tyranny and of

Fragments.

25

bigotry, yet the commingling of all nations

Blind zeal.


and of all 1creeds enabled them more properly

Symbols.


to 1appreciate the moral worth of man.

Prize.


They valued more highly his 1industry, the

Labor.


intellectual and pure qualities of the 1soul,

Mind.

30

and attained the nearest 1approximation of the

Approach.


age to an universal 1brotherhood � the true

Fraternity.


standard of human dignity.

Criterion.


(§ 3.) Hence we find, 1soon after the settlement

Shortly.


of this country, several 1instances

Examples.

35

of an association of the 1people of America

Inhabitants.


for mutual defence and 1protection, while

Preservation.


owing allegiance to the British 1crown. As

Throne.


early as 1643, only twenty-three years 1after

Succeeding.


the first 1settlement of New England, the

Peopling.

40

colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut,

Provinces.


and New Haven, formed a 1league,

Compact.

3. What is meant by the expression "bringing to light a new world," in the 18th line? 4. How does the world now compare with its condition at that time? (§ 2.) 5. Repeat the substance of section second. 6. Can you give some account of the causes of the first settlement of this country? 7. What was the religious and political condition of mankind when this country was first settled? 8. What is the highest attainment of human society? (§ 3.) 9. Repeat the substance of section third. 10. What is the difference between instances and examples,


84 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.


offensive and defensive, firm and 1perpetual,

Enduring.


under the 1name of the United Colonies of

Title.


New England. The 1authority to regulate

Power.

45

their general concerns, and 1especially to

Above all.


levy war and make 1requisitions upon each

Demands.


component colony for men and 1money ac-

Means.


cording to its population, was 1vested in an

Given to.


annual congress of commissioners 1delegated

Deputed.

50

by the several 1colonies. This confederacy,

Provinces.


after 1subsisting forty-three years, was arbi-

Existing.


trarily 1dissolved by James II., in 1686.

Broken up.


(§ 4.) A 1congress of governors and com-

Diet.


missioners from other colonies, 1as well as

Besides.

55

those of New England, for the sake of 1fra-

Brotherly.


ternal union and the 1protection of their

Defence


1western frontier, was held at Albany, in 1722.

Internal.


A more 1mature congress was held at the

Perfect.


same place in 1754, 1consisting of Commis-

Comprising.

60

sioners 3from New Hampshire, Massachu-

2 Delegates.


setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,

3 Sent by.


Pennsylvania, and Maryland. This 1con-

Assembly.


gress was 1called at the instance of the Brit-

Convened.


ish 1government, to take into consideration

Ministry.

65

the best 1means of defending America in the

Way.


event of a war with France, then 1appre-

Feared.


hended. The object of the 1crown was to

Government.


effect treaties with the 1Indians through this

Savages.


congress; but most of the 1commissioners,

Members.

70

among whom was the 1 illustrious Franklin,

Renowned.

in the 34th line? 11. Between subsisting and existing, in the 5lst line? (§ 4.) 12. Give a synopsis of section fourth. 13. What is the difference between apprehended and feared, in the 66th line? 14. Between Indians and savages, in the 68th line? (§ 5.) 15. Give a detailed ac-

ORIGIN OP THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 85


had more enlarged and 1philanthropic views.

Benevolent.


They advanced and 1promulgated some in-

Made public.


valuable truths, of which the proper 1recep-

Admission.


tion by their 1countrymen prepared the way

Compatriots.

75

for future independence and 1fraternal union.

Brotherly.


(§ 5.) From this 1assembly, the king and

Convocation.


parliament 1anticipated much support. They

Expected.


hoped insidiously to bribe its 1 leading mem-

Prominent.


bers by offices, and 1 furthermore sent their

Moreover.

80

1emissaries to divide the colonies into several

Secret agents


1confederacies, so that they might be more

Leagues.


easily 1controlled; but all the plans of the

Governed.


crown were signally 1baffled. The sagacious

Defeated.


commissioners, with Franklin for their 1chair-

Leader.

85

man, drew up a 1plan of united government,

Method.


consisting of a general 1council of delegates,

Body.


to be chosen by the 1provincial assemblies,

Colonial.


and a president general to be 1appointed by

Designated.


the 1crown. (§ 6.) Many of the rights of

King.

90

war and peace, and the 1authority to lay and

Power.


levy imposts and taxes, were 1proposed to

Intended.


be vested in this council, subject to the 1nega-

Veto.


tive of the president. The 1union was to

Confederacy.


embrace all the colonies. This bold project

Include.

95

was rejected by the king, who was 1alarmed at

Frightened.


the republican principles 1contained therein;

Embodied.


and, by those 1arts among the office-holders

Artifices.


which 1kingly governments so adroitly prac-

Regal.


tise, its rejection was 1procured in every colonial

Contrived and effected.

count of section fifth. 16. What is the difference between assembly and convocation, in the 76th line? 17. Between baffled and defeated, in the 83d line? (§ 6.) 18. Give a synopsis of section sixth. 19. What is the difference between embrace and include, in the 94th line? 20. Between


86 ORIGIN OP THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.

100

assembly, and 1singular as it may appear,

Curious.


on the ground of its 1favouring the

Benefiting.


1Crown.

Government


(§ 7.) Thus, by the 1 swarms of kingly

Multitudes.


officers who filled the colonies, 1prejudice

Bias.

105

was excited against the 1purest patriots, and

Most disinterested.


for several years these kingly 1parasites succeeded

Sycophants.


in exciting much 1 jealousy and animosity

Envy.


among the 1colonies. So great was

Plantations.


the 1 disaffection, fostered mainly by monarchical

Unfriendliness.

110

1intrigue, that even Franklin despaired

Finesse.


of a general and a 1permanent union.

Lasting.


But when the corruption and the 1tyranny

Despotism.


of the government became 1apparent to the

Evident.


majority of the people, they 1meted out merited

Measured.

115

scorn to the British rulers, and 1reposed

Placed.


the utmost 1confidence in their own patriotic

Trust.


Congress. (§ 8.) The 1passage of the stamp-act

Enactment.


by the British Parliament, in 1765, 1imposing

Laying.


a small tax on paper, 1roused a general

Awakened.

120

indignation 1throughout all the colonies; not

In every part of.


that the tax was grievous to be 1borne, or

Supported.


that there was anything 1unjust in taxing

Wrong.


paper, for several states have imposed a 1 similar

Like.


tax. The 1opposition was on the

Resistance.

125

1ground that Parliament had no right to tax

Principle.


the 1colonies, and that taxation and representation

Settlements.


were 1inseparable. A congress of

Indivisible.

kingly and regal, in the 98th line? (§ 7.) 21. Of what does section seventh treat? 22. What is the difference between swarms and multitudes, in the, 103d line? 23. Between jealousy and envy, in the 107th line 1 (§ 8.) 24. What is the subject of section eighth? 25. What is the difference between borne and supported, in the 121st line? 26. Be-

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 87


1delegates from nine colonies met at New

Deputies.


York in October, 1765, at the 1instance and

Suggestion.

130

1recommendation of Massachusetts. The

Commenda-

tion.


colonies 1 represented were Mass., R. I.,

Personated.


Conn., 1 N. Y., N. J., Pa., Del., Md., and S. C.

New York.


The declaration of rights of this body 1asserted,

Maintained.


that the 1sole power of taxation lay

Only.

135

in the 1 colonial legislatures, and that the

Provincial.


1restrictions imposed on the colonies by late

Restraints.


1acts of Parliament, were unjust. The Congress

Edicts.


also adopted an 1address to the king,

Official message.


and a petition to 1each house of Parliament.

The Lords and

Commons

140

(§ 9.) The Congress of 1765 was only 1a

An introductory.


preparatory step to the more 1extended and

Enlarged.


1lasting union, which took place at Philadelphia,

Permanent.


in September, 1774, and laid the 1foundations

Groundwork.


of the American 1 Republic. The

Union.

145

1meeting of this Congress was first recommended

Assembling.


by a town-meeting of the 1people of

Inhabitants


Providence, Rhode Island, 1followed by the

Succeeded.


1Assemblies of Massachusetts and Virginia,

Legislatures.


and by other public bodies and 1meetings of

Gatherings.

150

the people. In some of the colonies, 1delegates

Members.


were appointed by the 1popular branch

Elective.


of the legislature; in others, by 1conventions

Meetings.


of the people. The deputies 1convened September

Met.


4, 1774; and, after 1choosing offi-

Selecting.

155

cers, adopted certain 1fundamental rules of

Radical.


1 legislation.

Law-making.

tween similar and like, in the 123d line? (§ 9.) 27. Repeat the subject of section ninth. 28. What is the difference between lasting and permanent, in the the 142d line? 29. Between conventions and meetings, in the 152d line?


88 ORIGIN OP THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.


LESSON XIX.



(§ 1.) As the Congress thus 1assembled exercised

Convened.


1sovereign authority, not as the agent

Supreme.


of the government 1de facto of the colonies,

In fact.


but in virtue of 1original power derived directly

Primary.

5

from the people, it has been 1called

Named.


"the revolutionary government." It 1terminated

Ended.


only when regularly 1superseded by

Supplanted.


the 1confederated government, in 1781. Its

Consolidated


first 1act was the declaration, that in deciding

Deed.

10

questions in this Congress, each 1 colony

State.


should have but one 1vote; and this was the

Voice.


established course through the revolution.

Fixed.


It 1proposed a general Congress to be held

Recommended.


at the same place, in May of the next 1year.

Season.

15

It was this Congress which 1passed, October

Enacted.


14th, 1774, the Bill of Rights, which 1set

Proclaimed.


forth the great 1principles of national liberty.

Truths.


(§ 2.) It was the 1 violation of this bill of

Infringement


1rights that was the cause of the American

Just claims.

20

revolution. The 1 grievances under which

Oppressions.


the colonies 1 labored being unredressed by

Toiled.


the British government, Congress 1issued a

Sent forth.


declaration of independence, 1July 4th, 1776,

Seventh month.


and 1claimed a place among the nations of

Requested.

25

the earth, and the 1protection of their acknowledged

Defence.

(§ 1.) 1. Repeat the substance of section first. 2. In how many sentences can you use the word May. in the 14th line, so that in each case it shall convey a different meaning? 3. Is season, in the 14th line, used in its limited or extended sense? 4. In how many sentences can you use the word principles, in the 17th line, so that in each case it shall convey a different meaning? (§ 2.) 5. From what is infringement derived, in the 18th line? 6. Repeat the substance of section

ORIGIN OP THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 89


law. The 1 declaration of the

Promulgation,


Bill of Rights, and of 1 Independence, is the

Freedom.


basis on which the Constitution was founded,

Ground-work.


and after this declaration of 1rights the colonies

Privileges.

30

may be 1considered as a separate and

Regarded.


distinct 1nation.

People.


(§ 3.) 1Anterior to this time, there were

Previous.


three 1distinct forms of civil polity existing

Separate.


in the colonies, 1to wit: The Provincial or

That is to say.

35

Royal, 1 Proprietary, and Charter governments.

Grantee.


The Provincial or 1Royal form of

Kingly.


polity 1existed under the immediate authority

Continued.


of the king of England, and was 1entirely

Completely.


under his control. Under this 1form

System.

40

of 1 government, New Jersey, New Hampshire,

Polity.


and South Carolina were 1 governed

Ruled.


as provinces, at the 1time of the declaration

Period.


of rights. The 1Charter governments were

Corporated


great political corporations, 1derived from

Obtained.

45

and 1dependent on the Crown. (§ 4.) The

Subservient to.


Charter governments 1approximated nearest

Approached


to that of 1the mother country, and its citizens

England.


had the greatest 1protection in their rights.

Defence.


The 1powers of this government were, like

Duties.

50

those of England and our Constitution, 1distributed

Divided.


into three great 1departments � the

Divisions.


Executive, the 1 Legislative, and the Judicial.

Law-enacting.

second. 7. What is the difference between considered and regarded, in the 30th line? (§ 3.) 8. Give a synopsis of section third. 9. In how many sentences can you use form, in the 39th line, in each of which it shall convey a different meaning? 10. What is the difference between form and system, in the 30th line? 11. Why does on follow dependent, and to subservient, in the 45th line? (§4.) 12. What were


90 ORIGIN OP THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.


The Charter governments, at the 1time of the

Period.


1declaration of rights, were Mass., R. I., and

Promulgation.

55

Conn. (§ 5.) The 1Proprietary governments

Deputy.


were written 1grants from the king to one or

Permissions.


more persons, 1conveying to them the general

Transferring.


powers of management within their 1 prescribed

Specified. -


territories. The proprietors 1exercised

Used.

60

similar rights, and acted 1instead of

In place.


the king, and, like him, 1 had power at any

Possessed.


time to convene or 1prorogue, and also to

Adjourn.


negative, or even 1repeal any of the acts of

Annul


the Assemblies. The Proprietary 1governments,

Administrationa

65

at the time of the declaration of 1rights,

Privileges.


were Pa., 1 Del., and Md.

Delaware.


(§ 6.) 1 Hence it appears that the king was

Prom this.


not only 1represented, but had, or rather,

Personated.


claimed the 1right, either directly or indirectly,

Authority.

70

to 1abolish any law, or dissolve any

Annul


legislative assembly in the colonies. A 1majority

Plurality.


of the governors and 1council in the

Executive advisers.


colonies, were appointed 1directly by the king.

Immediately.


The judges, and the 1incumbents of all important

Holders.

75

1 places, were also dependent upon

Situations.


the king for their 1 continuance in office,

Stay.


though generally 1paid by the colonists. (§ 7.)

Recompensed.


It was the 1supercilious acts of the governors,

Overbearing.


and the 1exercise of despotic power by the

Use.

the Charter governments? (§ 5.) 13. What were Proprietary governments? 14. Why is it necessary to use the preposition to after conveying, in the 57th line? 15. What is the difference between prorogue and adjourn, in the 62d line? (§ 6.) 16. In how many sentences can you use the word right, in the 69th line, so that in each case it shall not only convey a different meaning, but also be a different part of speech? (§ 7.) 17. What caused the declaration of rights? 18. From

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 91

80

king, that 1led to the declaration of rights,

Caused.


which was in direct opposition to the 1arrogated

Assumed.


authority of the 1 British government,

English.


and 1asserted in substance that the king had

Maintained.


1violated the common law of England.

Broken.

65

As the colonists never retracted the 1least

Smallest,


portion of the 1 declaration of rights, they

Assertion.


may be 1 considered as forming a distinct

Regarded.


nation from that 1time. Though in their addresses

Period.


to the 1 king and parliament they

Throne.

90

professed the utmost 1 loyalty, and undoubtedly

Fidelity.


hoped that all 1 grievances would be

Wrongs.


speedily redressed, and 1 consequently that

Therefore.


there would be no 1necessity for the proposed

Occasion.


1meeting in 1776.

Convention.

95

(§ 8.) It is important to 1bear in mind the

Remember.


situation of the colonies 1previous to their

Prior.


declaration of rights, in order to 1understand

Comprehend


correctly the political 1progress of our country,

Advancement


and 1especially the Declaration of Independence

Above all.

100

and the 1palladium of liberty. It

Shield.


may here be 1observed, that the framers of

Mentioned.


the 1Constitution considered the declaration

System of rules.


of rights passed in 1774, and that of 1independence

Exemption from British rule.


in 1776, as 1setting forth all the

Making apparent

105

great principles of American liberty. 1Hence

Accordingly.


they deemed it unnecessary to 1precede the

Preface.


Constitution with any further 1formal declaration

Express.


of a 1new bill of rights. (§ 9.) But

Fresh.

what time may the colonists be deemed independent of Great Britain?

19. What is the general meaning of loyalty, in the 90th line? (§ 8.)

20. What is meant by the expression "palladium of liberty," in the 100th line? 21. To what does that, in the 103d line, refer? (§ 9.) 22.


92 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

the American people are so 1extremely careful

Jealous.

110

of their rights, and desirous of 1transmitting

Imparting.

them to posterity in 1unsullied purity,

Spotless.

that the 1Congress of the United States, on

Nationa1 Assembly.

the 25th of 1 September, 1789, proposed ten

Ninth month.

1amendments to the Constitution, which more

Additions.

115

1clearly and definitely specify the rights of

Explicitly.

the people, 1prescribe the duties of Congress,

Ordain.

and the 1 limit of the Constitution. The 2nd

Extent.

120

continental Congress, which assembled at

Provincial.

Philadelphia in May, 1775, was 1invested by

Clothed.

the colonies with very ample 1discretionary

Optional.

powers. Determined to assert 1unconditional

Absolute.

sovereignty over the colonies by 1force, Great

Violence.

125

Britain had already 1commenced hostilities

Begun.

in the 1province of Massachusetts. Congress,

Dependency.

supported by the 1zeal and confidence of its

Ardor,

constituents, 1prepared for defence by publishing

Made ready.

a declaration of the 1causes and necessity

Reasons for.

130

of 1taking up arms, and by proceeding

Going to war.

to levy and 1organize an army, to prescribe

Arrange.

1regulations for land and sea forces, to emit

Rules.

1paper money, contract debts, and exercise

Bills of credit

all the other 1prerogatives of an independent

Peculiar privileges.

135

government. 1 Goaded to the utmost by

Stimulated.

the 1attacks of England, which repeatedly

Aggressions.

caused American 1 soil to drink American

Earth.

blood, it 1at last, on the 4th of July, 1776, declared

Finally.

the 1united colonies to be FREE and

Federate.

140

1INDEPENDENT STATES.

Self-reliant.

LESSON XX. � The advanced pupils with" the aid of the Index may compose the questions for this lesson.

amer_man-9.jpg

94 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.


LESSON XXI.



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.



(§ 1.) A 1DECLARATION by the representatives

Proclamation


of the United States of America, in 1Congress

Convention.


assembled. 1 Passed, Thursday,

Adopted.


1July 4th, 1776.

Seventh month.

5

When, in the course of human 1events, it

Occurrences.


becomes necessary for one people to 1dissolve

Destroy.


the political 1 bands which have connected

Ties.


them with another, and to 1assume among

Take.


the powers of the earth the 1separate and

Distinct

10

equal station to which the 1laws of nature,

Decrees.


and of nature's God, 1entitle them, a decent

Give them a claim.


respect to the opinions of mankind 1requires,

Demands.


that they should 1declare the causes which

Avow.


1impel them to the separation.

Urge.

15

(§ 2.) We hold these 1truths to be self-evident:

Tenets.


that all men are 1created equal; that

Made.


they are 1endowed, by their Creator, with

Invested.


certain 1unalienable rights; that among these,

Not transferable.


are life, liberty, and the 1pursuit of happiness.

Quest.

20

That, to 1secure these rights governments are

Confirm.


instituted among men, deriving their just

Established.


powers from the 1consent of the governed;

Concurrence

The difficult Questions are elucidated in the Appendix.

(§ 1.) 1. When was the declaration of the independence of the United States adopted? 2. By whom was it adopted? 3. When was this declaration made? 4. Repeat section first. 5. Illustrate the difference between dissolve and destroy, in the 6th line. 6. Illustrate the difference between declare and avow, in the 13th line? (§ 2.) 7. What truths are said to be self-evident? 8. What are inalienable rights? 9. For what is government instituted? 10. From what do governments derive their just powers? 11. When have the people a

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 95


that, whenever any 1form of government becomes

System.


1destructive of these ends, it is the

Ruinous to.

25

» right of the people to alter or to 1abolish it,

Abrogate.


and to 1institute a new government, laying

Establish.


its 1foundation on such principles, and organizing

Basis.


its powers in such 1form, as to them

Order.


shall seem most likely to 1effect their safety

Secure.

30

and 1 happiness. (§ 3.) Prudence, indeed,

Welfare.


will 1dictate, that governments, long established,

Prescribe.


should not be changed for 1 light and

Trivial.


transient causes; and accordingly, all 1experience

Proof.


hath shown, that 1mankind are more

Men.

35

1disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable,

Inclined.


than to 1right themselves, by abolishing the

Indemnify.


forms to which they are 1accustomed. But

Habituated.


when a long train of 1abuses and usurpations,

Wrongs.


pursuing invariably the same object, 1evinces

Proves.

40

a design to reduce them under 1absolute despotism,

Positive.


it is their right, it is their 1duty, to

Obligation.


throw off such government, and to 1provide

Procure.


new guards for their future 1security. Such

Safety.


has been the patient 1sufferance of these colonies;

Endurance.

45

and such is now the 1necessity which

Compulsion.


constrains them to 1alter their former systems

Change.


of government. (§ 4.) The 1 history of the

Narrative.


1present king of Great Britain is a history of

Reigning.


repeated injuries and usurpations, all having,

Successive.

right to abolish a government? 12. Illustrate the difference between abolish and abrogate, in the 25th line? (§ 3.) 13. What does prudence dictate? 14. What has all experience shown? 15. When is it the right and duty of a people to throw off a government? 16. Illustrate the difference between light and trivial, in the 32d line. 17. Illustrate the difference between abuses and wrongs, in the 38th line? (§ 4.) 18. What is the history of the then king of Great Britain?


96 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

50

in 1 direct object, the establishment of 2an

Express.


absolute tyranny over these states. To prove

2 A complete.


this, let facts be 1submitted to a candid world.

Referred.


He has refused his 1assent to laws the most

Concurrence


1wholesome and necessary for the public

Salutary.

55

1good.

Benefit.


He has 1forbidden his governors to pass

Prohibited.


laws of immediate and pressing 1importance,

Moment.


unless 1suspended in their operation till his

Delayed.


assent should be 1obtained; and, when so

Procured.

60

suspended, he has utterly 1neglected to attend

Omitted.


to 1them.

The laws.


He has 1refused to pass other laws for the

Declined.


accommodation of large 1districts of people,

Regions.


unless those people would 1relinquish the right

Abandon.

65

of 1representation in the legislature; a right

Political participation.


inestimable to them, and 1formidable to tyrants

Terrible.


1only.

Alone.


(§ 5.) He has called together 1 legislative

Law-giving.


bodies at places unusual, 1uncomfortable, and

Inconvenient

70

distant from the 1depository of their public

Archives.


records, for the sole purpose of 1fatiguing

Wearying.


them into compliance with his 1measures.

Proceedings.


He has 1dissolved representative houses,

Broken up.


repeatedly, for opposing, with 1manly firmness,

Undaunted.

75

his 1invasions on the rights of the people.

Inroads.


He has 1refused, for a long time, after such

Neglected.


dissolutions, to cause others to be 1elected;

Chosen.

19. To what did the king of Great Britain refuse his assent? 20. What had he forbidden the governors to do? 21. Illustrate the difference between refused and declined, in the 62d line. (§ 5.) 22. Why did the king of Great Britain call legislative bodies at places distant from the depository of public records? 23. Why did he repeatedly

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 97


1whereby the legislative powers, incapable of

By which.


annihilation, have returned to the people at

Destruction.

80

large for their 1exercise; the state remaining,

Practice.


in the mean time, 1exposed to all the

Liable.


dangers of 1invasion from without, and convulsions

Incursion.


1within.

Internally.


(§ 6.) He has 1endeavoured to prevent the

Striven.

85

population of these states; for that 1purpose,

Design.


1obstructing the laws for naturalization of

Hindering.


1foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage

Aliens.


their 1migration hither, and raising the

Removal.


1conditions of new appropriations of lands.

Stipulations.

90

He has obstructed the 1administration of

Legal execution


justice, by refusing his assent to 1 laws for

Regulations.


establishing 1judiciary powers.

Legal-deciding.


He has made judges 1dependent on his

Subject to


will alone, for the 1tenure of their offices, and

Holding.

95

the amount and payment of their 1salaries.

Emoluments


He has 1erected a multitude of new offices,

Established.


and sent hither swarms of officers to 1harass

Worry.


our people, and eat out their 1substance.

Wealth.


He has 1 kept among us, in time of peace,

Established.

100

standing armies, without the 1consent of our

Agreement


1legislatures.

Assemblies.


(§ 7.) He has affected to render the 1military

Warlike.

dissolve representative houses? 24. After such dissolution, what did he refuse to do? 25. Illustrate the difference between elected and chosen, in the 77th. line. 26. Between annihilation and destruction, in the 79th line. (§ 6.) 27. How did the king of Great Britain endeavour to prevent the population of the states? 28. How did he obstruct the administration of justice? 29. How did he make the judges dependent? 30. What did he erect? 31. What did he send to this country? 32. What did he keep among the people in times of peace? 33. Illustrate the difference between salaries and emoluments, in the 95th line. (§ 7.) 34. How did the king of Great Britain render the


98 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.


independent of, and superior to, the 1civil

Political.


1power.

Authority,

105

He has 1combined with others, to subject

Coalesced.


us to a jurisdiction 1foreign to our constitution,

Extraneous.


and 1 unacknowledged by our laws;

Unrecognized.


giving his 1assent to their acts of pretended

Sanction.


1legislation:

Government

110

For 1 quartering large bodies of armed

Stationing.


1troops among us:

Soldiers.


For 1protecting them, by a mock-trial,

Shielding.


from 1punishment for any murders which

Chastisement


they should 1commit on the inhabitants of

Perpetrate.

115

these 1states:

Communities


For 1cutting off our trade with all parts of

Interdicting.


the 1world:

Globe.


For 1imposing taxes on us, without our

Obtruding.


1consent:

Assent

120

For 1depriving us, in many cases, of the

Bereaving.


benefits of trial by jury:

Peers of the vicinage.


For 1transporting us beyond seas, to be

Conveying.


tried for 1pretended offences:

Feigned.


(§ 8.) For 1abolishing the free system of

Repealing.

125

English laws in a 1neighboring province,

Near.


establishing therein 1an arbitrary government,

A despotic.


and enlarging its 1 boundaries, so as to

Limits.


render it, at once, an example and a fit 1instrument

Tool


for 1introducing the same absolute

Bringing.

130

rule into these 1colonies:

States.

military power? 35. For what did he combine with others? 36. Name all the acts of pretended legislation to which he gave his assent. 37. Illustrate the difference between imposing and obtruding, in the 118th line. (§ 8.) 38. Illustrate the difference between instrument and tool, in the 128th line. (§ 9.) 39. How did the king of Great

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 99


For taking away our 1charters, abolishing

Deeds of privilege.


our most valuable laws, and altering 1fundamentally,

Essentially.


the 1forms of our government: �

Features.


For 1suspending our own legislatures, and

Interrupting.

135

declaring themselves 1invested with power to

Clothed.


legislate for us, in all 1cases whatsoever.

Contingencies.


(§ 9.) He has 1abdicated government here,

Renounced.


by declaring us 1out of his protection, and

Outlawed.


1waging war against us.

Carrying on

140

He has 1plundered our seas, ravaged our

Pillaged.


coasts, burnt our towns, and 1destroyed the

Wasted.


lives of our 1people.

Citizens.


He is at this time, 1transporting large

Conveying.


armies of foreign 1mercenaries, to complete

Hirelings.

145

the works of death, desolation, and 1tyranny,

Despotism.


already begun with circumstances of 1cruelty

Rigor.


and perfidy, scarcely 1paralleled in the most

Equalled.


barbarous ages, and 1totally unworthy the

Wholly.


1head of a civilized nation.

Chief.

150

He has 1constrained our fellow-citizens,

Compelled.


taken 1captive on the high seas, to bear arms

Prisoners.


against their country, to become the 1executioners

Inflicters of death on.


of their friends and 1 brethren, or to

Brothers.


1fall themselves by their hands.

Die.

155

(§ 10.) He has excited domestic 1insurrections

Sedition.


amongst us, and has 1endeavoured to

Labored.

Britain abdicate his government in this country? 40. In waging war against the colonies, what did he do? 41. What was the king of Great Britain doing, at the time of the Declaration of Independence? 42. What did he constrain the people of this country to do, when taken captive on the high seas? 43. Illustrate the difference between plundered and pillaged, in the 140th line. 44. Between brethren and brothers, in the 153d line. (§ 10.) 45. What did the king of Great Britain endeavour to excite amongst the people of his colonies? 46. What did


100 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.


bring on the inhabitants of our 1frontiers, the

Borders.


merciless Indian 1savages, whose known rule

Barbarians.


of warfare is an 1undistinguished destruction


160

of all ages, 1sexes, and conditions. � In every

Kinds.


1stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned

Step.


for 1redress, in the most humble terms: our

Relief.


repeated 1petitions have been answered only

Entreaties.


by 1repeated injury. A prince, whose character

Reiterated.

165

is thus 1marked by every act which

Stamped.


may 1define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler

Describe.


of a free 1people. (§ 11.) Nor have we been

Race.


1wanting in attentions to our British brethren.

Deficient


We have 1warned them, from time to time,

Notified.

170

of attempts, by their legislature, to 1extend

Exercise.


an 1unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We

Unjustifiable.


have reminded them of the 1circumstances

Incidents.


of our emigration and 1settlement here. We

Colonization.


have appealed to their 1native justice and

Inborn.

175

1magnanimity, and we have conjured them,

Mental greatness.


by the ties of our common kindred, to 1disavow

Disclaim.


these usurpations, which would 1inevitably

Unavoidably.

interrupt our connexions and 1correspondence.

Friendship.


They too, have been 1deaf to

Inattentive.

180

the voice of justice and of 1consanguinity.

Affinity.


We must, therefore, 1acquiesce in the necessity

Accede to.

he endeavour to bring on the inhabitants of the frontiers? 47. Was the system of savage warfare in violation of the laws of civilized nations? 48. In every stage of their oppressions, what did the inhabitants of the colonies do? 49. How were their repeated petitions answered? 50. What was the character of every act of the king of Great Britain? 51. Illustrate the difference between redress and relief, in the 162d line. (§ 11.) 52. To what was the main body of the British government deaf? 53. In what did the colonists find it necessary to acquiesce? 54. Illustrate the difference between enemies and foes, in the 184th line (§ 12.) 55. By whom was the Declaration of Inde-

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 101


which denounces our 1separation, and

Disjunction.


hold them, as we hold the 1rest of mankind,

Remainder.


1enemies in war, in peace friends.

Foes.

185

(§ 12.) We, therefore, the 1representatives

Delegates.


of the 1UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL

American federated common-

wealths.


CONGRESS 1assembled, appealing to the

Collected.


Supreme Judge of the world, for the 1rectitude

Uprightness.


of our 1intentions, do, in the name, and

Designs.

190

by the 1authority, of the good people of these

Power.


colonies, 1solemnly publish and declare, That

Seriously.


these united colonies are, and of 1right ought

Justice.


to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT 1 STATES; and

Governments


that they are 1absolved from all allegiance

Freed.

195

to the British 1crown, and that all political

Throne.


1connexion between them and the State of

Intercourse.


Great Britain is, and ought to be, 1totally

Entirely.


1dissolved; and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT

Broken up.


STATES, they have full power to 1levy

Make.

200

war, conclude peace, contract 1alliances,

Treaties.


establish 1commerce, and to do all other acts

Trade.


and things, which 1INDEPENDENT STATES may

Free.


of right do. And, for the 1support of this

Maintenance


1declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection

Proclamation

205

of 1Divine Providence, we mutually

God.


1pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes,

Gage.


and our 1sacred honor.

Inviolable.

For the names of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, see the Biographical table in the latter part of this volume.

pendence made? 56. To whom did they appeal for the rectitude of their intentions? 57. In whose name, and by whose authority was the Declaration of Independence made? 58. What was solemnly published and declared? 59. What rights were claimed for the United States? 60. In support of the declaration, what did the colonists pledge to each other? 61. Upon whom did they rely? 62. Upon whom ought we to rely?


102 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.


LESSON XXII.



(§ 1.) A YEAR 1before the declaration of

Preceding.


independence, Dr. Franklin had 1submitted to

Laid before.


Congress 1a sketch of a confederation between

An outline.


the provinces, to continue until their 1recon-

Reunion,

5

ciliation with Great Britain, and to be 1per-

Lasting.


petual in failure of that 1event; but it appears

Issue.


that this plan was never discussed. 1 Pending

Whilst deliberating upon.


the declaration of independence, 1however,

Nevertheless


Congress took measures to 1form a constitu-

Compile.

10

tional plan of union; 1for, on the 12th of June,

Because.


1776, a 1committee of one member from

Council of reference.


each 1province was appointed, to prepare

Plantation.


and 1digest a form of confederation, to be

Arrange methodically.


entered into by the colonies. (§ 2.) The report

Engaged in.

15

of this committee was 1laid aside on the 20th

Put away.


of August, 1776, and its 1consideration not

Investigation


1resumed till the 7th of April, 1777, after

Again taken up.


which the subject being 1from time to time

Occasionally.


1debated, the articles of confederation were

Discussed.

20

1confirmed by Congress on the 15th of No-

Ratified.


vember, 1777. Congress also 1directed that

Ordered.


the articles should be 1proposed to the several

Offered.


state legislatures, and if the 1articles were

Propositions.


approved, they were requested to 1authorize

Empower.

25

their delegates in Congress to 1ratify the

Make valid.


1same.

Articles.


(§ 3.) The 1delegates of N. H., Mass. R. I.,

Deputies.

(§ 1.) 1. Mention two phrases that convey the same meaning as before and preceding, in the 1st line. 2. What is the difference between sketch and outline, in the 3d line? 3. Does compile, in the 9th line, always signify to form? (§ 2.) 4. What is the meaning of the expres-

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 103


Conn., N. Y., Pa., Va., and S. C. signed the

Subscribed.


articles on the 9th of July, 1778. The 1N. C.

North Carolina.

30

delegates 1signed them on the 21st, and those

Ratified.


from 1Ga., on the 24th of the same month;

Georgia.


those of 1N. J., on the 26th of November fol-

New Jersey.


lowing; those of 1Del., on the 22d of Feb-

Delaware.


ruary, and 5th of May, 1779. But 1Md. pos-

Maryland.

35

itively refused to ratify, until the 1conflicting

Opposite.


claims of the 1Union and of the separate

Confederacy.


states to the 1crown-lands should be adjusted.

Public domain.


This difficulty was finally 1obviated, by the

Removed.


claiming states 1ceding the unsettled lands to

Relinquishing.

40

the 1United States, for the 1benefit of the

Advantage.


whole Union. (§ 4.) The former 1insuper-

Insurmountable.


able objection of Maryland being 1removed,

Displaced.


her 1delegates signed the articles of confe-

Representatives.


deration on the 1st of 1March, 1781; four

Third month.

45

years, 1seven months, and twenty-one days

And 31 weeks


after they had been submitted to the 1sove-

Independent.


reign states by Congress, with the 1solemn

Deliberate.


1averment that they ought to be immediately

Assertion.


1adopted. They seemed essential to the very

Approved and confirmed.

50

existence of the Americans as a 1free people,

Self-governing.


and 1without them, they might be constrained

Not having.


to bid 1adieu to safety and independence.

Farewell.


The confederation being thus 1finally com-

At last.


pleted, the event was 1joyfully announced to

Gladly.

sion "the same," in the 25th and 26th lines? (§ 3.) 5. Are crown-lands and public domain, in the 37th line, synonymous? 6. What is the difference between benefit and advantage, in the 40th line? (§ 4.) 7. Why is not good-bye given as a definition of adieu, in the 52d line, instead of farewell? S. Give the actual meaning of adieu, farewell and goodbye, and also their derivation. (§ 5.) 9. Are revolutionary and ttansi-


104 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.

55

Congress; and, on the 2d of March, 1781,

The national assembly.

that body assembled under the new 1powers.*

Administration.

(§ 5.) The 1term of the continental Congress

Duration.

consists 1properly of two periods. The

Strictly.

first, extending from the 1first meeting, on the

Primary.

60

4th of September, 1774, until the 1ratification

Confirmation

of the 1 confederation on the 1st of

League.

March, 1781, has been 1named the period of

Designated,

"the 1revolutionary national government,"

Transitional.

The second, 1from the 1st of March, 1781,

After.

65

until the 1organization of the government

Official beginning.

under the 1Constitution, on the 4th of March,

National compact.

1789, has been 1denominated the period of

Entitled.

"the confederation." (§ 6.) The 1power of

Jurisdiction.

Congress was 1national, from September

General.

70

4th, 1774, and 1gradually progressive. It had

By degrees.

the authority to concert those 1measures

Means.

deemed best to redress the 1grievances, and

Wrongs.

preserve the 1rights and liberties, of all the

Franchises.

colonies. The Congress of 1775 2had more

Settlements.

75

ample powers, and it accordingly exercised

2 Possessed.

at once some of the highest 1functions of

Faculties.

sovereignty, as has been before 1shown. In

Exhibited.

1776, the same body took 1bolder steps, exerting

More daring.

powers not to be 1justified or accounted

Vindicated.

80

for, without 1supposing that a national union

Admitting.

tional, in the 63d line, synonymous? (§ 6.) 10. Name a phrase conveying the same meaning as gradually and by degrees, in the 70th line. 11. Give a phrase signifying nearly the same as concert those measures, in the 71st line. 12. In how many sentences can you use the word had, in the 74th line, so that it shall have a different meaning in every

* The articles of confederation, being null and void, are not Inserted here; but as a matter of curiosity, and in order that the reader may compare them with the Constitution, they have been added to the Appendix The names of the signers of the Confederation ana also those of the Declaration of Rights will be found in the Biographical Table.

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 106

for national purposes 1already existed, and

Then.

that Congress was 1invested with supreme

Clothed.

power over all the colonies, for the 1purpose

End.

of preserving their 1common rights and liberties.

Separate and equal.

85

The people never 1doubted or denied

Questioned.

the validity of these 1acts.

Proceedings.

(§ 7.) The 1united colonies were a nation,

Federate.

and had a 1general government, created and

Common.

acting by the general consent of the 1people,

Provincials.

90

from the time of the 1declaration of rights;

Publication

but the 1power of that government was

Authority.

not, and, 1indeed, could not be well defined.

In fact.

Still, its supremacy was 1firmly established

Immovably.

in many 1cases, and its control over the states,

Respects.

95

in most, if not all 1national measures, universally

Public.

1admitted. (§ 8.) The articles of confederation

Acknowledged

not being ratified so as to 1include

Comprise.

all the 1states, until March 1st, 1781, in the

Provinces,

1interim, Congress continued to exercise the

Mean time

100

authority of a 1general government, whose

National.

acts were 1binding on all the states. By

Obligatory.

foreign 1powers, we were politically known

Governments.

as the United States; 1and, in our national

Moreover.

1capacity as such, we sent and received ambassadors,

Condition

105

1entered into treaties and alliances,

Formed.

and were 1admitted into the general community

Received.

of nations, exercising the right of 1 belligerents,

War-makers.

and claiming 1an equality of sovereign

A parity.

power and 1prerogatives.

Privileges.

instance? 13. What cemented the union of the polonies during the revolution? (§ 7.) 14. When did the colonies first assume a national character? (§ 8 ) 15. When were the articles of confederation ratified? 16. By what title was our country politically known among foreign powers? 17. What is the difference between admitted and


106 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.

110

(§ 9.) The continental Congress soon 1found

Ascertained

that the powers 1derived from the articles of

Drawn.

confederation were 1inadequate to the legitimate

Not equal

objects of an 1effective national government.

Efficient

1Whenever it became necessary to

As often as

115

legislate on 1commerce and taxes, defects

Trade.

were 1particularly evident; and it was at

Especially.

length indispensable to 1amend the articles,

Revise.

so as to give authority and 1force to the national

Strength.

will, in matters of 1trade and revenue.

Traffic.

120

This was done 1from time to time, until the

Repeatedly.

adoption of the 1present Constitution of the

Now existing

United States. The 1movements of Congress

Motions.

on the 3d of 1February, 1781 � 18th and

Second month.

26th of April, 1783 � 30th of 1April, 1784�

Fourth month.

135

and the 3d of 1March, 29th of September,

Third month.

and 23d of October, 1786 � would be 1interesting

Attractive.

to the student, and show the 1progress

Advancement.

of constitutional legislation; but the 1 limits

Bounds.

of this chapter afford no room to 1discuss

Examine.

130

them. (§ 10.) Peace came; the 1illustrious

Renowned.

1commander-in-chief of the revolutionary

Generalissimo.

armies surrendered his 1commission; and

Official warrant.

the armies were 1disbanded, without pay.

Dismissed from

service.

Mutiny was suppressed, after Congress, 1surrounded

Beset.

135

by armed men 1demanding justice,

Requiring.

had appealed 1in vain to the sovereign state,

Ineffectually.

within the 1jurisdiction of which it was sitting,

Territory.

received, in the 106th line? (§ 9) 18. What did the continental congress soon discover? (§ 10.) 19. As the words commander-in-chief, in the 131st line, are defined in the margin by a single term, why are they not put in italics? 20. Give some other forms of expression, conveying the meaning of in vain and ineffectually, in the 136th line.

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 107

for protection. The 1expenses of the

Disbursements.

nation were reduced to the 1minimum of a

Lowest point

140

peace establishment; 1and yet the country

Nevertheless

was not 1relieved. It wanted, not a league

Disembarrassed

of thirteen 1different nations, with thirteen

Separate.

1distinct supreme governments, but a general

Unconnected

confederacy that would be 1revered as a

Reverenced.

145

common 1parent by all the sister states � a

Mother.

government 1founded on the principles of the

Based.

declaration of 1independence � a government

Self-reliance

1constituted by the people in their inherent,

Composed.

primitive 1capacity.

Power.

150

(§ 11.) In the Congress of the 1confederation,

League.

during the 1closing years of the revolutionary

Ending.

war, and those of peace 1immediately

Directly.

1succeeding, James Madison and Alexander

Following.

Hamilton displayed their 1signal ability.

Eminent.

155

John Jay was associated with them 1shortly

Soon.

after the peace, in the 1capacity of congressional

Character.

1secretary for foreign affairs. The

Manager.

mortifying experience of every day demonstrated

Humiliating

to these men the 1incompetency of

Inadequacy.

160

the articles of confederation for 1managing

Conducting.

the 1affairs of the Union, at home or abroad.

Business.

Though 1in retirement, Washington brooded

Withdrawn from

public attention.

over the 1injustice suffered by his companions

Wrongs.

in arms. He deeply mourned on account of

Soldiers

165

the 1prostration of the public credit and faith

Depression.

of the nation, by the 1neglect to provide even

Omission.

for the 1payment of the interest of the public

Liquidation

(§ 11.) 21. When and where did James Madison and Alexander Hamilton display their great ability? (§ 12.) 22. Where was the idea


108 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.

debt � and the 1disappointed hopes of the

Defeated.

friends of freedom. In the 1address of

Message.

170

April 18th, 1783, from Congress to the 1states,

Common wealths

it was said to be the "pride and 1 boast of

Exultation.

America, that the rights for which she 1contended

Strove.

were the rights of 1human nature."

Mankind.

(§ 12.) The first idea of 1a revision of the

An amendment.

175

articles of confederation, by an 1organization

Arrangement

of means 1differing from that of a compact

Unlike.

between the state 1legislatures and their own

Assemblies.

delegates in Congress, was 1started at Mount

Originated.

Vernon, in March, 1785. A 1convention of

Meeting.

180

delegates from the state legislatures, 1independent

Separate from.

of Congress, was the 1expedient

Shift.

which presented itself for effecting an 1augmentation

Enlargement

of the 1powers of Congress in

Acts.

1regulating commerce. This proposal was

Ruling and restricting.

185

1made and adopted in the legislature of Virginia,

Broached.

in January, 1786, and at once 1communicated

Imparted.

to the other state 1 legislatures.

Governments

(§ 13.) The convention 1held at Annapolis,

Met.

in September 1780, in 1pursuance of

Conformity with.

190

this proposition, delegates 1attended from

Were present

only five of the 1central states, who, on

Middle.

comparing their 1 restricted powers with

Limited.

the 1glaring defects of the confederation,

Notorious.

merely reported a recommendation for 1another

A second.

195

convention of 1delegates from all the

Deputies.

states, with enlarged powers, to 1meet at

Assemble.

Philadelphia, in 1May, 1787. (§ 14.) The

Fifth month.

of a revision of the articles of confederation originated? (§ 13.) 23. What is the difference between glaring and notorious, in the 193d line?

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 109

1Constitution of the United States was framed

Palladium.

by this convention; the 1authority of the

Powers.

200

1members of which was derived from the

Individuals.

state legislatures, and not 1directly from the

Immediately

people. During the 1revolution, the power

Transition.

of the 1people had never been called into

Populace.

action, for their rule had been 1supplanted by

Displaced,

205

state sovereignty; and a 1confederacy had

Federation.

been 1substituted for a government. But, in

Put in the place of.

1forming the Constitution, the delegates soon

Compiling.

perceived that the 1necessary powers were

Requisite.

such as no 1combination of state governments

Association.

210

could bestow; and that, 1leaving

Abandoning.

power for right, and the irresponsible 1authority

Sway.

of state rule for the 1self-evident truths

Axioms.

of the 1Declaration of Independence, they

Proclamation

must 1retrace their steps, and fall back from

Return upon

215

a league of 1friendship between independent

Amity.

states, to the 1primitive constituent sovereignty

Original.

of the people, 1for from them only

Because.

could supreme authority 1emanate.

Proceed.

(§ 14.) 24. Are people and populace, in the 203d line, synonymous? 25. Are the words self-evident truths, in the 212th line, perfectly defined by the term axioms?


LESSON XXIII.

(§ 1.) IT 1appears that the violation of the

Seems.

1essential principles of rational liberty and

Radical.

the common law of England was the 1immediate

Principal.

(§ 1.) 1. Give a synopsis of section first 2. What was the immediate cause of the Declaration of Independence? 3. In how many


110 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.

1cause of the Declaration of Independence;

Occasion.

5

1and that the Declaration of Rights,

Moreover.

Oct 14, 1774, was but a 1reiteration of those

Recapitulation.

fundamental principles 1conceded to the English

Granted.

people in the 1glorious revolution of 1688,

Renowned.

at which 1time the British constitution became

Period.

10

1fixed and determined. After making

Established.

the Declaration of Independence, 1congress

The government.

ordered it to be 1engrossed and signed by its

Copied.

members. They 1also resolved, that copies

Furthermore

of the Declaration be sent to the 1several

Different.

15

assemblies, 1conventions, and committees, or

Associations.

councils of 1safety, and to the several commanding

Protection.

officers of the 1continental troops;

United.

that it be 1proclaimed in each of the United

Declared.

States, -and at the 1head of the army. (§ 2.)

Prominent part.

20

It may be useful to show more 1definitely the

Exactly.

1proceedings of the continental congress

Transactions

1pending the Declaration of Independence.

Depending

June 8th, 1776, congress 1resolved itself into

Formed.

a committee of the 1whole house. Here it

Entire.

25

is 1proper to explain that a committee is one

Necessary.

or more persons 1elected or appointed by

Chosen.

any society, 1corporation, court, legislature,

Body politic.

or any number of individuals 1acting together.

Laboring.

Committees may be appointed to 1examine

Investigate.

30

or manage any 1matter or business. When

Affair.

any subject of 1importance is brought before

Weight.

sentences can you write the word engrossed so that in each it shall convey a different meaning? 4. Why do you suppose congress ordered copies of the Declaration to be sent to the several assemblies, &c., instead of printing circulars and sending them? (§ 2.) 5. Give a synopsis of section second 6. What is the expression "head of the army" called? 7. How many kinds of corporations are there?

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 111

legislative 1bodies, they usually resolve themselves

Assemblies.

into a 1committee of the whole house,

Coterie.

and 1debate and amend the subject till they

Discuss.

35

get it into a 1shape that meets the approbation

Form.

of 1a majority, which being reported and

More than half

confirmed by the house, is referred to a select

Sanctioned.

1number of their body.

Committee.

(§ 3.) The 1form for any body to go into

Way.

40

a committee of the 1whole house is for the

Total.

speaker, on motion, to put the question that

Chairman.

the house or meeting now do 1resolve itself

Form.

into a committee of the whole, to 1consider

Discuss.

the proposed 1business � which should be

Subject.

45

distinctly specified. If determined in the

Clearly.

affirmative, he appoints some one as 1prolocutor,

Speaker.

then 1leaves his seat, and takes a place

Quits.

the same as any other 1member, and the person

Delegate.

appointed 1chairman does not take the

Moderator.

50

1speaker's chair, but sits at the table of the

Presiding officer's.

1secretary. A committee of the whole cannot

Clerk.

adjourn as other 1committees may, but if

Councils.

their business is 1unfinished, they rise on a

Not finished.

1question. (§ 4.) The house or meeting is

Subject.

55

1resumed, and the chairman of the committee

Recommenced.

of the whole 1reports that they have according

Announces.

to 1order had the business under consideration,

Command.

and made 1progress therein; but not

Advancement.

having time to 1finish it, have directed him

Close.

60

to ask leave to sit 1again. The question is

Once more.

(§ 3.) 8. Give a synopsis of section third, 9. In what sense is whole used, in the 43d line? 10. Whence did the continental Congress derive the custom of going into a committee of the whole? (§ 4.) 11. What is the sign for the house to be resumed? 12. What are some of


112 ORIGIN OP THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.


then put, on their having 1 leave, and on the

Permission.


time the house will again 1resolve itself into

Form.


a 1committee. A committee of the whole

Council of reference.


1elicits in the fullest manner the opinions of

Draws out.

65

all the members of 1an assembly. The members

A meeting.


are not restricted to 1parliamentary form,

Usage of parliament.


but each one speaks upon the 1subject in a

Matter.


familiar way, as often as he 1chooses.

Desires.


(§ 5.) The following is, in substance, 1extracted

Taken.

70

from the 1journals of Congress:

Records.


June 8th, 1776. � "After being in 1session

Meeting.


some time, the president resumed the 1chair,

Speaker's seat


and the 1chairman of the committee of the

Foreman.


whole, Benjamin Harrison, of 1Va., reported

Virginia.

75

that the 'committee had 1taken into consideration

Under.


the 1matter to them referred, but not having

Business.


come to any 1resolution thereon, directed

Conclusion.


him to 1move to sit again on the 10th.'

Propose.


' 1Resolved, that this Congress will, on the

Determined.

80

10th 1inst, at ten o'clock, resolve itself into

Of this month.


a committee of the whole, to 1take into their

Receive.


further consideration the 1resolutions referred

Subjects.


to them.' (§ 6.) June 10th, 1776.� 1Agreeably

According.


to order, Congress 1resolved itself into a committee

Went.

85

of the whole, to take into their 1further

Additional.


consideration the 1resolutions to them referred;

Matters.


and after some time 1spent thereon,

Bestowed.


the President 1resumed the chair, and Mr.

Took again.


Harrison 1reported that the committee have

Announced.

90

had under consideration the 1matters referred

Business.

the advantages of a committee of the whole? (§ 5 ) 13. Give a synopsis of section five. (§ 6.) 14. Why is matters used in the 90th line, instead of resolutions, in the 86th line? 15. Why is it necessary to

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 113


to them, and have come to a 1resolution

Determination.


thereon, which they 1directed him to report."

Requested.


" 1Resolved that these United Colonies are,

Determined

by vote.


and of right 1ought to be, free and independent

Should.

95

states; that they are 1absolved from all

Released.


1allegiance to the British crown: and that

Obligations.


all political 1connection between them and

Relation.


the 1 State of Great Britain is, and ought to

Kingdom.


be, totally 1dissolved."

Dissevered.

100

(§ 7.) June 11th, 1776. � " 1Resolved, that

Officially determined.


the 1select committee for preparing the Declaration

Special.


of Independence 1consist of five.

Be composed


The committee were 1chosen as follows:

Elected.


Benjamin Franklin of 1Pa., John Adams of

Pennsylvania

105

1Mass., Thomas Jefferson of Va., Roger

Massachusetts,


Sherman of 1Conn., Robert R. Livingston of

Connecticut.


N. Y. The momentous question 1propounded

Proposed.


June 10th, 1776, was 1held under consideration

Deliberated.


till July 2d, 1776, 1when the resolution

At which time.

110

1passed the house: and on the 4th of July, 1776,

Wai approved by Congress.


was, as before stated, 1passed the entire memorable

Adopted.


Declaration, which is as 1imperishable

Enduring.


as the history of 1our country, and under the

America.


1guidance of Providence, has developed the

Direction.

115

most perfect 1Constitution that human wisdom

System of polity.


and 1skill ever formed. (§ 8.) The members of

Ability.


this committee, 1in the place of considering the

Instead.

italicise to after ought, in the 94th line? 16. Illustrate the various meanings of preparing, in the 101st line, in different sentences. (§ 7.) 17. Why was it necessary to appoint a select committee for drafting the Declaration of Independence? 18. Is it usual to appoint select committees when the House forms itself into a committee of the whole? 19. Why is the word propounded used in the 107th line, instead of passed? (§ 8.) 20. What preposition always follows instead,


114 ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.

one first named as chairman, and instead

Person.

of electing a 1chairman themselves, followed,

Foreman.

120

it is supposed, the 1sage advice of Franklin,

Wise.

and each member 1agreed to draw up

Engaged.

1a document according to his own feelings

An instrument.

and 1sentiments. They also agreed that the

Views.

draft most 1congenial to the views of a majority

In accordance with.

135

should be adopted. 1When they had

At the time.

their 1final meeting, it was determined that

Last.

Jefferson's 1production should be read first.

Draft.

It so 1fully met the views of the other members

Entirely.

of the committee and of 1Congress, that

The Representatives.

130

after receiving 1several minor alterations, it

Many.

was 1adopted. It would be highly interesting

Approved.

to read the 1productions of each of the other

Copies.

members of the committee; but it is 1supposed

Concluded.

that their 1authors, considering their

Writers.

135

own plans of no 1importance, destroyed them.

Value.

(§ 9.) The 1 Declaration of Independence

Promulgation

exhibits the true causes and 1nature of the

Principle.

Revolution. It will be 1seen by reference to

Observed.

that 1document, that it only renounced the

Instrument.

140

1tyranny of the British king. The forms

Despotism.

of religious 1worship, political and legislative

Adoration.

1proceedings, schools and seminaries, and the

Business.

English language, 1remained unaltered in all

Continued.

their 1essential features. The American Constitution,

Important.

145

the 1keystone of the arch of Ame-

Crowning stone.

in the 118th line? 21. Illustrate in sentences some of the various meanings of instrument, in the 122d line. 22. Why is not the Senate added to the Representatives, in defining Congress, in the 129th line? 23. Why would not adapted answer in the place of adopted, in the 131st line? (§ 9.) 24. Give a synopsis of section nine. 25. What is

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 115

rican liberty � the noblest 1monument ever

Memento.

1reared by mortal hands, bears a strong resemblance

Erected.

to, and embodies all the 1excellencies

Good qualities.

of, the 1English Constitution. (§ 10.)

British.

150

The English has the same important 1checks

Regulators.

and balances, under 1a different name, to

Another,

1executive power, that the American has.

Rulers.

Many Englishmen have 1said that our Constitution

Averred.

was 1copied from theirs; but it is

Transcribed

155

hoped that our 1youthful readers have, by

Young.

this time, 1 learned to reason and reflect for

Acquired the habit.

themselves. If so they will certainly draw the

Competent.

just line of 1demarcation. Furthermore,

Separation.

they can reply to such absurd 1expressions,

Assertions.

160

without being 1offended with their foreign

Angry.

brethren, that, if such be the 1case, "the

Fact.

copy" far 1surpasses the original.

Exceeds.

(§ 11.) The fact is, that our 1ancestors, in

Forefathers.

throwing off the British yoke, and 1asserting

Vindicating.

165

successfully their independence, 1did no more

Accomplished.

than many nations 1before them had done.

Previously.

The Greeks, the 1Romans, the Hollanders, the

People of Rome.

Swiss, and 1recently the French, were most

Lately.

eminently successful in 1vindicating their

Asserting.

170

liberties, but 1signally failed in transmitting

Entirely.

the blessing of liberty to their 1posterity.

Descendants.

Hence the 1pre-eminent merit of our ancestors

Superior.

consists in their having 1constructed a

Made.

the difference between monument and memento, in the 146th line? (§ 10.) 26. What word is understood after English, in the 150th line? � also after American, in the 152d line? 27. Illustrate the meaning of offended and angry, in the 160th line? 28. What prepositions usually follow offended and angry? 29. In what sense is brethren used in the 161st line? (§ 11.) 30. What is the expression, "ship of state,"


116 ORIGIN OP THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION.

1compass from the wrecks of republics, and

Guiding needle

175

from the excellencies of every 1nation, that

Country.

will successfully 1steer the ship of state in

Direct

safety between the 1Charybdis of anarchy and

Whirlpools.

the 1Scylla of despotism. Their work, as

Rocks.

1countless centuries pass away, if we of the

Innumerable

180

present 1generation act well our part, will

Age.

1prove to the despots of the world that the

Demonstrate

Constitution is not composed of 1inflammable

Combustible

wood, but of 1imperishable asbestos. (§ 12.)

Incombustible.

We should not, however, 1forget that the declaration

Be unmindful.

185

was, in itself, a 1vast, a solemn undertaking.

Momentous.

A majority of the 1signers, had

Subscribers.

they consulted their own 1ease and quiet,

Comfort.

their own pecuniary gain, or the 1emoluments

Profits.

of office, would have 1bowed, as many of

Succumbed.

190

their countrymen did, to the 1throne of the

Power.

king. To one at least of that 1immortal

Imperishable

1band of patriots, a direct offer of ten thousand

Company.

dollars, in addition to the best 1office

Situation.

under the 1government, was made by 2an

Crown.

195

emissary of the Crown. If they had

2 A Secret agent

1been unsuccessful, they would have been classed

Failed.

among the 1vilest of England's rebels; and,

Basest.

in common with those guilty of the most 1heinous

Wicked.

and revolting crimes, 1expiated their

Atoned for

200

temerity on the 1scaffold. (§ 13.) Their property

Gallows.

would have been 1confiscated, their

Forfeited to the

government of England.

children left in 1penury, and their names

Poverty.

called? 31. What is meant by "the Charybdis of anarchy," and the "Scylla of despotism"? 32. What is the meaning of asbestos, in the 183d line? (§ 12.) 33. What is the expression "throne of the king," called? 34 To what does they refer, in the 195th line? (§ 13.) 35.

ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION. 117

transmitted to posterity under the most 1ignominious

Infamous.

205

1reproach. The founders of the

Depredation.

American Republic were not 1ensnared by

Caught.

the 1allurements of office, and the rewards of

Seductions

wealth. Even the 1enticements of ease and

Blandishments.

personal 1safety to themselves and their families

Security.

did not induce them to 1acquiesce in the

Assent to

210

wrong. They sought the path of 1duty by

Rectitude.

the help of approving conscience. They

Toiled.

labored to promote the 1welfare of mankind

Happiness.

and the glory of their 1Creator. Let us follow

Maker.

their 1shining example.

Bright.

315

(§ 14.) As the tyranny of the king of lGreat

England.

Britain was the chief cause of the 1misery

Suffering.

and the 1bloodshed of the revolution, let us

Slaughter.

smoke the 1pipe of peace with our English

Calumet.

brethren. We should 1be mindful that

Recollect.

220

in the 1days of the revolution there were

Times.

many 1tories in our own country. Some of

Supporters of tyranny.

the most barbarous deeds of the war were

Cruel.

1performed by Americans against their own

Executed.

225

1countrymen. Moreover, in the British Parliament

Fellow-citizens.

were 1delivered some of the most

Spoken.

powerful 1speeches ever uttered by human

Orations.

lips, in 1favor of American liberty. While

Support.

the 1archives of our country herald the names

Records.

of our ancestors, may our lives 1exhibit their

Show.

230

1wisdom, and our breasts glow with emulous

Excellence.

What is the most heinous crime known to English law? 36. Are all that rebel against a government guilty of treason? 37. What is the reverse of some of the marginal words? (§ 14.) 38. What may the expression, "pipe of peace," in the 218th line, be called 1 39. How should we treat the people of England, as enemies or friends? 40. Name some of the barbarous deeds alluded to in the 221st line. 41 Name some of the speeches alluded to in the British Parliament.


118 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.


1zeal in their virtues, and our own actions

Enthusiasm.

speak loudest their praise, and the 1sincerity

Truth.

of our 1professions.

Declarations.

42. How can we best show our gratitude to our ancestors? 43. Give an analysis of Lesson XXIII.*

LESSON XXIV.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.�

WE the 1People of the United States, in

Inhabitants.

Order to form a more perfect Union, 1establish

Confirm.

Justice, 1insure domestic Tranquility,

Make certain

provide for the 1common defence,

Public.

5

promote the general 1Welfare, and secure

Prosperity.

the 1Blessings of Liberty to ourselves

Advantages.

and our 1Posterity, do ordain and establish

Descendants.

this 1Constitution for the United States

Form of government.

of 1America.

The Western Continent.

Article. I.

Clause.

10

SECTION. 1. All legislative Powers 1herein

In this.

1granted shall be vested in a Congress of the

Conceded.

United States, which shall 1consist of a Senate

Be composed.

and 1House of Representatives.

Lower House

1. Repeat the preamble of the Constitution. 2. Repeat section first of Article I. 3. Repeat section third of Article I. 4. What is the difference between establish and confirm, in the 2d line? 5. Between welfare and prosperity, in the 5th line? 6. Chosen and selected, in the

* Intended for advanced pupils.

� This edition of the Constitution of the United States has been taken from the author's script imitation, and compared with the original in the Department of State, and also found to be correct in capitals, orthography, text, and punctuation. The lessons, questions, marginal words, and the small figure (1) before some word in each line, have been added for the convenience of teachers. � EDITOR.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 119

1SECTION. 2. The House of Representatives

Part.

15

shall 1be composed of Members chosen every

Consist.

1second Year by the People of the several

Other.

States, and the 1Electors in each State shall

Voters.

have the 1Qualifications requisite for Electors

Legal power.

of the most numerous 1Branch of the State

Division.

20

1Legislature.

Assembly.

No Person shall be a 1Representative who

Delegate.

shall not have 1attained to the Age of twenty-five

Arrived at

Years, and been seven Years a 1Citizen

Posssessor of the elective franchise.

of the 1United States, and who shall not,

Unioa.

25

when 1elected, be an Inhabitant of that State

Selected.

in which he shall be 1chosen.

Elected.

Representatives and 1direct Taxes shall be

Taxes assessed on real estate.

1apportioned among the several States which

Distributed.

may be 1included within this Union, according

Contained.

30

to their 1respective Numbers, which shall

Relative.

be 1determined by adding to the whole

Ascertained.

Number of free Persons, 1including those

Comprising.

bound to 1Service for a Term of Years, and

Labor.

1excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of

Ejecting.

35

all other Persons. The 1actual Enumeration

Real.

shall be made 1within three Years after the

During.

first 1Meeting of the Congress of the United

Assembling.

States, and within every 1subsequent Term

Following.

of ten Years, in such 1Manner as they shall

Way.

40

by Law 1direct. The Number of Representatives

Prescribe.

shall not 1exceed one for every thirty

Surpass.

Thousand, but each State shall 1have at Least

Be allowed.

one Representative; and 1until such enumera-

Till.

26th line? 7. Apportioned and distributed, in the 28th line? 8. Actual and real, in the 35th line? 9. Vote and voice, in the 63d line? 10.


120 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

tion shall be 1made, the State of New Hampshire

Finished.

45

shall 1be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts

Have a claim

1eight, Rhode-Island and Providence

8 Agents.

Plantations 1one, Connecticut five,

1 Representative

New York 1six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania

6 Delegates.

1eight, Delaware one, Maryland six,

8 Deputies.

50

Virginia ten, North Carolina 1five, South Carolina

5 Factors.

five, 1and Georgia three.

Also.

When vacancies 1happen in the Representation

Occur.

from any 1State, the Executive

Commonwealth.

Authority thereof shall 1issue Writs of Election

Send out.

55

to 1fill such Vacancies.

Supply.

The House of Representatives shall 1chuse

Elect

their 1Speaker and other Officers; and shall

Chairman.

have the 1sole Power of Impeachment.

Only.

SECTION. 3. The 1Senate of the United States

Upper House

60

shall be 1composed of two Senators from

Formed.

each State, chosen by the 1Legislature thereof,

Assembly.

for six Years; and 1each Senator shall have

Every.

one 1 Vote.

Voice.

1Immediately after they shall be assembled

Directly.

65

in Consequence of the first 1 Election, they

Public choice

shall be divided as 1equally as may be into

Exactly.

three 1Classes. The Seats of the Senators

Ranks.

of the first Class shall be 1vacated at the Expiration

Made void.

of the second 1Year, of the second

Twelvemonth.

70

Class at the 1Expiration of the fourth Year,

End.

and of the third 1Class at the Expiration of

Order.

the sixth Year, so that one third 1may be

Can.

1chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies

Selected.

happen by 1Resignation, or otherwise,

Formal withdrawment.

What is the difference between class and order, in the 71st line? 11.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 121

75

during the 1Recess of the Legislature of any

Suspension of business

State, the Executive thereof may make 1temporary

Transient.

Appointments until the next 1Meeting

Convening.

of the Legislature, which shall then fill 1such

Those.

1Vacancies.

Deficiencies.

80

No Person shall be a 1Senator who shall

Member of the Senate.

not have 1attained to the Age of thirty Years,

Arrived at.

and been nine Years a 1Citizen of the United

Voter.

States, and who shall not, when 1elected, be

Chosen.

an Inhabitant of that State for which he

A resident

85

shall be 1chosen.

Elected.

The 1 Vice President of the United States

Officer next in rank below the President.

shall be 1President of the Senate, but shall

Chief Officer.

have no Vote, unless they be equally 1divided.

Separated.

The Senate shall chuse their other 1Officers,

Servants.

90

and also a President 1pro tempore, in

For the time being.

the 1Absence of the Vice President, or when

Non-attendance.

he shall 1exercise the Office of President of

Perform.

the 1United States.

Union.

The Senate shall have the 1sole Power to

Exclusive.

95

try all Impeachments. When 1sitting for

Holding a session.

that 1Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation.

Intention.

1When the President of the United

At the time.

States is tried, the Chief Justice shall 1preside:

Superintend temporarily.

And no 1Person shall be convicted

Individual.

100

without the 1Concurrence of two thirds of

Approbation.

the Members 1present.

Attending.

1Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall

Sentence.

not extend further than to 1removal from

Displacement

Office, and 1disqualification to hold and enjoy

Disability.

Between temporary and transient, in the 76th line? 12. Purpose and intention, in the 96th line1? 13. Manner and made, in the 110th line?


122 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

105

any Office of honor, Trust or 1Profit

Emolument

under the United States: but the Party 1convicted

Found guilty

shall 1nevertheless be liable and subject

Notwithstanding

to 1Indictment, Trial, Judgment and

Arraignment

1Punishment, according to Law.

Chastisement.

110

SECTION. 4. The Times, Places and 1Manner

Mode.

of holding Elections for 1Senators and Representatives,

Delegates.

shall be 1prescribed in each

Directed.

State by the Legislature 1thereof; but the

Of it.

Congress may at any time by Law 1make or

Form.

115

1alter such Regulations, except as to the

Change.

1Places of chusing Senators.

Localities.

The Congress shall 1assemble at least once

Meet.

in every Year, and such 1Meeting shall be

Gathering.

on the first Monday in December, 1unless

Except.

120

they shall by Law 1appoint a different Day.

Designate.

SECTION. 5. Each House shall be the 1Judge of

Examiner.

the Elections, 1Returns and Qualifications of

Numerical state-

ments.

its own Members, and 1a Majority of each

The greatest number.

shall constitute a 1Quorum to do Business;

Legal number.

135

but a smaller Number may 1adjourn from

Suspend business.

day to day, and may be 1authorized to compel

Warranted by right.

the Attendance of 1absent Members, in

Non attending

such 1Manner, and under such Penalties as

Way.

each House may provide.

Prescribe.

130

Each House may 1determine the Rules of

Fix.

its Proceedings, punish its Members for 1disorderly

Unruly.

1Behaviour, and, with the 2Concurrence

Conduct.

of two thirds, expel a Member.

2 Consent.

Each House shall keep a 1Journal of its

Diary.

14. Behavior and conduct, in the 132d line? 15. Concurrence and content, in the 132d line? 16. Place and spot, in the 145th line? 17.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 123

135

1Proceedings, and from time to time publish

Transactions

the same, excepting such 1Parts as may in

Portions.

their 1Judgment require Secrecy; and the

Opinion

Yeas and Nays of the 1Members of either

Individuals

House on any 1question shall, at the Desire

Subject of debate.

140

of one fifth of those Present, be 1entered on

Set down in writing.

the 1Journal.

Record.

Neither House, during the 1Session of

Business term

Congress, shall, without the 1Consent of the

Agreement

other, 1adjourn for more than three days, nor

Suspend business.

145

to any other 1Place than that in which the

Spot.

two Houses shall be 1sitting.

Assembled.

SECTION. 6. The 1Senators and Representatives

Members of Congress

shall receive a 1Compensation for their Services,

Remuneration

to be ascertained by Law, and 1paid

Disbursed from

150

out of the 1Treasury of the United States.

Public fund

They shall in all Cases, except 1Treason,

The levying of war against the United States,

Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged

or giving aid or comfort to their enemies.

from Arrest during their 1Attendance

Presence.

at the Session of their 1respective Houses,

Particular.

155

and in going to and 1returning from the

Coming back.

same; and for any 1Speech or Debate in

Harangue.

either House, they shall not be 1questioned in

Called to account.

any other 1Place.

Situation.

No Senator or Representative shall, 1during

Pending.

160

the Time for which he was 1elected, be

Chosen.

appointed to any civil 1Office under the

Post.

1Authority of the United States, which shall

Government.

have been created, or the 1Emoluments

Profits.

whereof shall have been 1encreased during

Augmented.

Repeat section six. 18. Illustrate the difference between felony and breach of the peace, in the 152d line 19. Illustrate the difference between speech and debate, in the 156th line. 20. What is the difference


124 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

165

such time; and no Person holding any 1Office

Charge.

1under the United States, shall be a Member

By authority of.

of either House during his 1Continuance in

Continuation

1Office.

Employment

between office and charge, in the 165lh line? 21. What is the difference between continuance and continuation, in the 167th line?

LESSON XXV.

SECTION. 7. All Bills for raising 1Revenue shall

Money for public expenses, by

means of taxes,

originate in the House of Representatives;

excises, customs, duties, &c.

but the 1Senate may propose or concur with

Upper house of Congress

1Amendments as on other Bills.

Alterations.

5

Every 1Bill which shall have passed the

Form of a law not enacted.

House of 1Representatives and the Senate,

Deputies.

shall, before it become a Law, be 1presented

Offered.

to the 1President of the United States; If he

Chief executive magistrate.

10

approve he shall 1sign it, but if not he shall

Subscribe his name to.

return it, with his 1Objections to that House

Adverse reasons.

in which it shall have 1originated, who shall

Had origin.

1enter the Objections at large on their Journal,

Insert.

and proceed to 1reconsider it. If after

Review.

such 1Reconsideration two thirds of that

Revision

15

1House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall

Body.

be 1sent, together with the Objections, to the

Transmitted.

other House, by which it shall 1likewise be

Also.

reconsidered, and if 1approved by two thirds

Sustained as right.

of that House, 1it shall become a Law. But

The Bill.

20

in all such Cases the 1Votes of both Houses

Suffrages.

1, Repeat section seven � section eight, Article I. 2. Illustrate the difference between likewise and also, in the 17th line? 3. What is the meaning of re before consider, in the 13th line? 4. What

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 125

shall be 1determined by yeas and Nays, and

Decided.

the Names of the Persons 1voting for and

Expressing their

preference for, or rejection of

against the Bill shall be entered on the 1Journal

Diary.

of each House 1respectively. If any Bill

Particularly

25

shall not be 1returned by the President within

Sent back.

ten Days (1Sundays excepted) after it shall

Sabbaths.

have been presented to him, the 1Same shall

Bill.

be a law, in 1 like Manner as if he had signed

Equal.

it, unless the Congress by their 1Adjournment

Close of Session.

30

prevent its Return, in which 1Case it shall

Contingency.

not be a 1Law.

Statute.

Every Order, 1Resolution, or Vote to which

Formal determination.

the Concurrence of the 1Senate and House of

Upper and lower houses of Congress.

Representatives may be 1necessary (except

Requisite.

35

on a question of Adjournment) shall be 1presented

Sent.

to the 1President of the United States;

Executive.

and before the Same shall 1take Effect, shall

Have.

be 1approved by him, or being disapproved

Sanctioned.

by him, shall be 1repassed by two thirds of

Re-enacted.

40

the Senate and House of 1Representatives,

Delegates.

according to the Rules and 1Limitations prescribed

Restrictions.

1in the Case of a Bill.

In the event.

SECTION. 8. The Congress shall have 1Power

Legal authority.

To 1lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts

Impose.

45

and Excises, to 1pay the Debts and provide

Discharge.

for the common Defence and general 1Welfare

Prosperity.

of the United States; but all 1Duties,

Customs.

is the meaning of ad before Journ, in the 29th line? 5. Illustrate its meaning with other words. 6. What is the meaning of dis before approved, in the 38th line? 7. What peculiarity has it? 8. Illustrate its meaning with other words. 9. What is the meaning of pro before vide, in the 45th line? 10. How many words have two prefixes in section seven? 11. Illustrate their meaning with other words. 12.


126 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

1Imposts and 2Excises shall be uniform

Contributions.

throughout the United States;

2 Inland duties.

50

To 1borrow Money on the credit of the

Obtain.

1United States;

Government

To regulate 1Commerce with foreign Nations,

Trade.

and among the 1several States, and

Different.

with the Indian 1Tribes;

Races.

55

To establish an uniform Rule 1of Naturalization,

For investing aliens with the

and uniform Laws on the subject of

rights and pri-

vileges of a na-

tive citizen.

1Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

Insolvencies

To coin Money, regulate the 1Value thereof,

Worth.

and of foreign 1Coin, and fix the Standard

(Stamped money

60

of 1 Weights and Measures;

Quantities.

To provide for the Punishment of 1counterfeiting

Forging.

the 1Securities and 2current Coin

Paper.

of the United States;

2Circulating.

To establish Post Offices and 1post Roads;

Mail-routes.

65

To 1promote the Progress of Science and

Foster.

useful Arts, by securing for 1limited Times

Restricted.

to Authors and Inventors the 1exclusive Right

Sole.

to their respective Writings and 1Discoveries;

Inventions.

To constitute 1Tribunals inferior to the

Courts of justice.

70

supreme Court;

Highest.

To define and punish 1Piracies and Felonies

Robberies.

committed on the high Seas, and 1Offences

Crimes.

against 1the Law of Nations;

International Law.

To 1declare War, grant Letters of Marque

Proclaim.

75

and Reprisal, and make Rules 1concerning

Pertaining to.

Captures on Land and 1Water;

Sea.

Repeat section eight. 13. What usually precedes a declaration of war? 14. What are letters of marque and reprisal? 15. In how many words is pro a prefix, in section eight? 10. What is the difference between insurrections and rebellions, in the 84th line? 17. Illustrate their meaning

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 127

To raise and 1support Armies, but no Appropriation

Maintain.

of Money 1to that Use shall be

For that purpose.

for a longer 1Term than two Years;

Time.

80

To 1provide and maintain a Navy;

Furnish.

To make 1Rules for the Government and

Laws.

Regulation of the land and naval 1 Forces;

Troops.

To provide for calling forth the 1Militia to

Enrolled citizens.

execute the Laws of the Union, suppress 1Insurrections

Rebellions.

85

and repel 1 Invasions;

Attacks.

To provide for 1organizing, arming, and

Putting in order.

disciplining, the Militia, and for governing

Drilling.

such Part of them as may be 1employed in

Engaged.

the Service of the United States, 1reserving

Retaining.

90

to the States 1respectively, the Appointment

Severally.

of the Officers, and the 1Authority of training

Legal power.

the Militia according to the 1 discipline 2prescribed

System of teaching.

by Congress;

2Directed.

To 1exercise exclusive Legislation in all

Exert.

95

Cases whatsoever, over such 1District (not

Place.

1exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by

Beyond.

1Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance

Surrender.

of Congress, become the 1Seat of

Place.

the 1Government of the United States, and

Power.

100

to 1exercise like Authority over all Places

Have.

purchased by the Consent of the Legislature

Bought.

of the 1State in which the Same shall be,

Commonwealth.

for the 1Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals,

Building.

dock-Yards, and other needful 1Buildings;

Edifices.

10S

1And

Also.

with some other words. 18. How many miles square does the present seat of government contain? 19. How many did it formerly contain? 20. What is the difference between eight miles square and eight square miles? 21. Illustrate their difference by example. 22.


128 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

To make all Laws which shall be 1necessary

Indispensable

and 1proper for carrying into Execution

Suitable.

the 1foregoing Powers, and all other Powers

Preceding.

1vested by this Constitution in the Government

Placed.

110

of the United States, or in any Department

Division

or 1Officer thereof.

Person commis-

sioned to perform any public duty

SECTION. 9. The 1Migration or Importation of

Immigration.

such Persons as any of the States now 1existing

Being.

shall think proper to 1admit, shall not

Grant entrance to.

115

be 1prohibited by the Congress prior to the

Interdicted.

Year 1one thousand eight hundred and eight,

1808.

but 1a Tax or duty may be imposed on such

An impost.

1Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for

Ingression.

each 1Person.

Individual.

120

The Privilege of the Writ 1of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public

For delivering a person from false imprisonment, or for removing him from one court to another.

Safety may 1require it.

Need.

125

No Bill of Attainder or 1ex post facto Law shall be passed. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall

Law rendering an act punishable, in a manner in which it was not punishable at the time it was committed.

be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census

Imposed.

or Enumeration herein before directed to be

Account of population.

taken.

Made.

130

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on 1Articles

Goods.

exported from any State.

Sent out in traffic

No 1Preference shall be given by any Regulation

Advantage.

of 1Commerce or Revenue to the

Trade.

Ports of one 1State over those of another:

Province.

135

nor shall Vessels 1bound to, or from, one

Sailing.

Repeat section nine. 23. What is the meaning of the affix tion, in capitation, in the 126th line? 24. In how many words in section nine is tion an affix? 25. What is the meaning of the prefix ap in appro-

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 129

State, be 1obliged to enter, clear, or pay

Compelled.

1Duties in another.

Customs.

No Money shall be drawn from the 1Treasury,

Depository of the public money

but in Consequence of 1Appropriations

A setting apart for a given purpose

140

made by Law; and a regular 1 Statement

Exhibit.

and Account of the Receipts and 1Expenditures

Disbursements.

of all public Money shall be 1published

Made public

1from time to time.

Statedly.

No Title of 1 Nobility shall be granted by

Distinction by blood or rank

145

the United States: And no Person 1 holding

Having.

any Office of Profit or 1 Trust under them,

Confidence.

shall, without the 1Consent of the Congress,

Permission.

1accept of any Present, Emolument, Office,

Receive.

or Title, of any 1kind whatever, from any

Sort

150

King, Prince, or foreign 1 State.

Government

SECTION. 10. No State shall 1enter into any

Make.

Treaty, 1Alliance, or Confederation, grant

League.

1Letters of *Marque and *Reprisal; coin

Commissions

Money; 1emit Bills of Credit; make any

Issue.

155

Thing but gold and silver 1Coin a Tender in

Money.

1Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder,

Liquidation

ex post facto Law, or Law 1impairing

Weakening.

the Obligation of 1 Contracts, or grant

Bargains.

any 1 Title of Nobility.

Appellation

160

No State shall, without the 1Consent of the

Approval.

Congress, lay any 1Imposts or Duties on Imports

Taxes.

or Exports, except what may be 1absolutely

Positively

necessary for executing it's 1inspection

Commodity or manufacture

examining

Laws: and the net Produce of all 1Duties

Customs.

165

and Imposts, laid by any State on 1Imports

Goods or produce brought from foreign countries

priations. in the 139th line? 26. What peculiarities has it? 27. Repeat section ten. 28. Illustrate the difference between imports and « See page 73, 45th line


130 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

or 1Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury

Articles of traffic carried abroad.

of the United States; and all such 1Laws

Ordinances.

shall be subject to the 1Revision and 2Controul

Re-examination

for correction.

of the Congress.

2Direction.

170

No State shall, without the 1Consent of

Permission.

Congress, lay any Duty of 1Tonnage, keep

Carrying capacity.

Troops, or 1Ships of War in time of Peace,

Vessels.

1enter into any Agreement or Compact with

Make.

another State, or with a foreign 1Power, or

Nation.

175

engage in War, unless actually 1invaded, or

Entered by an army with a hostile design.

in such 1imminent Danger as will not admit

Impending.

of 1delay.

Procrastination.

exports, in the 165th line? 29. Are there any words spelled contrary to present usage, in section ten? 30. Name some words that are spelled differently by writers of the present day.

LESSON XXVI.

Article. II.

SECTION. 1. The executive 1Power shall be

Authority.

1vested in a President of the United States of

Put in possession of.

America. He shall 1hold his Office during

Retain.

the Term of four Years, and, 1together with

In company.

5

the Vice President, chosen for the 1 same

Like.

Term, be elected, 1as follows

In the following way.

Each State shall 1appoint, in such Manner

Designate.

as the Legislature thereof may 1direct, a

Prescribe.

Number of Electors, equal to the 1whole

Total.

10

1Number of Senators and Representatives to

Amount.

which the State may 1be entitled in the

Have a claim

1Congress: but no Senator or Representative,

National Assembly.

1. Repeat section one, Article II. 2. What is the meaning of the affix or in Elector, in the 15th line? 3. Illustrate its meaning with

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 131

or Person 1 holding an Office of Trust

Having.

or 1Profit under the United States, shall be

Emolument.

15

appointed 1an Elector.

A President-chooser.

[* The Electors shall 1meet in their respective

Assemble.

States, and vote by 1Ballot for two Persons,

Written papers.

of whom one at least shall not be 1an

A dweller.

Inhabitant of the 1same State with themselves.

Identical,

20

And they shall make a 1List of all

Catalogue.

the Persons voted for, and of the 1Number

Amount.

of Votes for 1each; which List they shall

Every one.

sign and 1certify, and transmit sealed to the

Testify to in writing.

1Seat of the Government of the United States,

Metropolis.

25

1directed to the President of the Senate. The

Superscribed

President of the Senate shall, in the 1 Presence

Sight

of the 1Senate and House of Representatives,

Upper House

1open all the Certificates, and the

Break the seals of

Votes shall then be 1counted. The Person

Reckoned.

30

having the greatest 1Number of Votes shall

Quantity.

be the President, if 1such Number be a Majority

That.

of the 1whole Number of Electors

Entire.

1appointed; and if there be more than one

Deputed.

who have such Majority, and have 1an equal

The same.

35

Number of 1Votes, then the House of Representatives

Voices.

shall 1immediately chuse by Ballot

At once.

one of them for President; and if no Person

Executive.

have a Majority, then from the five highest

Greater number.

on the List the said House shall in like

Roll.

40

Manner chuse the President. But in chusing

Elect.

the President, the Votes shall be taken

Suffrages.

some other words. 4. What peculiarities are there in the orthography of section one, Article II.? 5. What is the difference between a na-

* This paragraph is cancelled, Article XII. of the Amendments being substituted for it, which see. page 145.


132 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES.

by States, the 1 Representation from each

Deputation.

State 1having one Vote; A quorum for this

Being entitled to.

Purpose shall 1consist of a Member or

Be composed.

45

1Members from twothirds of the States, and

Delegates.

a Majority of all the States shall be 1necessary

Indispensable.

to a Choice. In 1every Case, after the

Each.

1Choice of the President, the Person having

Election.

the greatest Number of Votes of the 1Electors

Electoral college.

50

shall be the Vice President. 1But if there

Unless.

should 1remain two or more who have equal

Be left.

Votes, the Senate shall 1chuse from them by

Take.

Ballot the 1 Vice President.]

The second officer of the Union

The Congress may 1determine the Time of

Set.

55

1chusing the Electors, and the Day on which

Selecting.

they shall 1give their Votes; which Day shall

Deliver.

be the same 1throughout the United States.

In every part of

No Person except a 1natural born Citizen,

Native.

or a 1Citizen of the United States, at the

Voter.

60

time of the 1Adoption of this Constitution,

Ratification.

shall be 1eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any 1Person be eligible to that

Legally qua-

lified for.

One.

Office who shall not have 1attained to the

Readied.

Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen

Period

65

Years a Resident 1within the United States.

In the limits of.

In Case of the 1Removal of the President

Displacing:.

from Office, or of his 1Death, Resignation,

Decease.

or 1Inability to discharge the Powers and

Incapacity.

Duties of the said Office, the Same shall

Requirements.

70

devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress

Fall to

may by Law provide for the 1Case of

Event

tural born citizen, and a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution? 6. What is the salary of the President

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 133

Removal, 1Death, Resignation, or Inability,

Demise.

both of the President and Vice President, 1declaring

Proclaiming.

what Officer shall then 1act as President,

Govern.

75

and such Officer shall act 1accordingly,

Conformably

until the 1Disability be removed, or a President

Incompetency,

shall be 1elected.

Chosen.

The President shall, at 1stated Times, receive

Regular.

for his Services, a 1Compensation, which

Remuneration.

80

shall neither be encreased nor 1diminished

Lessened.

during the 1Period for which he shall have

Time.

been elected, and he shall not 1receive within

Accept.

that Period any other 1Emolument from the

Salary.

United States, or 1any of them.

Either.

85

Before he enter on the 1Execution of his

Performance of

the duties.

Office, he shall take the following 1Oath or Affirmation: �

Solemn declaration, made with an appeal to God for the truth thereof.

"I do solemnly 1swear (or affirm) that I

Vow.

will faithfully 1execute the Office of President

Perform.

90

of the United States, and 1will to the

Shall.

best of my Ability, preserve, 1protect and defend

Guard.

the 1Constitution of the United States."

Civil compact.

SECTION. 2. The President shall be 1Commander

Generalissimo.

in Chief of the 1Army and Navy of the

Land forces.

95

United States, and of the 1Militia of the several

Citizen soldiery.

States, when 1called into the actual

Mustered.

1Service of the United States; he may require

Military duty

the Opinion, in writing, of the 1principal

Chief.

Officer in each of the executive 1Departments,

Branches of government

100

upon any Subject 1relating to the Duties of

Pertaining.

their 1respective Offices, and he shall have

Several.

of the United States? 7. Illustrate the difference between oath and affirmation, in the 86th line. 8. Repeat section two, Article II. 9. What peculiarity is there in the orthography of section two, Art. II.?


134 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Power to grant 1Reprieves and Pardons for

Temporary suspensions of the death sentence.

1Offences against the United States, except in

Crimes.

Cases of 1Impeachment.

Arraignment for treason.

105

He shall have Power, by and with the 1Advice

Counsel.

and 1Consent of the Senate, to make

Concurrence

1Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators

Compacts.

present 1concur; and he shall nominate, and

Coincide.

1by and with the Advice and Consent of the

Through.

110

Senate, shall appoint 1Ambassadors, other

Envoys.

public Ministers and Consuls, 1Judges of the

Justices.

1supreme Court, and all other Officers of the

Paramount.

United States, whose 1Appointments are not

Designations.

herein otherwise 1provided for, and which

Prepared.

115

shall be 1established by Law: but the Congress

Fixed.

may by Law 1vest the Appointment of

Place.

such inferior Officers, as they think 1proper,

Right.

in the President 1alone, in the Courts of Law,

Solely.

or in the 1Heads of Departments.

Chiefs.

130

The President shall have 1Power to fill up

Authority

all Vacancies that may 1happen during the

Occur.

Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions

Absence.

which shall 1expire at the End of their

Terminate.

next 1Session.

Business term.

125

SECTION. 3. He shall from time to time 1give

Furnish.

to the Congress Information of the 1State of

Condition.

the Union, ana recommend to their 1Consideration

Notice.

such 1Measures as he shall judge

Proceedings.

necessary and 1expedient; he may, on extraordinary

Proper.

130

Occasions, 1convene both Houses,

Call together

10 In how many words in section two, Article II., is ad a prefix? 11. Illustrate the difference between recess and absence, in the 122d line? 12. What do their prefixes denote? 13. In how many sentences can you write case, in the 131st line, so as to convey

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 135

or either of them, and in Case of 1Disagreement

A difference.

between them, with 1Respect to the

Regard.

Time of 1Adjournment, he may adjourn them

The close of session.

to such 1Time as he shall think proper; he

Period.

135

shall 1receive Ambassadors and other public

Accept.

Ministers; he shall take Care that the 1Laws

Ordinances.

be 1faithfully executed, and shall Commission

Strictly.

all the 1officers of the United States.

Employees.

SECTION. 4. The 1President, Vice President

Chief officer.

140

and 1all civil Officers of the United States,

The whole of the.

shall be 1removed from Office on Impeachment

Displaced.

for, and 1Conviction of, Treason, Bribery,

Legal proof.

or other high Crimes and 1Misdemeanors.

Offences.

a different meaning in each? 14. Repeat section three, Article II. 15. Repeat section four, Art. II. 16. What is the meaning of Vice when prefixed to nouns? 17. In how many sentences can you write Vice, so that it shall convey a different meaning in each?

LESSON XXVII.

Article III.

SECTION. l. The 1judicial Power of the United

Legal.

States, shall be 1vested in one supreme Court,

Placed.

and in such inferior 1Courts as the Congress

Tribunals.

may from time to time ordain and 1establish.

Found.

5

The Judges, both of the supreme and 1inferior

Lower.

Courts, shall 1hold their Offices during

Keep.

good 1Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times,

Conduct.

receive for their Services, a 1Compensation,

Salary.

which shall not be 1diminished during their

Lessened.

10

1Continuance in Office.

Stay.

1. Repeat section one, Article III. 2. Repeat section two, Article


136 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

SECTION. 2. The judicial Power shall 1extend

Reach.

to all 1Cases, in Law and Equity, arising

Suits.

under this Constitution, the 1Laws of the

Legal enactments.

United States, and 1Treaties made, or which

Contracts.

15

shall be 1made, under their Authority; � to all

Entered into.

Cases 1affecting Ambassadors, other public

Acting upon.

Ministers, and 1Consuls; � to all Cases of admiralty

Government agents.

and 1 maritime Jurisdiction; � to

Naval.

1Controversies to which the United States

Disputes.

20

shall be a 1Party; � to Controversies between

Litigant.

two or more 1States; � between a State and

Sovereignties.

Citizens of another State; � 1 between Citizens

Betwixt.

of 1different States, � between Citizens

Various.

of the same State 1claiming Lands under

Asserting or having title to.

25

1Grants of different States, and between a

Deeds of conveyance.

State, or the Citizens thereof, and 1foreign

Remote.

States, 1Citizens or Subjects.

Inhabitants.

In all Cases affecting 1Ambassadors, other

Envoys.

public Ministers and Consuls, and those

National.

30

in which a State shall be Party, the supreme

Wherein.

Court shall have 1original Jurisdiction. In

Primitive.

all the other Cases before 1mentioned, the

Named.

supreme Court shall have 1appellate Jurisdiction,

Cognizance of appeals.

both as to Law and 1Fact, with such

Reality.

35

Exceptions, and under such Regulations as

Reservations

the Congress shall 1make.

Provide.

The 1Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases

Examination.

of Impeachment, shall be by 1Jury; and

Freeholders.

such Trial shall 1be held in the State where

Take place.

40

the said Crimes shall have been 1committed;

Perpetrated.

III. 3. Write the word article in sentences, so that it shall convey a different meaning in each. 4. What are ambassadors, Public Ministers, and Consuls? 5. Illustrate the various meanings of

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 137

but when not 1committed within any State,

Done.

the Trial shall be at such Place or 1Places

Stations.

as the Congress may by Law have 1directed.

Ordered.

SECTION. 3. Treason against the 1United States,

Republic of N. America

45

shall consist only in 1levying War against

Waging.

them, or in adhering to their 1Enemies, giving

Foes.

them 1Aid and Comfort. No person

Assistance.

shall be 1convicted of Treason unless on the

Found guilty

1Testimony of two Witnesses to the same

Evidence.

50

1overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

Apparent.

The Congress shall have 1Power to declare

Authority.

the 1Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder

Penalty.

of Treason shall work 1Corruption of Blood,

Detriment to children.

or 1Forfeiture except during the Life of the

Loss of right.

55

Person 1attainted.

Rendered infamous.

Article. IV.

SECTION. 1. Full 1Faith and Credit shall be

Belief.

1given in each State to the public Acts, Records,

Allowed

and judicial 1 Proceedings of every

Measures

other State. And the Congress may by 1general

Comprehensive.

60

Laws prescribe the 1Manner in which

Mode.

such 1Acts, Records and Proceedings shall

Edicts.

be 1proved, and the Effect thereof.

Authenticated.

SECTION. 2. The Citizens of 1each State shall

Every.

1be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities

Have a claim

65

of Citizens in the 1several States.

Different.

A Person 1charged in any State with

Implicated.

Treason, 1Felony, or other Crime, who shall

Any offence punishable with death.

1flee from Justice, and be found in another

Abscond.

law, in the 43d line, in sentences. 6. In how many words is con and its forms a prefix, in Article III.? 7. What is the last paragraph in Article III.? 8. What is its meaning? 9. Illustrate in sentences the various significations of open, in the 50th line. 10. Repeat section


138 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

State, shall on 1Demand of the executive

The requisition.

70

Authority of the State 1from which he fled,

Out of.

be 1delivered up, to be removed to the State

Given.

having Jurisdiction of the 1Crime.

Offence.

No Person held 1to Service or Labour in

As a slave.

one State, under the Laws thereof, 1escaping

Fleeing.

75

into another, shall, 1in Consequence of any

By means.

Law or Regulation therein, be 1discharged

Released.

from such 1Service or Labour, but shall be

Bondage.

delivered up on 1Claim of the Party to whom

Demand.

such Service or Labour may be 1due.

Owing.

80

SECTION. 3. New States may be 1admitted by

Received.

the Congress into this 1Union; but no new

Confederation.

State shall be formed or 1erected within the

Established.

1Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any

Limits.

State be formed by the 1Junction of two or

Union.

85

more States, or 1Parts of States, without the

Portions.

1Consent of the Legislatures of the States

Approbation.

1concerned as well as of the Congress.

Interested.

The Congress shall have 1Power to dispose

Authority.

of and make all 1needful Rules and Regulations

Necessary.

90

1respecting the Territory or other

Relating to.

Property 1belonging to the United States;

Pertaining.

and nothing in this 1Constitution shall be so

Compact.

construed as to 1Prejudice any Claims of the

Impair.

United States, or of any 1particular State.

Individual.

95

SECTION. 4. The United States shall 1guarantee

Secure.

to every State in this Union a 1Republican

Representative.

one, Article IV. 11. Repeat section two, Article IV. 12. Illustrate in sentences the various significations of claim, in the 78th line. 13. What is the difference between union and confederation, in the 81st line? 14. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 15. What is the difference between power and authority, in the 88th line? 16. Illustrate in sentences their various meanings. 17. Repeat section

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 139

Form of Government, and shall 1protect

Defend.

each of them against Invasion; and on" 1Application

Solicitation.

of the Legislature, or of the 1Executive

Governor.

100

(when the Legislature cannot be 1convened)

Called together.

against 1domestic Violence.

intestine.

Article. V.

The 1Congress, whenever two thirds of

National Assembly.

both 1Houses shall deem it necessary, shall

Branches.

propose 1Amendments to this Constitution,

Alterations.

105

or, on the 1Application of the Legislatures

Request.

of two thirds of the 1several States, shall

Different.

call a 1Convention for proposing Amendments,

Deliberative Assembly.

which, in either Case, shall 1be valid

Have legal force.

to all Intents and Purposes, as Tart of this

Portion.

110

Constitution, when 1ratified by the Legislatures

Confirmed.

of three fourths of the 1several States,

Respective.

or by 1Conventions in three fourths thereof,

Convocations

as the one or the other 1Mode of Ratification

Form.

may be 1proposed by the Congress; Provided

Chosen.

115

that no 1Amendment which may be made

Alteration.

1prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred

Before.

and eight shall in any Manner affect the

Act upon.

first and fourth 1Clauses in the Ninth Section

Stipulations.

of the first Article; and that no 1State, without

commonwealth

130

its 1Consent, shall be deprived of it's

Permission.

equal 1Suffrage in the Senate.

Representation

three, Article IV. 18. Repeat section four, Article IV. 19. What peculiarities in orthography are there in Article IV.? 20. How many simple sentences are there in Article IV.? 21. How many paragraphs? 22. Repeat Article V. 23. What is the difference between several and different, in the 106th line? 24. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 25. What is the difference between part and portion, in the 109th line? 26. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 27. What is the difference between conventions and convocations, in the 112th line? 28. What is the meaning of their prefixes? 29.


140 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Article. VI.

All Debts 1contracted and Engagements

Incurred.

entered into, before the 1Adoption of this

Ratification

Constitution, shall be as 1valid against the

Binding on.

125

United States under this 1Constitution, as

Compact.

under the 1Confederation.

Revolutionary alliance.

This Constitution, and the 1Laws of the

Statutes.

United States which shall be made in 1Pursuance

Consequence

thereof; and all Treaties 1made, or

Entered into.

130

which shall be made, 1under the Authority of

By.

the United States, shall be the 1supreme Law

Paramount.

of the 1Land; and the Judges in every State

Country.

shall be 1bound thereby, any Thing in the

Restrained.

Constitution or 1Laws of any State to the

Legal enactments.

135

Contrary 1notwithstanding.

Nevertheless

The Senators and 1Representatives before

Delegates.

mentioned, and the Members of the several

Stated.

State 1 Legislatures, and all executive and

Governments.

judicial 1Officers, both of the United States

Magistrates.

140

and of the several States, shall be 1bound

Constrained.

by Oath or Affirmation, to 1support this Constitution;

Uphold.

but no religious 1Test shall ever be

Form of belief.

required as a 1qualification to any Office or

Prerequisite.

public 1Trust under the United States.

Confidence.

Article. VII.

145

The 1Ratification of the Conventions of

Confirmation

Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 30. What is the difference between laws and statutes, in the 127th line? 31. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 32. Repeat Article VI. 33 What is the difference between land and country, in the 132d line? 34. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 35 What is the difference between nevertheless and notwithstanding, in the 135th line? 36. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 37. What is the difference between qualification and prerequisite, in the 143d line? 38. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 39. What is the

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 141

nine States, shall be 1sufficient for the Establishment

Adequate to ordain.

of this Constitution 1 between the

Among.

States so 1ratifying the Same.

Sanctioning

1done in Convention by the Unanimous

Made.

150

Consent of the States 1present the Seventeenth

Represented.

Day of 1September in 2the

Ninth month

Year of our Lard one thousand seven

2 Anno Domini.

hundred and Eighty seven 1and of the

Also.

Independence of the 1United States of

American Republic.

155

America the Twelfth In 1witness

Testimony.

whereof We have hereunto 1subscribed

Signed.

our 1Names,

Appellations.

1Go: WASHINGTON�

The Father of his Country.

Presidt and 1Deputy from Virginia *

Delegate.

difference between done and made, in the 149th line? 40. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 41. What is the difference between witness and testimony, in the 155th line? 42. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 43. How many simple sentences are there in each Article of the Constitution? 44. How many paragraphs are there in each Article? 45. What Articles have only one section? 46. What is the number of sections in each of the other Articles?

* The names of the rest of the signers of the Constitution are in the Biographical Table in the latter part of this volume,

Note � On pages 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, and several other pages in this book, few questions have been asked, on account of its being easy for the teacher to supply them. It will be observed that the questions of a moral bearing are not as frequent in this part of the book as m the former These questions have been omitted, on account of its being easier for the young teacher to supply such questions. It was found, that carrying out the plan of full questions, would increase the size and price of the book so much, as to operate against its general introduction into Elementary schools. But it should always be borne m mind that moral questions are of paramount importance, and no recitation should be allowed to pass without an endeavor to guide the pupil aright m this respect It cannot be too indelibly impressed on the mind of the pupil, that the above is an exact copy of the Constitution, excepting the italicised words, all of which in the original are uniform, and have been changed and the figures added for convenience in the use of the marginal exercises; that the spelling, punctuation, omissions of punctuation, &c., were peculiar to the times m which it was written; that the use of language im-

proves with time, and that to imitate any of the peculiarities of the Constitution would be wrong and contrary to the established usage of the present age. For further illustration of the progression of the English language, see extracts from old English poetry, m the latter part of the Appendix.


142 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

LESSON XXVIII.

ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Proposed by Congress, and 1ratified by the

Sanctioned.

Legislatures of the several States, 1pursuant

According.

to the fifth article of the 1original

Primitive.

1Constitution.

System of rules.

1Article the first.

5

Congress shall make no 1law respecting

Rule.

an establishment of religion, or 1prohibiting

Forbidding.

the free exercise thereof; or 1abridging the

Restricting.

1freedom of speech, or of the press; or the

Liberty.

right of the people peaceably to 1assemble,

Meet.

10

and to 1petition the Government for a redress

Solicit

of 1grievances.

Wrongs.

Article the second.

A well 1regulated Militia, being necessary

Ordered.

to the 1security of a free State, the right of

Protection.

the people to keep and bear 1Arms, shall not.

Weapons.

15

be 1infringed.

Violated.

Article the third.

No Soldier shall, in time of 1peace be

Quiet.

quartered in any house, without the consent

Stationed for lodging.

1. Repeat Article I. of the Amendments. 2. Repeat Article II. 3. What is the difference between law and rule, in the 5th line? 4. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 5. What is the difference between freedom and liberty, in the 8th line? 6. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 7. What peculiarity is omitted in the Amendments? 8. What is the difference between grievances and wrongs, in the 11th line? 9. What is the difference between arms and weapons, in the 14th line? 10. Repeat Article III. 11. Illustrate the difference between quiet and peace, in the 16th line. 12.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 143

of the 1Owner, nor in time of war, but in a

Proprietor.

1manner to be prescribed by law.

Way.

Article the fourth.

20

The right of the people to be 1secure in

Safe.

their persons, 1houses, papers, and effects,

Tenements.

1against unreasonable searches and seizures,

From.

shall not be 1violated, and no Warrants shall

Infringed.

issue, but upon 1probable cause, supported by

Likely.

25

Oath or affirmation, and 1particularly describing

Minutely.

the place to be 1searched, and the

Examined.

persons or things to be 1seized.

Taken possession of

Article the ffth.

No person shall be 1held to answer for a

Apprehended

1capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless

Life-endangering

30

on a presentment or 1indictment of a Grand

Written accusation.

Jury, except in 1cases arising in the land or

Instances.

naval forces, or in the 1Militia, when in actual

Citizen soldiery.

1 service in time of War or public

Duty.

1danger; nor shall any person be subject for

Peril.

35

the same offence to be twice put in 1jeopardy

Danger.

of life or limb; nor shall be 1compelled in

Constrained.

any Criminal Case to 1be a witness against

Give evidence.

himself, nor be deprived of life, 1 liberty, or

Freedom.

property, without due 1process of law; nor

Proceedings in.

40

shall 1private property be taken for public

Personal.

use, without just 1compensation.

Renumeration.

Article the sixth.

In all criminal prosecutions, the 1accused

Arraigned.

Between way and manner, in the 19th line. 13. Repeat Article IV. 14. Illustrate the difference between oath and affirmation, in the 25th line. 15. Repeat Article V. 16. Illustrate the difference between service and duty, in the 33d line. 17. Between jeopardy and danger, in the 35th line. 18. Between compensation and remuneration, in the 41st


144 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

shall enjoy the right to a 1speedy and public

Quick.

trial, by an 1impartial jury of the State and

Equitable.

45

district wherein the 1crime shall have been

Misdemeanor.

1committed, which district shall have been

Perpetrated.

previously 1ascertained by law, and to be

Established.

informed of the nature and 1cause of the accusation;

Reason.

to be 1confronted with the witnesses

Set face to fane.

50

against him; to have 1Compulsory

Forcible.

1process for obtaining Witnesses in his favour,

Proceeding.

and to have the Assistance of 1Counsel

Lawyers.

for his 1defence.

Vindication.

Article the seventh.

In 1Suits at common law, where the value

Prosecutions.

55

in 1controversy shall exceed twenty dollars,

Dispute.

the right of trial by jury shall be 1preserved,

Maintained.

and no fact 1tried by a jury, shall be otherwise

Examined.

re-examined in any 1Court of the United

Legal tribunal

States, than according to the 1rules of the

Precedents.

60

1common law.

Unwritten.

Article the eighth.

Excessive 1bail shall not be required, nor

Security.

excessive 1fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual

Penalties.

1punishments inflicted.

Chastisements.

Article the ninth.

The 1enumeration in the Constitution, of

Specification.

65

certain rights, shall not be construed to 1deny

Gainsay.

or disparage others 1retained by the people.

Kept

line 19. Repeat Article VI. 20. What is the difference between speedy and quick, in the 43d line? 21. Between crime and misdemeanor, in the 45th line? 22. Between cause and reason, in the 48th line? 23. Between proceeding and process, in the 51st line? 24. What peculiarities are there in Article VIII.? 25. Repeat Article VII. 26. How many simple sentences are there in Article VII.? 27. Repeat Article VIII. 28. What is the difference between bail and security, in

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 146

Article the tenth.


The powers not 1delegated to the United

Intrusted.

States by the Constitution, nor 1prohibited

Forbidden.

by it to the States, are 1reserved to the

Retained.

70

States respectively, or to the 1people.

Inhabitants.

Article the eleventh.

The Judicial 1power of the United States

Authority.

shall not be 1construed to extend to any suit

Understood.

in law or equity, 1commenced or prosecuted

Instituted.

against one of the United States by 1Citizens

Dwellers.

75

of another 1State, or by Citizens or Subjects

Commonwealth.

of any 1Foreign State.

Distant.

Article the twelfth.

The Electors shall 1meet in their respective

Assemble.

states, and vote by 1 ballot for President and

Ticket.

Vice-President, one of whom, at least, 1shall

Must.

80

not be 1an inhabitant of the same state with

A Citizen.

themselves; they shall 1name in their ballots

Designate.

the 1person voted for as President, and in

Man.

1distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President,

Separate.

and they shall 1make distinct lists

Form.

85

of all persons 1voted for as President, and

Balloted.

of all 1persons voted for as Vice-President,

Individuals.

and of the 1number of votes for each, which

Amount.

1lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit

Catalogues.

1sealed to the seat of the government of

Closed.

the 61st line? 29. Repeat Article IX 30. What is the difference between kept and retained, in the 66th line? 31. What peculiarity has Article IX.? 32. Repeat Article X. 33. What is the difference between people and inhabitants, in the 70th line? 34. Repeat Article XI. 35. What is the difference between state and commonwealth, in the 75th line? 36. Between foreign and distant, in the 76th line? 37. Repeat Article XII. 38. What is the difference between meet and assemble, in the 77th line? 39. Between ballot and ticket, in the 78th line? 40. Between catalogues and lists, in the 88th line? 41. Between


146 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

90

the United States, 1directed to the President

Addressed.


of the Senate; � The 1President of the Senate

Speaker.


shall, in the 1presence of the Senate and

Sight.


House of Representatives, 1open all the certificates

Break the seals of.


and the votes shall then be 1counted;

Computed.

95

� The person having the 1greatest number

Largest


of 1votes for President, shall be the President,

Ballots.


if such number be a 1majority of the whole

Plurality.


number of Electors 1appointed; and if no

Returned.


person have such 1majority, then from the

Excess.

100

persons having the 1 highest numbers not

Greatest.


1exceeding three on the list of those voted

Surpassing.


for as President, the 1House of Representatives

Lower House


shall choose 1immediately, by ballot, the

Without delay.


1President. But in choosing the President,

Chief officer

105

the votes shall be taken by states, the representation

Delegation.


from each state having one 1vote;

Voice.


a quorum for this purpose shall 1consist of a

Be composed


member or 1members from two-thirds of the

Deputies.


states, and a majority of all the 1states shall

Commonwealths

110

be necessary to a 1choice. And if the House

Selection.


of Representatives shall not 1choose a President

Elect.


whenever the 1right of choice shall

Power.


devolve 1upon them, before the fourth day of

On.


March next 1following, then the Vice-President

Succeeding.

115

shall act as 1President, as in the case

Chief magistrate.


of the death or other constitutional 1disability

Incapacity.


of the President. � The 1person having the

Citizen.


1greatest number of votes as Vice-President,

Most

presence and sight, in the 92d line? 42. Between open and break the seals of, in the 93d line? 43. Between largest and greatest, in the 95th line? 44. Between upon and on, in the 113th line? 45 What difference is there between the orthography of the Amendments and the

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 147


shall be the Vice-President, 1if such number

Provided.

120

be a majority of the whole 1number of Electors

Amount.


1appointed, and if no person have a majority,

Allotted.


then from the two highest 1numbers

Names.


on the list, the Senate shall 1choose the Vice-President;

Select.


a 1quorum for the purpose shall

Legal number.

125

consist of two-thirds of the 1whole number

Entire.


of Senators, and 1a majority of the whole

More than one-half.


number shall be 1necessary to a choice. But

Indispensable.


no person constitutionally 1ineligible to the

Incapable of being elected.


office of President shall be 1eligible to that

Qualified for.

130

of Vice-President of the 1United States.

Union.

Constitution? 46. What are some of the differences between those documents? 47. How do you account for the apparent inconsistencies in the use of capital letters? 48. Do you suppose there is any human composition free from error? 49. What ought these things to teach us? 50. In how many words is ad, and the forms it assumes, a prefix in the Constitution and its Amendments? 51. In how many words is con and its variations a prefix? 52. In how many words is pre a prefix? 53. In how many words is pro a prefix? 54. In how many words is 06 and its variations a prefix? 55. In how many words is re a prefix? 56. In how many words is sub and its variations a prefix? 57. How many forms does ad assume? 58. Why does ad take so many forms? 59. Why do you suppose there are so many repetitions of important words in the Constitution? 60. What is the frequent repetition of important words in the same paragraph called? 61. What rule in written documents should take precedence of all others? 62. What are the significations of the prefixes, ad, con, pre, pro, and ob? 63. Illustrate the use of each in words. 64. Illustrate the meaning of the words in sentences. 65. How many words are spelled different from present usage, in the Constitution? 66. How many in the Amendments? 67. What do you suppose was the last important national document, which was written according to the old plan of beginning every noun with a capital letter? 68. Do you know of any nation at the present day that begins all nouns with capital lettera? 69. Name the advantages and disadvantages of this plan? 70. Name all the peculiarities of the Constitution and its Amendments. 71. How do you account for many of the variations?*

* The Teacher may continue similar questions according to the proficiency of the class. After the pupils have committed to memory the whole of the Constitution and its Amendments, and repeated the same a sufficient number of times, then they should be exercised by questions in every possible form. Additional questions may be found in the succeeding commentary.


148 COMMENTARY ON THE

LESSON XXIX.

(§ 1.) CONSTITUTION is 1derived from the

Traced.

Latin con, and statuo, and 1means to settle,

Signifies.

to fix, to 1establish, to ordain, decree, appoint,

Confirm.

or determine. It 1denotes particularly that

Means.

5

1form of government which is instituted

System.

either by the people, or for their 1benefit. In

Advantage.

its 1general acceptation, it signifies a system

Usual.

of 1fundamental rules, principles, and ordinances,

Essential.

for the 1government of a society,

Control.

10

community, state, or 1nation. In England,

Country.

and other 1monarchical countries, the Constitution

Regal.

depends upon the 1immemorial consent

Unremembered.

of the people, and long-established 1usage.

Custom.

Hence it is difficult for a 1majority of the

Plurality.

15

people in 1monarchies either to know definitely

Kingdoms.

what their Constitution is, or to 1understand

Comprehend

its 1meaning. (§ 2.) But the Constitution

Signification.

of the United States is 1accurately

Correctly.

and clearly 1defined in writing, in such plain

Expressed.

20

and 1intelligible language, that it can be

Familiar.

comprehended by 1every person who can

Each.

read any article understandingly, 1throughout

All over.

our 1land. It establishes and defines the

Country.

rights of the people, and prescribes the power

Privileges.

25

of legislators and 1rulers. That part of the

Governors.

Constitution which precedes the first 1Article,

Distinct clause.

has been justly called its 1preamble; though

Preface.

(§ 1.) 1. Give a synopsis of section one. 2. From what is Constitution derived? 3. Illustrate its various meanings in sentences? 4. Wherein is our government different from that of England and other monarchical governments? (§ 2.) 5. What is the character of the

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 149

the framers did not designate it by any 1name

Title

whatever.

At all.

30

(§ 3.) Preamble is 1derived from the Latin

A derivative of.

pr�, and ambulo, and means to 1go or come

Proceed.

before. It denotes 1particularly an introduction,

Especially.

a 1proem. In its general acceptation, it

Preface.

means an introduction to any 1discourse or

Speech.

35

writing, the 1introductory matter to a statute,

Preliminary.

a bill, or act of a legislative 1 body. It names

Assembly.

the parties to any 1document of writing, and

Instrument.

sets forth in 1general terms its objects and

Unrestricted

its meaning. Every article in the 1Constitution

Supreme Law.

40

has 1reference to one or more of the

Allusion.

1specified objects in the preamble, which precedes

Particularized.

the first article, and 1 expounds the

Explains.

motives and the designs of its 1framers. The

Makers.

preamble is, 1therefore, of the utmost importance

Consequently.

45

in 1elucidating the principles of the

Illustrating.

Constitution. (§ 4.) "We the 1people of the

Citizens.

United States," 1denotes that the people of

Signifies.

each and every 1state have, by their separate

Confederacy.

and deliberate acts, 1adopted the Constitution,

Acknowledged.

50

and that it consequently 1emanated

Proceeded.

from the highest 1source of all power. The

Fountain.

Constitution, like every other 1code, has been

Digest of law

variously 1understood by different individuals.

Construed.

It is 1evident that a work of such a comprehensive

Plain.

55

and 1enduring character, must speak

Lasting.

Constitution of the United States? (§ 3.) 6. From what is preamble derived? 7. What is the object of a preamble? 8. Why is a preamble of much importance? 9. Illustrate it as a noun, and as a verb in sentences. (§ 4.) 10. What does the expression, "We the people of the United States," denote? 11. Has the Constitution been understood differently by different persons? 12. Is there any code which


150 COMMENTARY ON THE

in general terms � that it is to be 1viewed

Taken.

1conjointly, and that every word has its natural

Unitedly.

and 1obvious meaning.

Clear.

(§ 5.) It is, as its 1preamble declares it

Introduction

60

to be, 1established by the people. It is a

Founded.

contract 1binding alike each and every citizen

Controling.

1within the United States, to establish

In.

and maintain a government for the 1 benefit

Advantage.

of the whole people, and is therefore 1paramount

Superior.

65

to all state Constitutions, 1and all other

Also.

delegated 1authority. (§ 6.) It was scrutinized

Power.

previous to its adoption in all its 1bearings, by

Points.

the people of the 1whole country; not on one

Entire.

occasion alone, but for a 1series of months.

Succession.

70

Since its 1original adoption, it has stood the

First.

investigation of 1the entire people of all the

All the.

new states. It is, therefore, the 1work of patriots

Production.

of a past age, 1endorsed by more than

Sanctioned.

thirty state legislatures. It was expressly 1prepared

Framed.

75

to be ratified by the 1great body of the

Mass.

people, to be 1understood by them, and to be the

Comprehended.

1fireside companion of every family throughout

Domestic.

the land. Such are its 1transcendent merits,

Unequalled.

that it has stood the 1test of time and received

Trial.

80

the 1admiration of the civilized world.

Applause.

(§ 7.) The 1Constitution of the United

Supreme law

States contained originally a 1preamble and

Preface.

seven 1articles, the framing of which occuablest

Stipulations.

is exempt from erroneous interpretation? (§ 5.) 13. By whom, and for what purpose was the Constitution established? 14. What is paramount to all authority? (§ 6.) 15. Give a synopsis of section six. 16. What are some of the reasons that lead you to believe that the Constitution is a work of much merit? (§ 7.) 17. Give a detailed account of section seven. 18. What is the difference between meaning

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 151

pied several of the 1purest patriots, and the

Most disinterested.

85

1statesmen of the country, from the

Politicians.

14th of May 1till the 17th of September,

To.

1787. It subsequently passed the 1ordeal of

Severe scrutiny.

thirteen distinct state 1conventions, and received

Assemblies.

the most 1profound criticism of the

Learned.

90

largest and most 1enlightened body of patriots

Intelligent,

that had ever 1existed in any country or in

Lived.

any 1age. Hence we find every word has

Epoch.

its place, and every sentence a 1meaning �

Signification.

that it is the only uninspired document 1extant,

In being.

95

that combines the 1fundamental principles

Essential.

of all the political 1wisdom of ancient

Knowledge.

and modern 1times. (§ 8.) The preamble,

Days.

for 1comprehensive brevity, is probably unequalled

Conciseness.

in this or any other 1 language. It

Tongue.

100

1declares the authority by whom, and the

Proclaims.

1objects for which the Constitution was ordained

Purposes,

and 1established. Though the Constitution

Instituted.

was 1framed by the tried and faithful

Composed.

representatives of the 1people, yet, before it

Citizens.

105

became a law, it received the 1comments and

Observations

the 1scrutiny of the whole people of the

Investigation

1confederacy. Each and every one of the

United States

patriots of the revolution may be 1considered

Regarded,

a contributor to its 1transcendent excellences,

Surpassing.

110

although some may have 1strenuously opposed its

Zealously.

1adoption; for it is only by the

Ratification.

keenest criticism, that the 1 latent defects of

Hidden.

a theory can be discovered and 1rectified.

Corrected.

and signification, in the 93d line? (§ 8.) 19. Repeat the substance of section eight. 20. What is the difference between comments and observations, in the 105th line? 21. Between latent and hidden, in the


152 COMMENTARY ON THE

(§ 9.) 1Happily for this country, for the fame

Fortunately.

115

of its 1framers, and for all succeeding ages,

Authors.

there existed a 1powerful, an enlightened; and

Potent

even a patriotic band, 1opposed to the adoption

Adverse.

of the Constitution. Some of its most 1invaluable

Inestimable.

and permanent 1features would have

Parts.

120

been omitted, had it not been for 1an argus-eyed

A sharp-sighted.

opposition. 1From the first settlement

Ever after.

of the country, the colonists had 1seen the

Perceived.

1benefits of association; and at the declaration

Advantages.

of independence 1nothing was deemed

Naught.

135

of more importance than 1fraternal union.

Brotherly.

(§ 10.) The trials and 1reverses of the revolution

Misfortunes.

were but a 1series of experiments

Course.

towards cementing the 1ties of friendship

Bonds.

among 1neighboring states. This brotherhood

Contiguous.

130

originating in necessity, and contrary to the

Beginning.

practices of ancient confederacies, has proved

Customs.

to the world, that 1permanent political aggrandizement

Enduring.

can alone be 1attained by states

Reached.

disseminating blessings to all neighboring

Spreading.

135

communities. The American 1Constitution

Palladium.

far surpasses the seven ancient 1wonders of

Prodigies.

the world, in the magnificence of its 1architecture,

Construction

and in its claims to the 1applause of

Approbation.

mankind.

The world.

140

(§ 11.) Yet, this instrument, 1perfect as it

Complete.

is, was 1adopted unanimously by only three

Sanctioned.

112th line? (§ 9.) 22. Of what does section ninth treat? 23. What is the difference between potent and powerful, in the 116th line? (§ 10.) 24. Give a synopsis of section tenth? 25. What is the difference between series and course, in the 127th line? 26. Between practices and customs, in the 131st line? 27. Palladium is neither definition nor synonym of Constitution � what is the meaning of it? (§ 11.) 28.

CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 153

of the 1smaller states of the Union. So

Lesser.

1prudent, so extremely cautious were our ancestors,

Circumspect.

that it was 1nearly a year after it was

Almost

145

framed before it 1received the sanction of the

Obtained.

1requisite number of states and of the people,

Necessary.

to make it the 1supreme law of the land. It

Paramount

will be 1perceived that the Constitution was

Seen.

1ratified by the people, who are the only true

Approved and sanctioned.

150

source whence all authority 1flows; and that

Issues.

it differed 1essentially from the old articles

Materially.

of confederation, which 1emanated from the

Sprang.

several state 1legislatures. (§ 12.) If then

Assemblies.

the American Constitution 1emanated from

Proceeded.

155

the people, it is reasonable to 1suppose that

Think.

it contains nothing but what is 1proper for

Right

every one to 1know, nothing but what is

Be acquainted with.

perfectly 1intelligible, and nothing but what

Clear.

is the 1duty of all to understand. The

Obligation.

160

first six lines of the 1preamble comprise the

Introduction.

1objects for which the Constitution was

Ends.

1formed.

Constructed.

(§ 13.) The first 1object was "to form a

Intention.

more perfect union;" 1 implying that the

Signifying.

165

union then existing, the union that had 1carried

Borne.

them 1triumphantly through the revolutionary

Victoriously.

1war, the union that, taking them as

Struggle.

dependent colonies, had 1raised them to the

Elevated.

rank of 1an independent nation, was still

A free.

Repeat the substance of section eleventh. 29. What is the difference between perfect and complete, in the 140th line? 30. Between perceived and seen, in the 148th line? (§ 12.) 31. Of what does section twelfth treat? 32. What is the difference between proper and right, in the 156th line? (§ 13.) 33. Repeat the substance of section thirteenth 34. What is the difference between raised and elevated, in the


154 COMMENTARY ON THE

170

1imperfect. This "more perfect union" would

Defective.

secure 1tranquillity and prosperity at home,

Peace.

power and 1dignity abroad, and would diminish

Honor.

the causes of 1war. (§ 14.) It would

Strife.

1enhance the general happiness of mankind,

Increase.

175

1confer dignity upon the American name, and

Bestow.

give power, not to 1rulers, but to the people;

Governors.

thus 1perpetuating the "more perfect union."

Eternizing.

It should not be forgotten that our 1ancestors

Forefathers.

had many 1difficulties to contend with � sectional

Obstacles.

180

jealousies and 1prejudices then existed

Prepossessions..

as they now do � but they 1went to their

Applied themselves.

duties with 1pure hearts and enlightened and

Open.

1liberal views. From the political state of

Enlarged.

1society, and the force of circumstances, it

The Community.

185

was requisite for them to 1make numerous

Grant

and 1 liberal concessions; and now, for the

Generous.

people to 1disregard the injunctions of the

Slight.

Constitution, and 1cast it aside, would denote

Throw.

political 1insanity.

Derangement.

190

(§ 15.) Equally 1rational would it be, for

Reasonable.

navigators to 1disregard the position of the

Pass by unnoticed.

heavenly bodies, destroy their 1charts and

Sea-maps.

1compasses, and attempt to steer their frail

Magnetic needles

1barks amid storms and darkness across the

Vessels.

195

pathless 1ocean, as for the people of this

Main.

country to 1destroy the chart of their liber-

Annihilate.

168th line? 35. Between imperfect and defective, in the 170th line? (§ 14.) 36. Give a detailed account of section fourteenth. 37. What is the difference between confer and bestow, in the 175th line? 38. Between difficulties and obstacles, in the 179th line? (§ 15.) 39. Of what does section fifteenth treat? 40. What is the difference between rational and reasonable, in the 190th line? 41. Between ocean and main, in the 195th line? 42. Cannot main be used in two directly

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 155

ties, by 1permitting the violation of their

Suffering.

Constitution, and by ceasing to 1imitate the

Emulate.

1virtues of their ancestors. (§ 16.) The first

Moral excellencies.

300

object 1declared in this Constitution is, to

Proclaimed.

1form a "more perfect union." It is reasonable

Establish

then to 1infer, from the character of its

Suppose.

framers, and the 1unparalleled caution and

Unequalled.

1deliberation of the whole people, before they

Consideration.

205

1consecrated it as the charter of the rights of

Hallowed.

mankind, that an observance of its 1provisions

Stipulations.

and rules will secure the objects 1designed.

Mended.

But how can the people either 1sustain

Uphold.

the Constitution, or even 1 know what it

Understand.

210

is, unless they read it, and 1ponder the meaning

Reflect upon.

of every 1sentence.

Period.

(§ 17.) It has been 1computed by enlightened

Calculated.

statesmen, that of 1the whole population

All the inhabitants.

in our country, not one 1woman in ten thousand,

Mother.

313

or one voter 1out of every hundred, ever

In.

read the Constitution. Yea, it is 1susceptible

Capable.

of demonstration, that the most 1sacred oaths

Inviolable.

to support the Constitution, are 1annually

Yearly.

taken by a 1multitude of men, who never

Host.

220

read a single sentence of that sacred 1document.

Writing.

If the pure 1spirits of departed patriots

Souls.

are permitted to 1watch over the interests

Superintend and guard.

of their 1posterity and their country,

Descendants.

from the regions of 1bliss, well may we

Felicity.

opposite senses? (§ 16.) 43. Repeat the substance of section sixteenth. 44. What is the difference between consecrated and hallowed, in the 205th line? 45. Between ponder and reflect, in the 210th line? (§ 17.) 46. Of what does section seventeenth treat? 47. What is the difference between computed and calculated, in the 212th line? 48. Between bliss and felicity, in the 224th line? 49. Between swords and |


156 COMMENTARY ON THE

225

supppse that the 1manes of its illustrious

Shades.


authors often exclaim, with an 1intenseness

Earnestness.


beyond the reach of human 1imagination,

Conception.


"1O tempera! 2O mores!" Let it never be

Oh, the times!


forgotten that teachers, and not warriors,

2 Oh, the morals!

230

common schools, and not 1swords and bayonets,

Brands.


sustain and 1perpetuate the power and

Continue.


the 1glory of our. country, and its "more

Fame.


1perfect union."

Complete.


Of 1lands untaught it has been aye the doom

Statei,

235

To fill untimely 1an ignoble tomb;

A disgraceful


Then foster 1learning, if you wish to save

Knowledge.


Your country from the 1horrors of the glaive.

Terrors.

branch, in the 230th line? 50. What is the meaning of aye, in the 234th line? 51. Of glaive, in the 237th line?


LESSON XXX.



(§ 1.) A FREE 1people should ever pay the

Nation.


most scrupulous attention to the liberal 1education

Training.


of those whom 1nature has pointed

Providence.


out as the 1first teachers of mankind. No

Earliest

5

nation has ever attained, or can ever 1attain

Beach.


1enduring greatness, whose females are superficially

Lasting.


educated. The 1school, then, the

Pupils.


entire school, both 1male and female, should

Masculine.


early be made 1acquainted with the most

Familiar.

10

perfect 1charter of human government that

Embodiment


was ever framed by mortal men, whose 1fundamental

Primary,


principles can be 1traced down the

Followed.


vista of Time, for nearly 1four thousand years,

Forty centuries.

(§ 1.) 1. To what should a free people ever pay the most scrupu-

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 157


1deriving their immutable wisdom from

Receiving.

15

2inspiration.

2 Divine power.


To keep 1intact this "perfect union formed,"

Untouched.


And give its blessings to each 1future age,

Coming.


Our youths must be with patriot 1passion warmed

Ardor.


By 1studying its glories on that page

Pondering.

20

Where, 'midst foul blots 1exposing Britain's shame,

Disclosing.


Is graved, in words of fire, 1Columbia's fame.

Our country's


(§ 2.) The 1first object after forming a

Primary.


"more perfect union," was "to 1establish

Institute.


justice." Thus it is 1evident that the authors

Clear.

25

looked not for a 1model among the most

Pattern.


1powerful governments of the age in which

Mighty.


they lived, but to those 1immutable principles

Unchangeable.


that respect men according to their 1deeds.

Actions.


This provision 1tends to secure, to all, the

Helps.

30

equal 1enjoyment of property, liberty, religion

Fruition.


and domestic 1happiness. Without the

Felicity.


most 1exact and impartial administration of

Strict.


justice, no inhabitant would be 1safe; hence

Secure.


the necessity "to establish justice" that would

Equity.

35

protect or 1punish alike the exalted and the

Chastise.


humble, the rich and the poor, the 1powerful

Potent.


state with its 1millions, and the feeble territory

Myriads.


with its hundreds. (§ 3.) In 1disputed

Contested.


boundaries, in conflicting claims of 1individuals

Persons.

40

living in 1different states, in reference

Separate.


to the national debt, and the 1local laws of

Sectional.


each state, the 1national government must

Executive authority.

lous attention? 2. From what is Columbia, in the phrase "Columbia's fame," 21st line, derived, and what is its meaning? (§ 2.) 3. Give a synopsis of section second. 4. What is the difference between model and pattern, in the 25th line? 5. Between safe and secure, in the 33d line? (§ 3.) 6. Of what does section third treat? 7. What is the difference


158 COMMENTARY ON THE


deal to all 1even-handed justice. The people

Equal.


having 1an august and impartial arbiter,

A grand.

45

might 1confide in it with perfect safety. Thus

Trust.


border 1warfare, which in all past history had

War.


been found to 1disturb the tranquillity of

Interrupt.


neighboring states would be prevented. �

Adjacent.


The honest 1foreigner, driven by oppression

Alien.

50

from his native country, may 1repose in the

Confide.


liberality and 1justice of the American Constitution,

Equity.


which proclaims to the 1uttermost

Extreme.


limits of the earth, that its 1object is "to establish

Aim.


1justice."

Right.

55

(§ 4.) "To ensure domestic 1tranquillity,"

Quiet


was the third 1object of the Constitution. It

Design.


is important 1 here to remark, that immediately

In this place.


after the 1war, the confederation bore

Contest.


the 1aspect of a speedy dissolution. The

Appearance.

60

1sages of the revolution had, with reason,

Wise men.


1feared less the formidable power of Great

Dreaded.


Britain, than the domestic 1tumults, that had

Riots.


1engulphed all former democracies and republics.

Swallowed up.


The 1confederation was a league of

Confederacy.

65

1friendship among thirteen separate and independent

Amity.


1sovereignties or nations, each of

Governments


which was exposed to the 1intrigues of foreign

Plots.


monarchies. 1Dissensions and disputes were

Contentions.


liable to arise 1among themselves; in fact each

Between.

70

state, looking to its own 1immediate interest,

Present.

between repose and rest, in the 45th line? 8. Between disturb and interrupt, in the 47th line? (§ 4.) 9. From what is independent derived? 10. What does its first prefix denote? 11. What does its second prefix signify? 12. When two prefixes are joined to a word, which governs the meaning of the word? 13. Illustrate the difference between contentions and dissensions, in the 68th line? 14. What

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 159


had 1silently withdrawn its support from the

Quietly.


confederation, till, in the 1language of the day,

Expression.


"its 1tottering edifice was ready to fall, and

Shaking.


crush the country 1 beneath its ruins." (§ 5.)

Under.

75

All past history furnished 1admonitory

Warning.


lessons of the evils of 1disunion; and, notwithstanding

Separation.


the most powerful 1inducements

Motives.


existed to 1cement the union of the states,

Strengthen,


yet every day's 1experience proved, that

Trial

80

petty strifes were likely to 1agitate the entire

Disturb.


country. 1Dissensions about boundaries,

Quarrels.


a fruitful 1cause of discord, had arisen;

Source.


the states seemed to be 1jealous of each

Fearful.


other's 1growing greatness. There was no

Increasing.

85

1common head to the government; there was

General.


no president of all the union, but 1each state

Every.


was, in 1fact, an independent nation, and

Reality.


1had the full privilege of establishing any

Possessed.


1kind of government.

Sort.

90

(§ 6.) Hence, foreign 1intrigue might be

Finesse.


brought to bear 1upon one or a few states,

On.


and 1induce them to adopt monarchical governments:

Actuate.


it had been even 1suggested that

Hinted.


Washington should be 1king. Experience

Monarch.

95

1proved that the confederacy could not long

Demonstrated.


1continue; that there must be a government

Remain.


of more power and 1energy; that, to maintain

Force.

do their prefixes denote? (§ 5) 15. What is the difference between quarrels and dissensions, in the 81st line? 16. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 17. What is the difference between each and every, in the 86th line? 18. Illustrate in sentences their significations. (§ 6.) 19. Why do you suppose it of the utmost importance to preserve domestic tranquillity? 20. What is the difference between upon and on, in the 91st line? 21. Spell each word in its order


160 COMMENTARY ON THE

the union, and secure domestic 1tranquillity,

Quiet.

was of the utmost importance. 1Separate

Different.

100

states would not have the 1power to

Ability

defend themselves against foreign 1aggression;

Assaults.

the weak would be 1unable successfully

Not able.

to contend against the strong; 1rivalries,

Competitions

jealousies, and 1retaliatory measures would

Revenging.

105

be 1interminable. Those who had been rocked

Unlimited.

in the cradle of 1disunion, and experienced

Separation.

the horrors of war, well knew that the 1happiness

Bliss.

and 1greatness of nations, as well as

Strength.

families, consisted in 1piety and domestic

Devoutness

110

1tranquillity.

in the first simple sentence of section six. 22. In the second. 23. In the third. 24. What advantage is there in spelling words from one's reading lesson? 25. What in spelling them seriatim 1

LESSON XXXI.

(§ 1.) THE fourth 1object in establishing

Design.

the Constitution was, "to 1provide for the

Make provision.

common 1defence." As the present state of

Protection.

human society is 1constituted, the powerful

Formed.

5

are 1prone to disregard the rights of the weak.

Disposed.

The history of the world exhibits the 1mournful

Melancholy.

fact, that individuals and nations are 1disposed

Prone.

to consider their immediate 1pecuniary

Monetary.

interest, and not their own permanent 1welfare,

Benefit.

10

the cause of justice, or the 1inalienable

Inherent.

rights of man. 1 Innumerable instances have

Numberless.

(§ 1.) 1. What was the object of the framers of the Constitution? 2 What does the history of the world show? (§ 2.) 3. What is the

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 161

1occurred, in which the most unwarrantable

Transpired.

and unprovoked 1assaults have been made

Attacks.

upon the 1weak and defenceless. (§ 2.) The

Feeble.

15

1founders of our republic justly considered it

Establishers

a matter of the utmost 1importance to shield

Consequence

their dearly-bought treasure � the 1 legacy

Inheritance.

they were to 1 bequeath, not to their posterity

Give by will.

alone, but 1eventually to all mankind � against

Finally.

20

the 1arts, the arms, and the machinations of

Artifices.

the 1crowned heads of Europe. In union

Kings.

there would be less danger of war 1among

Between.

the states; without it, the 1chances of war

Liabilities.

would increase, in exact 1ratio to the 2augmented

Proportion.

25

number of states. There would be

2 Increased.

no guarantee against the most 1prolific of all

Fruitful.

1sources of war disputes about boundaries.

Causes.

(§ 3.) If our forefathers feared 1collision

Clashing.

among only thirteen nations � if they 1saw

Observed.

3C

the 1necessity of union then to guard against

Need.

dissensions at home, and assaults from

Invasions.

abroad, it may be interesting and 1profitable

Beneficial

for us to examine 1briefly some of the grounds

Concisely.

on which they predicated their views, in

Established.

35

providing better for the 1common defence.

General.

They 1viewed the early history of the mother

Beheld.

country, divided into seven 1 kingdoms, unconnected

Realms.

with Scotland and Ireland, 1subjected

Exposed.

difference between inheritance and legacy, in the 17th line? 4. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 5. What is the difference between among and between, in the 22d line? 6. Is the impression conveyed by some of the dictionaries, that between is restricted to two, correct? 7. Assign your reasons for this opinion. (§ 3.) 8. Give a synopsis of section third. 9. Illustrate the difference between need and necessity, in the 30th line? 10. What is the difference between


162 COMMENTARY ON THE

to insults and wrongs � a 1scourged

Chastised.

40

and 1 timid victim of all warlike nations.

Fearful

They traced the causes of the 1growing and

Increasing.

constantly advancing 1greatness of England,

Power.

as century after century passed 1away, to the

By.

1augmented and cemented union at home, till

Increased.

45

all the nations of the 1earth respected the

World.

British 1name, and awarded to England the

Appellation.

proud title of mistress of the 1ocean. (§ 4.)

Sea.

A 1memento of the effects of disunion, and

Memorial.

its results, misery, 1imbecility, and ruin, was

Weakness.

50

to be seen in the 1aboriginal inhabitants of

Indians

1this country. After having degenerated from

America.

time 1immemorial, the Indians, at the era of

Oat of mind.

the 1discovery of America, were numerous,

Finding out.

and 1consecrated themselves to war; yet, by

Devoted.

55

disunion, 1tribe after 1tribe was overcome by

Sept.

the European 1conquerors, until, where millions

Invaders.

of the aborigines were formerly 1marshalled

Mustered.

in 1battle array, no vestige remained

Order of battle.

of their 1existence.

Being.

60

(§ 5.) The measure of their 1irrational

Unreasonablo.

career has been 1filled. No more do the

Made full.

midnight 1orgies of barbarous 2incantations

Revelries.

disgrace human nature, and pollute Atlantic

2 Enchantments.

soil. Their only 1monument is the history

Memento.

65

written by their 1conquerors, which will ever

Victors.

ocean and sea, in the 47th line? (§ 4.) 11. Repeat the substance of section four? 12. What is the difference between consecrated and devoted, in the 54th line? 13. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 14. What is the difference between tribe and sept, in the 55th line? 15. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. (§ 5.) 16. What is the only monument of the aborigines of the Atlantic states? 17. In what way is the common defence best secured?

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 163

remain, to exhibit the 1results of war, and to

Consequences.

afford a 1salutary lesson to all succeeding

Beneficial.

ages, that the "common defence" is best secured,

Generations.

not by the 1constant use of arms, but

Continual.

70

by 1fraternal union. (§ 6.) Since the Constitution

Brotherly.

was 1formed, Europe has furnished

Framed.

incontestable proofs of the 1wisdom of our

Prudence.

ancestors. Hereditary kings and 1nobles

Peers.

have made common cause to 1extirpate every

Eradicate.

75

root of republican 1principles. The soil of

Tenets.

Europe has been 1soaked with the blood of

Steeped,

millions 1struggling for liberty. The people

Striving.

of France and Greece have had, 1against

Contrary to.

their 1will, monarchical forms of government

Inclination.

80

1prescribed for them by the "Holy Alliance."

Established.

Unhappy Poland has been 1crushed by

Overwhelmed.

the 1tyrants' power, and blotted from the list

Despots'.

of nations. Without union, standing 1armies

Battalions.

would be as 1requisite in America as in Europe.

Indispensable.

85

One of the 1champions of the Con-

Zealous supporters.

stitution 1said, that "without standing armies,

Remarked.

the 1liberties of republics can never be in

Privileges.

1danger; nor, with large armies, safe."

Jeopardy.

(§ 7.) The fifth object of the 1framers of

Fabricators.

90

the Constitution, was "to 1promote the general

Advance.

welfare." In a country so 1extensive

Large.

18. What is the difference between ages and generations, in the 68th line? 19. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. (§ 6.) 20. Repeat the substance of section six. 21. What is the difference between wisdom and prudence, in the 72d line? 22. Between nobles and peers, in the 73d line? 23 Why does the word tyrants, in the 82d line, mean more than one, when the same word is often used to express the oppression of a single despot? 24. Illustrate the importance of punctuation, by examples in sentences. (§ 7.) 25. What was the fifth object of the framers of the Constitution? 26. What must necessarily


164 COMMENTARY ON THE

as the American republic, there must 1necessarily

Indispensably.

exist a variety of 1pursuits, and of

Objects.

1occupations among the people of the different

Vocations.

95

states. The 1apparent policy of one state

Seeming.

might 1induce it to import all goods free of

Incite.

1duty, whereas another state would impose

Impost.

duties upon all imported 1goods, in order to

Articles.

encourage their constant 1manufacture at

Making.

100

home. (§ 8.) No 1plan of legislation could

Scheme.

be 1devised, which would be acceptable in a

Contrived.

1pecuniary view to all the people in every

Monetary.

part of the Union. Hence the 1importance

Necessity.

of a national 1government that would look

Administration.

105

with impartial eyes upon every 1part of the

Section.

Union, and 1adopt only such laws as would

Enact

1contribute the greatest amount of benefit to

Yield.

the greatest 1numbers. A just and wise

Multitudes.

administration must 1award to each section

Adjudge.

110

corresponding advantages, and 1enact laws,

Frame.

and make 1appropriations that perpetually

Grants.

1redound to the glory and lasting benefit

Contribute.

of the whole country. (§ 9.) 1Separate states

Individual

look generally to the 1immediate interests of

Particular.

115

their own people. No power is so 1likely

Apt

to keep in view the rights of the 1 citizens

Denizens.

of all the other states, as the 1general government.

Chief.

1Commerce, the greatest source

Traffic.

exist, in a country so extensive as ours? (§ 8.) 27. Is there any plan of legislation that will contribute equally to the pecuniary gain of every part of the country? 28. What are your reasons for this opinion? 29. What are some of the advantages of a national government? (§ 9.) 30, Give a synopsis of section nine. 31. What is the difference between citizens and denizens, in the 116th line? 32. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. 33. What is the differ-

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 165

of wealth, of 1improvement, and of civilization,

Advancement

120

if left to the 1protection of single state

Guardianship

governments, would be 1destroyed by the

Ruined.

jealous and 1arrogant powers of Europe.

Haughty.

Under the 1protecting care of the Union,

Fostering.

the American 1flag commands respect in

Banner.

135

every part of the 1world, and is one of the

Earth.

mightiest 1bulwarks of knowledge. Hence

Shields.

the general welfare is best 1promoted by the

Advanced.

1Union.

Confederation.

(§ 10.) The sixth and 1last object mentioned

Final.

130

by the 1framers of the Constitution was,

Makers.

to " 1secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves

Insure.

and our 1posterity." American liberty

Descendants.

had been obtained by 1an immense sacrifice

A vast.

of treasure and of life. The people had 1endured

Suffered.

135

all the horrors and 1misery of war.

Dreadfulness

Hence the 1authors of the Constitution fully appreciated

Originators.

the 1inestimable blessings of civil

Invaluable.

and 1religious liberty. (§ 11.) Hence, they

Spiritual.

wished to 1establish a government that might

Form.

140

combine1 durability with moderation of power

Permanency.

� energy with 1equality of rights � responsibility

Similarity.

with a 1sense of independence � steadiness

Knowledge.

of 1counsels with popular elections �

Deliberations

and a lofty 1spirit of patriotism with the love

Zeal for.

145

of personal 1aggrandisement � to combine

Advancement.

the 1happiness of the whole with the least

Welfare.

practicable 1restraints, so as to insure permanence

Restrictions.

ence between flag and banner, in the 124th line? 34. Illustrate in sentences their various significations. (§ 10.) 35. What was the sixth object of the authors of the Constitution? 36. In what way was American liberty obtained? (§ 11.) 37. Give a detailed account of


166 COMMENTARY ON THE

in the public institutions, 1intelligent

Wise.

legislation, and 1incorruptible private virtue.

Pure.

150

The success of the 1labors of the framers

Toils.

of the Constitution has 1thus far been without

So.

1a parallel. (§ 12.) Here, thought is

An equal.

liberal, conduct free, 1property and person

Wealth.

1secure, manners independent; and here mind

Safe.

155

enjoys its free 1scope. With us alone, now

Exercise.

rests the chief responsibility of 1testing the

Trying.

practicability of a 1republican government.

Free.

We stand as a 1beacon of hope to the enslaved

Signal.

millions of other lands, and an object of 1distrust

Suspicion.

160

and 1dread to their oppressors. The

Fear.

success or failure of our 1example, will dispense

Precedent.

1light and liberty to the world, or

Knowledge.

1strengthen the hands of tyrants, draw still

Nerve.

1firmer the chains, and extinguish for ages

Closer.

165

the hopes of the oppressed. May no 1dissensions,

Disagreements.

no vice or corruption, 1destroy our

Annihilate.

1flattering prospects; and may no dazzling

Favorable.

visions of ambition, no 1specious pretensions

Plausible.

of deceiving tyrants, ever 1induce us to betray

Cause.

170

our high and 1sacred trust.

Holy.

THE CONSTITUTION

That 1monolith, so lofty and enduring,

Obelisk.

Which fills the eye with its 1proportions grand,

Dimensions.

Has long since 1proved its fitness for securing

Shown.

Unnumber'd blessings to our 1favor'd land.

Happy.

175

It is a 1proper monument beside,

Fitting

For all its 1authors, mighty, pure, and sage,

Framers.

Who are 1indeed their grateful country's pride,�

In truth.

The crowning glory of a 1trying age.

Testing.

section eleven (§ 12) 38. What great responsibility rests with us? 39 What is the meaning of monolith�of obelisk, in the 171st line? 40. Illustrate the difference between them.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 167

LESSON XXXII.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.*

(§ 1.) THE 1exercise of legislative, executive,

Employment

and judicial 1powers, is indispensable to

Authorities.

the energy and 1stability of government.

Permanency.

Whenever these are all 1vested in one person,

Reposed.

5

or 1 body of men, the government is a

Assemblage.

despotism. Their entire 1separation in our

Detachment.

Constitution, 1forms one of the strongest possible

Gives.

securities to public liberty and 1private

Individual.

rights. The 1advantages of a division in the

Benefits.

10

legislative power, also, are 1numerous. It

Manifold.

1interposes a check upon hasty or oppressive

Places.

legislation; opposes 1a barrier to the accumulation

An obstruction.

of all powers in a single body, 1prevents

Hinders.

any 1artifices of popular leaders, and

Machinations

15

secures a calm review of the same 1measures

Acts.

by differently 1organized bodies.

Constructed.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

(§ 2.) Section second 1relates to the structure

Refers.

and 1organization of the house of representatives.

Establishment.

This being the more 1popular

Democratic

20

branch of the legislature, the 1members are

Representatives

1elected at intervals of only two years, that

Chosen.

the people may have frequent 1opportunities

Chances.

(§ 1.) 1. What are some of the evils arising from a want of union? 2. In what are all legislative powers vested? 3. Of how many branches is Congress composed * 4. What powers are necessary to government? 5. What does their separation form? 6. What are the advantages of a division in the legislative department? (§ 2.) 7 How often are the members of the House of Representatives chosen?

Teachers who wish to continue the examples on the meaning of words, are referred to the Index of synonyms and mental exercises * See Article I of the Constitution, sections 1 and 2 Page 118 and 119.


168 COMMENTARY ON THE

of expressing their approval or 1disapproval

Disapprobation.

of their 1conduct, and of making known their

Proceedings.

25

wishes through them. A representative

Desires.

should be of 1sufficient age to enjoy the benefits

Proper.

of some experience, to have his 1judgment

Understanding.

1matured, and his principles established,

Well formed.

and generally known. 1Aliens cannot be expected

Foreigners.

30

to have that 1attachment to the soil and

Regard.

interests of the country, nor that 1acquaintance

Familiarity.

with its institutions, which is 1necessary

Requisite.

to constitute patriotic or 1efficient public officers.

Competent.

It is 1important that a representative

Essential.

35

should possess 1a familiar knowledge of the

An intimate.

interests of those whom he represents, and

Advantages.

share with them the 1results of the measures

Effects.

which he may 1support. (§ 3.) The number

Uphold.

of representatives was 1restricted to one for

Limited.

40

every thirty thousand 1inhabitants, that the

Citizens.

House might not become 1unreasonably large,

Immoderately.

and too unwieldy for the 1transaction of business.

Performance

There is also much 1wisdom and

Discreetness.

consideration 1manifested in that provision,

Exhibited.

45

which 1secures to every state, however small,

Grants.

one representative. Otherwise the 1ratio of representation

Proportion.

might be 1raised so high as to

Elevated.

exclude the smaller states from any share of

Debar.

the legislative power in one 1 branch. The

House.

8. By whom? 9. What are the qualifications for electors? 10. Why is a short term of office selected? 11. What are the qualifications requisite for members of the House? 12. Why is a qualification in respect to age necessary? 13. Why are aliens excluded? 14. Why should the representative be an inhabitant of the state in which he is chosen? (§ 3.) 15. How are representatives apportioned? 16, See Article I. of the Constitution, sections 1 and 2, page 118 and 119.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 169

50

ratio of representation 1established by act of

Made.

Congress, for the census of 1850, is 1one

A member.

representative for 93,420 1inhabitants.

Souls

(§ 4.) The power of 1impeachment is the

Arraignment

right to present a written 1accusation against

Charge.

55

persons in high 1offices, for the purpose of

Trusts.

bringing them to trial for any 1misconduct.

Misdemeanor

Persons of high 1rank and influence, who

Station.

might escape punishment before the 1ordinary

Common.

tribunals, may thus be brought to 1justice.

TriaL

[The Representatives in Congress for each State are, Me 6, N H 3, Vt 3, Mass 11. R I 2,

Ct 4, N Y & N. J 5, Fa 25, Del 1, Md 6, Va 13, N C 8, S C 6, Ga 8. Fl 1, Ala 7, Miss 5,

La 4, Tex. 2, Ark. 2. Tenn 10, Ky 10, Mo 7, O 21, Mich 4, la 11, Ill 9, Wis 3, Iowa 2, Cal 2, and one Delegate for each Territory Each State is entitled to two U S. Senators ]

SENATE.*

(§ 5.) Two senators are 1chosen from each

Selected.

state, so that in this 1branch all the states are

Division.

1equal; and though the small states may be

Alike.

65

1outvoted in the other branch, by the large

Overcome.

ones, here, the smallest stand on a 1perfect

Complete.

1equality with the largest. The members are

Level.

1chosen by the state legislatures, and are

Elected.

1therefore the representatives of these bodies,

Accordingly.

70

and not of the people 1directly. A term of

Immediately.

six years 1secures greater stability in its

Insures.

counsels, and more 1experience and information

Practice.

in its members, than a 1shorter term.

Briefer.

How is the census to be made? 17. How is the number of representatives limited? 18. Why thus limited? 19. Why is it important that each state should have at least one representative? 20. What is the ratio established in 1850? (§ 4.) 21. How are vacancies filled? 22. How are the speaker and other officers chosen? 23. Over what has the House sole power? 24. What is the power of impeachment? (§ 5.) 25. Of what is the Senate composed? 26. How are the members chosen? 27. For what time? 28. Why is an equal number chosen from each state? 29. What do the senators represent? 30. What does a term of six years secure? 31. What proportion is chosen * See Article I. of the Constitution, section 3 page 130.


170 COMMENTARY ON THE

The 1whole body is changed in six years,

Entire.

75

and 1must always retain a large share of experience

May.

in public 1matters. The Senate is

Aflairs.

an 1important check upon government; and

Essential.

it is worthy of 1remark, that those republics

Observation.

which 1endured the longest, and secured

Continued.

80

most the 1respect of mankind, have been

Regard.

1shielded by the wisdom and foresight of

Protected.

Senates. (§ 6.) The 1office of Senator being,

Post.

in some respects, more 1important than that

Momentous.

of Representative, greater age is 1required.

Demanded.

85

The term of citizenship is also 1increased, on

Lengthened.

account of the 1connexion of the Senate with

Intercourse.

1foreign nations, in the appointment of ambassadors,

Distant.

and the formation of 1treaties.

Agreements.

Nine years does not appear to be an 1unreasonable

Inconsistent.

90

term for a foreigner to lose his 1attachment

Regard.

for his 1native country, and become

Mother.

1identified with the interests of his adopted

Joined.

1country.

Land.

(§ 7.) A Senator must also be 1an inhabitant

A resident.

95

of the State which he 1represents, that

Acts for.

he may be acquainted with the 1 local interests

Particular.

and 1wants of the State, and share in

Requirements.

the effect of 1measures, relating to the rights

Acts.

and 1sovereignty of the State. Here, we

Supremacy.

100

may 1observe, that no qualification, as to property,

Remark.

every second year? 32. How may temporary appointments be made? 33. In what time is the whole body changed? 34. What does it always retain? 35. What are the qualifications requisite for a senator? (§ 6.) 36. Why is greater age required for a Senator than for a member of the House? 37. Why a longer term of citizenship? 38. Why should he be an inhabitant of the State which he represents? (§ 7.) See Article I. of the Constitution, section 3, page 120.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 171

is required either in 1regard to Senators

Respect.

or Representatives. 1Merit and talent

Worth.

have free access to the highest 1stations of

Offices.

honor in the land, and thus receive 1direct

Immediate.

105

and powerful 1encouragement. (§ 8.) The

Assistance.

Senate is the most 1suitable body upon which

Proper.

the trial of 1impeachments could have been

Crimes.

1conferred. It is generally composed of men

Bestowed.

of 1distinguished talent, mature age, and ripe

Eminent.

110

experience, in whose wisdom and 1integrity

Uprightness.

the whole country have 1confidence. In a

Credence.

great degree removed from popular 1passions,

Impulses.

and the influence of 1sectional prejudices, they

TerritoriaL

would be likely to act 1impartially. On account

Equitably.

115

of their numbers, and the 1assurance

Confidence.

arising from 1permanency of place and dignity

Stability.

of station, they would act 1independently.

Without restraint.

(§ 9.) It is, 1moreover, a political body, well

Furthermore

1acquainted with the rights and duties of the

Familiar.

120

public 1officers who may be brought before

Functionaries.

it Trials for 1impeachment are not such as

Misdemeanors.

1usually come before the Supreme Court; the

Customarily.

court is not, therefore, 1accustomed to examining

Used.

cases of political 1delinquency.

Guilt.

125

1Besides, one of its judges may be the very

Moreover.

person to be 1impeached. In that case

Arraigned.

39. Is there any property qualification required in a Senator? 40. Who is president of the Senate? 41. When may he vote? 42. What officers are chosen by the Senate? (§ 8.) 43. What body has sole power to try impeachments, and who presides when the president is to be tried? 44. What number is necessary to convict? 45. What are some of the reasons why the Senate is the most suitable body for the trial of impeachments? (§ 9 ) 46. Why is not the Supreme Court suitable for the trial of impeachments? (§ 10.) 47. How far does See Article I. of the Constitution, section 3 page 121.


172 COMMENTARY ON THE

the court would be 1 likely to feel a strong

Apt.

1partiality for one of its members. (§ 10.)

Favor.

The 1object of impeachment is punishment

Purpose.

130

for a political 1offence, hence the removal from

Transgression.

office 1appears to be sufficient. Yet, the guilty

Seems.

can not 1escape chastisement, they are amenable

Avoid.

to trial and 1punishment in the courts

Penalty.

of law. For this 1reason, trial for impeachment

Cause.

135

may have been 1excluded from the

Debarred.

courts; for then, they would 1decide twice

Determine.

upon the same 1offence. (§ 11.) Each state is

Crime.

1allowed to consult its own local convenience

Permitted.

in reference to the time and place of 1election.

Choosing.

140

As the 1ability of the government

Power.

to carry on its 1operations, depends upon

Measures.

these elections, the 1ultimate power to make

Final.

or alter such 1regulations, in order to preserve

Schemes.

the 1efficiency of the government, is

Energy.

45

1placed in Congress. Otherwise, the government

Vested.

would possess no 1means of self-preservation.

Power.

The more 1carefully we examine

Accurately.

the nice 1arrangement and the skilful distribution

Order.

of the powers of the 1Constitution,

Supreme law

150

the more shall we be 1impressed with the

Convinced of.

surpassing wisdom of its 1construction, and

Formation.

the more shall we 1imbibe the patriotic zeal

Receive.

of its 1framers.

Coustructers.

judgment extend in cases of impeachment? 48. To what else is the convicted party, liable? 49. Why were trials for impeachment excluded from courts? (§ 11.) 50. How are the times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, prescribed? 51. Who may alter such regulations? 52. With what exception? 53. Why is this power necessarily left to Congress? See Article I. of the Constitution, section 4 page 122.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 173

LESSON XXXIII.

DUTIES AND COMPENSATION OF THE MEMBERS; AND OP THE POWERS OF CONGRESS.*

(§ 1.) THE power to judge of 1 elections

Choice made of officers.

must be 1 lodged somewhere, in order to prevent

Placed.

1impositions; and if vested in any other

Wrongs.

body, might prove 1dangerous to the legislative

Hazardous.

5

department. It is 1important that some

Requisite.

number should be fixed for the 1transaction

Performance.

of business; or laws might 1 sometimes be

Occasionally.

1passed by a minority, and thus defeat the

Enacted.

1design of the Constitution. A power to

Object.

10

1compel the attendance of absentees is also

Enforce.

indispensable, or legislation might be 1utterly

Totally.

suspended. No body can 1transact business

Do.

with proper 1order and deliberation, nor preserve

Method.

its 1dignity and self-respect, without

Honor.

15

the 1power of making and enforcing its own

Ability.

1rules. (§ 2.) A member, knowing that his

Regulations.

1vote upon every question is recorded where

Suffrage.

it is 1exposed to public view, and may be

Open.

brought in 1judgment against him, will vote

Account.

20

with 1deliberation and caution upon every

Consideration.

1measure presented for consideration. Both

Act.

Houses must concur to 1enact a law. Hence

Make.

the provision to prevent 1unnecessary adjournment

Useless.

(§ 1.) 1. Of what is each House the judge? 2. What constitutes a quorum? 3. What may a smaller number do? 4. Why is the power to judge of the elections, &c., of its own members, given to each House? 5. Why should a majority be required to constitute a quorum?

6. What power has each House over its proceedings and members?

7. Why are these powers necessary to Congress? (§ 2.) 8. What

« See Article I. of the Constitution, section 5 page 122.


174 COMMENTARY ON THE


and needless 1delay in the transaction of

Retarding.

25

business. Congress must 1adjourn, every second

Prorogue.


year, on the 3d of March, 1 because on

For.


that day the term of 1office of all the representatives

Service.


and one-third of the senators 1expires.

Terminates.


(§ 3.) 1Objections have been made to allowing

Exceptions.

30

a 1compensation to members, because

Recompense.


it was alleged that it 1tempted the unworthy to

Incited.


intrigue for office, 1chiefly on account of the

Mainly.


pay. On the other hand, if no 1compensasation

Remuneration.


was 1allowed, none but the wealthy

Granted.

35

would be found in the 1halls of Congress, and

Seats.


1poverty might exclude the highest merit from

Indigence.


the 1councils of the nation. Senators and

Assemblies.


Representatives are 1paid from the national

Compensated


1treasury eight dollars per day. The exemption

Repository.

40

of members from 1arrest, must not be considered

Seizure.


a personal privilege, for the 1benefit of

Advantage.


the member, but for the benefit of his 1constituents,

Fellow-counsellors.


who might be deprived of his 1services

Labors.


and 1influence in the national councils.

Weight

45

1Exemption from being questioned for "any

Freedom.


speech or debate," is also a public right, 1designed

Instituted.


to secure independence and 1firmness

Stability.

must each House keep, and from time to time publish? 9. What proportion is necessary to have the yeas and nays entered on the journal? 10. What is the object of this? 11. How long can one House adjourn without the consent of the other? 12. Why cannot it adjourn for a longer time? 13. Why must Congress adjourn every second year on the 3d of March? 14. In what cases are they privileged from arrest? 15. Can they be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in either House? (§ 3.) 16. What are some of the reasons for allowing compensation to members? 17. How much are they paid? 18. For what reasons are they privileged from arrest? 19. From being questioned for any speech or debate? (§ 4.) 20. What offices are the members See Article I. of the Constitution, section 6 page 123.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 175


in action, and freedom in 1debate. (§ 4.)

Discussion.


1Legislators are prevented from holding

Lawgivers.

50

any office 1inconsistent with their legislative

Incompatible


duties. 1An intermingling of the departments

A commingling.


is also 1prevented. The House of Representatives

Obviated.


have the power of 1levying taxes.

Assessing.


The probable reason why 1revenue bills

Income.

55

must 1originate in the House of Representatives

Have origin.


is, that the members are 1elected

Chosen.


1directly by the people, and therefore acquainted

Immediately


with their local 1interests and their

Advantages.


wishes. But the Senators are 1chosen by

Elected.

60

the 1 legislatures of the states. It is also in

Assemblies.


accordance with the 1usages of the British

Customs.


Parliament. All bills for 1raising revenue

Collecting.


must 1originate in the House of Commons,

Commence.


which 1corresponds with our House of Representatives.

Is similar to.

65

According to the 1usages of

Practices.


Congress, bills that indirectly 1create or augment

Make.


the revenue, 1may originate in the Senate

Can.


as well as the House of 1Representatives.

Delegates.


(§ 5.) The Veto is generally regarded as

Prohibition.

70

imposing a salutary 1check upon rash and

Restraint.


hasty legislation. The 1power of the president

Authority.


is only 1negative, and is not absolute;

Conditional.


for if a bill be 1passed by a vote of two-thirds,

Carried.


after 1reconsideration, it becomes a law, notwithstanding

Review.

75

his veto. The veto 1power has,

Privilege.

prohibited from holding? 21. Why? 22. Where do revenue bills originate? 23. Why? 24. To whom must every bill be presented before it can become a law? (§ 5.) 25. What is done if he vetoes it? 26. Can a bill become a law without his signature? 27. How? 28. What is the object of the veto power? 29. What objections have

See Article I. of the Constitution, section 7 page 124.


176 COMMENTARY ON THE

however, in its present form, many 1opposers,

Opponents.

who 1contend that it is a monarchical feature

Argue.

in the government � 1enables one man

Helps.

to set his private 1opinions against the wishes

Views.

80

of the people � and ought to be 1modified.

Changed.

(§ 6.) The adjournment is very 1properly

Wisely.

left to the 1discretion of Congress, unless the

Judgment.

two houses disagree, when it 1devolves on

Passes to.

the President. The eighth 1section of article

Division.

85

first 1specifies the legislative powers conferred

Names.

on Congress. Congress has power to 1 lay

Levy.

and 1collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises,

Gather.

in order to 1pay the debts, and provide

Cancel.

for the common 1defence and general welfare,

Protection.

90

but for no other 1purpose. They must

Object.

be 1uniform. Congress is thus prohibited

Equal.

from giving an 1undue preference to any

Improper.

particular 1section of the Union, or to the

Part.

particular 1interests of any party.

Benefits.

95

(§ 7.) In 1times of war, the expenses of

Seasons.

one year may 1exceed the revenue of many

Be more than

years. 1Emergencies may also arise in times

Exigencies.

of peace, when the 1ordinary revenue would

Usual

be found 1insufficient to meet the demands

Inadequate.

100

upon government. In such cases the 1efficiency

Power.

of the government would be 1greatly

Much.

been made to it? 30. To whom must every order, resolution, or vote be presented? (§ 6.) 31. Can Congress adjourn without the consent of the president? 32. What if the two Houses disagree? 33. For what purposes has Congress power to lay and collect taxes, &c.? 34. Must they be uniform? 35. Why is it important? 36. Illustrate the difference between taxes and duties. 37. Between imposts and excises. 38. Illustrate in sentences their various meanings. (§ 7.) 39. How may congress borrow money? 40. For what purposes is this

See Article I. of the Constitution, section 8 page 125.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 177

1impaired, without the power to collect taxes,

Weakened.

its existence might be 1endangered. The

Jeoparded.

power to 1regulate commerce with foreign

Adjust.

105

nations can only be safely 1entrusted to Congress.

Committed.

It cannot be 1 left to the states. Experience

Submitted.

under the Confederation 1taught this.

Showed.

Each state then 1pursued its own imaginary

Followed.

local interests; opposite and 1conflicting regulations

Clashing.

110

were adopted; 1rivalry and jealousy

Competition.

impelled each to retaliatory 1measures. Our

Proceedings.

commerce 1declined, and became the prey

Diminished.

of foreign nations; contention was rife; 1anarchy

Confusion.

and ruin 1seemed to be near at hand.

Appeared.

115

(§ 8.) To prevent conflicting 1arrangements

Plans.

by the states, the power to 1establish "a uniform

Create.

rule of 1naturalization" is given to Congress.

Indenization.

1Citizens of one state are entitled to

Residents.

the rights and 1privileges of citizens in another.

Advantages.

120

Now, if one state should 1require

Ask,

a long 1term of residence, and another a

Period.

short one, 1a foreigner by becoming naturalized

An alien.

in that which required the 1shortest

Briefest

term, might 1immediately remove to any

At once.

125

other, and 1claim all the privileges of a citizen.

Demand.

The term of 1 residence required by

Habitation.

Congress is five years. Bankrupt 1 laws are

Statutes.

designed to obtain for honest but unfortunate

Intended.

debtors a 1discharge from debts which they

Clearance.

130

are unable to 1pay. They also secure to

Discharge.

power necessary? 41. What power has congress over commerce?

42. What example shows that it could not be left to the states? (§ 8.)

43. What power has congress with regard to naturalization and bank-

See Article I. of the Constitution, section 8 page 126.


178 COMMENTARY ON THE


creditors a full 1surrender of, and an equal

Resignation.


participation in, the 1effects of the debtor.

Property.


The states have power to pass 1bankrupt

Insolvent.


laws, when there is no bankrupt 1law of the

Enactment.

135

United States in 1force.

Operation


(§ 9.) Money being the 1standard by which

Medium.


all merchandise and 1property of every kind,

Effects.


as well as the value of labor, are 1measured,

Gauged.


should be of 1uniform value throughout the

Equal.

140

nation. A like reason might be 1assigned

Given.


for 1fixing the standard of weights and measures.

Establishing.


They cannot, therefore, be 1 left to

Referred.


the states, as this would produce 1interminable

Continual.


confusion and 1embarrassment. Congress

Perplexity.

145

has power to punish 1infringements

Encroachments.


upon its sole right to 1coin money, and to

Mint.


prevent 1forgery and fraud upon its securities

Counterfeiting.


when it 1 borrows money. (§ 10.) As

Hires.


the mails are to be 1carried to all parts of

Conveyed.

150

the Union, the 1adoption of any uniform

Selection.


system of 1regulations by the different states

Rules.


would be 1impossible. The post-office is one of

Unattainable


the most 1useful departments of government.

Beneficial.


By it, 1intelligence, literary and private, is

Information.

155

1disseminated through the country with great

Spread.


1speed and regularity. It keeps the people

Dispatch.


constantly 1advised of the doings of their

Informed.

ruptcies? 44. Why may not the states enact naturalization laws? 45. For what are bankrupt laws designed? (§ 9.) 46. What power has congress over moneys, weights and measures? 47. For what reason is this power given to Congress rather than to the states? 48. In what case may Congress punish counterfeiting? (10) 49. What power has it in regard to post-offices and post-roads? 50. Why?

See Article I of the Constitution section 8 page 126.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 179


rulers, which is 1indispensable for a free government.

Requisite.


1Authors of valuable works, and

Writers.

160

1discoverers of useful inventions ought to be

Introducers.


1considered public benefactors, and should

Deemed.


receive encouragement and 1reward for their

Compensation.


labors. They cannot obtain 1 protection

Support


from the states. A copy-right or a 1patent,

Privilege.

165

given by one state, might be 1violated with

Invaded.


impunity by all the 1others.

Best.


(§ 11.) Piracy is 1generally defined to be

Usually.


robbery upon the 1high seas. Pirates are the

Open waters


declared 1enemies of all nations, and may

Foes.

170

be 1punished by any realm. The law of

Condemned.


nations can only be 1deduced from reason

Drawn.


and the law of nature, the 1practices

Usages.


and general consent of the 1civilized world.

Learned.


Each government is 1responsible to foreign

Answerable.

173

authorities for the 1conduct of its citizens

Deportment.


on the high seas, and must have 1power to

Authority.


punish any 1infraction of the law of nations.

Violation.


(§ 12.) The power to 1declare war

Wage.


must 1evidently be deposited with the general

Obviously.

180

government. It seems to belong 1appropriately

Fitly.


to Congress, where all the 1states and

Commonwealths


all the 1people are represented. Congress

Inhabitants.


may raise and 1support armies; but no appropriation

Sustain.

51. What are the benefits of this department? 52. How may Congress promote science and the useful arts? 53. Why may not a state grant a copy-right or patent? 54. What power has Congress in regard to establishing tribunals? (§ 11 ) 55. What power in regard to piracies and the laws of nations? 56. What is piracy? 57. Why may any government punish offences against the laws of nations? (§ 12.) 58. What power has Congress in regard to war? 59. Why is this power appropriate to Congress 1 60. What are letters of marque and See Article I. of the Constitution, section 8 page 126.


180 COMMENTARY ON THE

of money to that 1use shall "be for

Purpose.

185

a longer 1term than two years." Without

Period.

this authority, the power to 1declare war

Make.

would be 1nugatory. It secures promptitude

Ineffectual.

of action; and by being always 1prepared

Ready.

for war, a nation may frequently 1avoid it.

Prevent

190

This power is also important, for the 1sup-

Checking.

pression of domestic 1insurrections. As this

Rebellions.

power might be 1abused in times of peace,

Misused.

a restriction is placed upon the grant of 1ap-

Supplies.

propriations for the 1support of armies.

Maintenance

195

(§ 13.) Congress 1may "provide for and

Can.

1maintain a navy." This power has the same

Support.

1objects as that to raise and maintain armies.

Designs.

It is 1considered less dangerous to the liber-

Thought

ties of the people than 1an army. There is

A soldiery.

200

no 1record of any nation having been de-

Account.

prived of liberty by its 1navy, while many have

Fleet of ships

been ruined by their 1armies. A navy is very

Land forces.

1important for the protection of commerce,

Needful.

and is a strong arm of 1defence in war.

Protection.

205

Congress may "make rules for the 1govern-

Control.

ment and 1regulation of the land and naval

Management

forces." This power is 1an indispensable

A necessary.

consequence of the 1preceding clauses. (§ 14.)

Previous.

The next power of Congress is to 1pro-

Make provision.

210

vide for "calling forth the militia to 1exe-

Enforce.

reprisal? 61. For what purpose are they granted? 62. What power in regard to armies? 63. How is this power restricted? 64. What are its objects? (§ 13.) 65. What power in regard to a navy? 66. What are the benefits of a navy? 67. What power in regard to the regulation of land and naval forces? 68. To what is this power incident? (§ 14.) 69. For what purposes may Congress call forth the See Article I. of the Constitution, section 8. page 127.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 181

cute the laws of the Union, 1suppress insur-

Subdue.

rections, and repel 1invasions." Among a

Incursions.

free people, there are the 1strongest objec-

Greatest.

tions to 1maintaining a large standing army,

Supporting.

215

justly deemed the 1curse of republics. This

Bane.

power of calling on the 1militia prevents this

Citizen soldiery.

necessity, which must otherwise 1exist, for

Be.

the purpose of 1suppressing insurrections and

Subduing.

riots. The power 1exercised by Congress

Wielded.

220

over the militia is designed to 1secure uni-

Maintain.

formity and energy of action, while the 1con-

Governance.

trol left to the states 1prevents them from

Hinders.

being 1entirely deprived of the means of mili-

Wholly.

tary defence, in any sudden 1emergency.

Exigency.

225

(§ 15.) 1Congress, to maintain its dignity

Government

and enforce its 1authority, must be free from

Statutes.

state laws and 1govern the district where its

Rule.

members meet. At the close of the 1Revo-

First war with England.

lution the 1continental Congress was insulted

Revolutionary.

230

and its 1business interrupted by the insur-

Proceedings.

gents of the army. Those venerable 1Legis-

Law-makers

lators, with world-wide fame, were 1forced

Compelled.

to leave 1the cradle of independence and

Philadelphia

adjourn to Princeton. (§ 16.) 1National

Congressional.

235

legislation over forts and all public 1places is

Property.2

also 1intended to guard against state inno-

Designed.

vations, and secure wise and uniform 1laws.

Regulations

militia? 70. The Class. Name, in rotation, the reverse of the marginal words. 71. Spell by letter each word. 72. Give the definitions. 73 What words are neither definitions nor synonyms.

74. What is the difference between insurrections and riots? (§ 16.)

75. What power has Congress over the seat of government and places purchased? 76. Why are these powers necessary? 77. What is the

See Article I, section 8, page 127.


182 COMMENTARY ON THE

Congress should 1use all necessary and

Employ.

proper means to carry out the 1foregoing

Preceding.

240

laws. It is 1clear, that a power to do a thing,

Evident.

without the right to use the 1necessary means

Needful.

to perform it, would be absurd and 1nugatory.

Useless.

But this clause is 1inserted to avoid

Put in.

all possible 1doubt, for

Uncertainty

245

The bane of governments is 1want of power

Lack.

To make effective 1wholesome laws enacted,

Useful

And steadfastness 1forsakes them from the hour

Deserts

Concessions are of 1feebleness exacted.

Impotence.

present seat of government? 78. By whom selected? (§ 16.) 79. What general powers are given to Congress? 80. For what purpose? 81. Give the four last lines of the lesson in prose, and supply the ellipses.

LESSON XXXIV.

PROHIBITIONS UPON THE POWERS OF CONGRESS, AND UPON THE STATES.*

(§ 1.) THE ninth section of the first 1article

Clause.

treats of the 1limitations and prohibitions

Restrictions

upon the power of Congress. "The 1migration

Expatriation

or 1importation of such persons, as any

Entrance.

5

of the States now existing shall think 1proper

Fit.

to admit, shall not be 1prohibited by the Congress,

Forbidden.

1prior to the year one thousand eight

Previous.

hundred and eight. But a tax or 1duty may

Impost

be 1imposed upon such importation, not exceeding

Levied

10

ten dollars for each 1person." This

Individual.

clause will be understood as 1referring to the

Relating

(§ 1.) 1. What prohibition upon Congress in respect to the migration or importation of certain persons? 2. What tax may be imposed * See Article I. of the Constitution, section 9, page 128.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 183

slave-trade. Congress was 1prohibited from

Prevented.

passing any act to 1prevent the importation

Prohibit.

of 1slaves until the year 1808. Soon after

Persons in bondage.

15

this 1restriction was removed, Congress

Restraint.

1abolished the slave-trade, thus setting the

Destroyed.

first example of its 1interdiction in modern

Prohibition.

1times. (§ 2.) The writ of habeas corpus is

Days.

a 1term used in common law, and is employed,

Phrase.

20

when a person is 1imprisoned, to

Incarcerated

1ascertain whether the imprisonment is lawful

Determine.

or not. The writ, "habeas corpus," 1signifies

Means.

"you may have the body," and 1authorizes

Empowers.

the officer to whom it is 1directed, to

Addressed.

25

bring the prisoner from 1confinement, before

Durance.

a judge, and if the 1cause of the imprisonment

Reason.

be 1insufficient, he is immediately set

Inadequate.

at liberty. This is 1justly esteemed the great

Rightly.

1bulwark of personal liberty, and cannot be

Defence.

30

1suspended unless "the public "safety require

Intermitted.

it."

2Security.

(§ 3.) "No bill of 1attainder, or ex post

Impeachment

facto law, shall be 1passed." A bill of attainder,

Enacted.

is an act 1convicting a person of

Criminating.

35

some fault, for which it 1inflicts upon him

Brings.

the 1punishment of death, without any trial.

Penalty.

Such acts, as they 1deprive a person of life

Bereave.

without any legal proof of his 1guilt, are in the

Criminality.

on them? 3. To what does this prohibition refer? 4. Has the slave trade been abolished? (§ 2.) 5. When, only, can the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? 6. What is a writ of habeas corpus? 7. What is its design? (§ 3.) 8. Can a bill of attainder or ex post facto law be passed? 9. What is a bill of attainder? 10. What is the difference between a bill of attainder and an ex post facto See Article I. of the Constitution, section 9 page 128.


184 COMMENTARY ON THE

highest degree 1reprehensible. Ex post facto

Censurable.

40

laws are laws made after the 1act is done.

Deed.

By these a person might be 1punished for acts

Chastised.

which were lawful when committed. The tyranny

Done

and injustice of these laws are 1apparent.

Obvious.

(§ 4.) "No tax or duty shall be laid on 1articles

Goods.

45

exported from any State. No 1preference

Favor.

shall be given by any 1regulation of

Law.

commerce, or revenue to the 1ports of one

Harbors.

State over those of another; nor shall 1vessels,

Ships.

bound to or from one State, be 1obliged

Compelled.

50

to enter, clear, or pay 1duties, in another."

Tastes.

The 1design of these two clauses is similar;

Purpose.

it is to preserve the equal 1rights of the

Privileges.

states, and to 1prevent Congress from giving

Debar.

any 1undue preference to the interests and

Improper.

55

1pursuits of one state over those of another.

Engagements.

(§ 5.) "No money shall be 1drawn from

Taken.

the treasury, but 1in consequence of appropriations

On account.

made by law. And a regular 1state-

Detail.

ment and account of the receipts and 1expenditures

Disbursements.

60

of all public money shall be 1published

Made known

from time to time." Thus, the 1expenditures

Expenses.

of the 1president are made dependent upon

Chief magistrate.

the 1appropriations of the people's representatives.

Grants.

An 1account of the expenditures and

Exhibit.

65

1receipts is to be published, that the people

Moneys received.

law? 11. What are ex post facto laws? (§ 4.) 12 What restriction in respect to taxes, commerce and revenue? 13. What is the purpose of these restrictions? (§ 5 ) 14. In what manner, only, can money be drawn from the treasury? 15. Why should an account of expenditures be kept and published? 16. Why may not titles of nobility be granted? 17. Why may not an officer receive a present, office or title See Article I of the Constitution, section 9 page 128.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 185

may be acquainted with the 1nature, extent,

Character.

and 1authority of each. (§ 6.) A perfect

Force.

1equality, not only in rights and privileges,

Uniformity

but in 1rank, among all citizens, being contemplated

Standing

70

by the 1Constitution, there would

Charter of rights.

be manifest 1impropriety in allowing Congress

Unsuitableness.

to grant titles of 1nobility. To prevent

Rank.

1 bribery of national servants by foreign

Corruption.

nations, officers of the government are 1prohibited

Debarred.

75

from accepting any present, 1emolument,

Reward.

office, or title. The tenth 1section of

Division.

the first article contains the 1prohibitions

Interdictions

1upon the states.

On.

(§ 7.) "No State shall 1enter into any treaty,

Become a party to.

80

1alliance, or confederation; grant letters of

Compact.

marque, or reprisal; or 1coin money." Such

Stamp.

powers are 1reposed exclusively in the national

Placed.

government. They cannot be 1exercised by

Used.

states of 1various local interests, and acting

Numerous.

85

from a different policy, without 1conflicting

Interfering.

with each other, and with the 1general government.

Mam.

The "bills of credit" 1alluded to,

Referred.

are a denomination of paper money 1issued

Sent out.

by the colonies 1 before the revolution, and

Previous to.

90

afterwards by the states. No 1adequate funds

Sufficient.

were 1provided to redeem them, and they

Set apart.

1depreciated, until they became nearly or

Lessened in value

quite 1valueless. (§ 8.) From this example,

Worthless

from any foreign government? (§ 6.) 18. Why are officers of the government prevented from accepting any present from foreign governments? (§ 7.) 19. Why is not a state allowed to make treaties, grant letters of marque, or coin money? 20. What are bills of credit?

See Article I of the Constitution, section 10, page 129


186 COMMENTARY ON THE

may be seen the propriety of 1prohibiting

Forbidding.

95

their 1emission. The making of anything but

Issue.

gold and silver coin 1a tender in payment of

An offer.

debts, has been 1found to be attended with

Discovered.

similar 1pernicious results, and is prohibited

Destructive.

for similar 1reasons. The power to pass

Causes.

100

"any 1 bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or

Instrument.

law impairing the obligation of 1contracts,

.Bonds.

or to grant any title of nobility," is 1denied to

Refused.

the states. The reasons why they are 1denied

Withheld from.

to the general government have been 1alluded

Spoken of.

105

to; and the same 1objections exist in

Reasons.

1regard to the states.

Relation.

(§ 9.) It will be 1seen that the powers here

Observed.

denied to the states, belong to, and are 1exercised

Used.

by 1Congress. The same could not

The National Assembly.

110

be intrusted to the 1individual states, without

Separate.

1producing confusion, and engendering feuds

Generating.

1destructive of the prosperity, and dangerous

Detrimental to

to the 1peace, of the Union. In case of actual

Quietude.

1invasion, when delay would be attended

Incursion.

115

with pernicious, if not 1fatal consequences,

Ruinous.

they have power to engage in 1defensive war.

Protective.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.*

(§ 10.) The second article 1relates to the

Refers.

structure, 1organization and powers of the

Regulation

1Executive Department. Section first is as

Presidential.

(§ 8.) 21. Why may not the states pass bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or grant any title of nobility? (§ 9.) 22. What restrictions are laid upon the states in respect to duties? 23. What, in respect to troops and ships of war, compacts with the other states or foreign powers, and engaging in war? 24. Why are these powers denied to the states? 25. In what case may a state engage in war? (§ 10.) * See Article II of the Constitution, section 1, page 130

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 187

120

follows: "The executive 1power shall be

Authority.

vested in a President of the 1United States of

Confederated

America. He shall 1hold his office during

Retain.

the 1term of four years; and together with

Period.

the Vice-President, 1chosen for the same term,

Selected.

125

be elected as follows." *The 1executive power

Acting.

is 1vested in a single individual, to secure

Lodged.

energy and 1promptitude in the administration.

Despatch.

The 1term of four years is long enough

Space.

to secure independence and 1firmness in the

Steadiness.

130

1execution of his duties; but not so long as

Performance

to remove a 1sense of responsibility to, and

Feeling.

dependence upon, the 1people. In case of the

Citizens.

vacancy of the 1office of President, by death,

Place.

impeachment, or 1otherwise, the Vice-President

In any other manner.

135

1succeeds him in office. (§ 11.) The

Follows.

President and Vice-President 1 commence

Begin.

their 1duties on the fourth day of March,

Functions.

1succeeding their election. The first government

After.

under the Constitution 1went into operation

Commenced

140

on the 4th of 1March, 1789. Therefore

Third month

it is on the 4th of this 1mo. that every 2d

Month.

year a new House of Representatives is 1vested

Clothed.

with 1official power, and one-third of the Senate

Delegated.

is renewed. Hence the 1term new Congress.

Phrase

145

Representatives and Senators 1may

Can.

be 1re-elected to office, and consequently continue

Chosen.

to be 1members of Congress as long as

Delegates in

26. In whom is the executive power vested? 27. How long does the President hold his office? 28. The Vice-President? 29. Why is the executive power vested in a single individual? (§ 11.) 30. When did the first government go into operation under the Constitution? * See Article II of the Constitution, section ], page 130, and 145.


188 COMMENTARY ON THE

the citizens of their 1respective states see proper

Several.

to keep them in the National 1Legislature.

Council.

150

(§ 12.) The 1name of the Congress for any

Appellation.

year may be found by 1 � 1789, the year the

Subtracting.

Congress first originated, from the 1current

Present.

year, and 1dividing the remainder by two. If

the 1result is an even number, it denotes the

Quotient.

155

1number of the Congress of the year; if there

Title.

1remains one, this last remainder is to be

Is left.

1added to the quotient, and the result will be

+

the Congress of the year.* 1Ex. 1848 �

For example.

1789 1= 59 / 2 = 29 + 1 remainder = 30,

Equals.

100

the name of the new Congress, in 1session

Continuance.

for the year 1848. (§ 13.) The 1people do

Citizens.

not 1vote actually for President, but for electors;

Ballot

and these electors vote 1directly for

Expressly.

President and Vice-President.� This 1plan,

Way.

165

it was thought, would be 1attended with less

Accompanied by.

excitement than a 1purely popular election.

Strictly.

No 1right hereditary names the chief

Privilege of birth-right.

Ordain'd our country's 1rugged sons to guide �

Nervous.

No 1warrior famous, grasping as a thief,

Leader.

170

Can here 1through bayonets to power ride; �

On.

Our law from all such 1despots gives relief,

Tyrants.

And, 1as our freemen point to it with pride,

While.

Kings tremble for their 1crowns, and see in grief,

Thrones.

1Throngs move towards open polls with manly stride,

Crowds.

175

Where, free from 1sharpen'd sabres at their throats,

Keen-edged.

They cast in peace their 1silent, mighty votes.

Quiet.

(§ 12.) 31. How are the different Congresses named? 32. How can you ascertain the name of each Congress? (§ 13.) 33. How many presidential electors are chosen from each state? 34. Do the people vote directly for President? 35. Why was the present mode of election preferred? 36. Give the last ten lines of this lesson in prose, and supply the ellipses if any.

* When tho calculation is made in December following any short session 1 is also to he added. � See Article II. of the Constitution, page 130, and Art. XII., page 146.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 189

LESSON XXXV.

(§ 1.) ARTICLE 1XII. of the Amendments

Twelve.

of the Constitution points out, in 1an explicit

A plain.

manner, the duties of the electors in 1casting

Bestowing.

their votes. It gives such 1directions in regard

Instructions

5

to the signing, 1sealing, transmission,

Enclosing.

and 1opening of the certificates of the electors,

Unsealing.

as are 1necessary to prevent frauds or

Essential.

1alterations. It also provides for an election

Changes.

of the President by the House of 1Representatives,

Delegates.

10

and a 1Vice-President by the Senate,

Second executive officer

whenever the people fail to make a 1choice

Selection.

1through their electors. They are, however,

By.

restricted in their 1choice to the three who have

Choosing.

received the highest number of 1votes. Otherwise,

Ballots.

15

a person having a 1small number of

Trifling.

votes might be elected, 1against the wishes of

Contrary to.

a large 1majority of the people. (§ 2.) The

Plurality.

design of making all the electors 1give

Cast

their votes on the same day, is to 1prevent

Avoid.

20

1frauds or political combinations and intrigues

Impositions.

among the 1colleges. Congress has still further

Electors of different states.

provided against frauds in the 1migration

Moving.

of voters from one 1place to another, and

Poll.

double-voting, by 1causing the electors themselves

Requiring.

(§ 1 ) 1. How do the electors proceed in the choice of President and Vice-President? 2 How is the President chosen, when the electors fail to make a choice? 3. How the Vice-President? 4. To what number is the House restricted in its choice? 5. To what number is the Senate limited? 6. Why are they thus limited? 7. To how many electors is each state entitled? 8. What persons are disqualified from being electors? (§ 2.) 9. How is the time of choosing electors, and See Article XII. of the Amendments of the Constitution, page 115.


190 COMMENTARY ON THE

25

to be chosen 1upon the same day

On.


throughout the 1Union. By a law of Congress,

United States


the 1electors for President and Vice-President

Choosers.


must be 1appointed on the Tuesday

Designated.


1succeeding the first Monday in November.

Following

30

(§ 3.) The electors are 1required to vote

Enjoined.


for President and Vice-President 1on the first

During.


Wednesday in December, in 1every fourth

Each.


year after the last 1election. The electors

Choice of officers.


do not assemble at 1the general seat of government,

Washington.

35

but 1usually at the capitals of their

Generally.


1respective states. The electors in each

Particular.


1state are required to make and sign three

Commonwealth


1certificates of all the votes given by them,

Attestations


and to 1put the same under seal. One of the

Place.

40

1certificates is to be at once put into the post-office,

Authentications.


1directed to the President of the Senate

Addressed.


at Washington. Another 1certificate is also

Testimonial.


to be 1sent by some responsible person, selected

Conveyed.


by the electors, to the 1President of the Senate;

Chairman.

45

and the last certificate is to be 1delivered

Committed.


to the judge of the 1district in which

Precinct.


the electors shall have 1assembled. The day

Convened.


appointed for opening and 1counting the votes

Numbering


is the second Wednesday of the 1following

Succeeding

the day on which they shall give their votes, determined? 10. Why should the same day be fixed throughout the Union? (§ 3.) 11. Why is it necessary that the House of Representatives choose the President before the 4th of March? 12. In case it fails to elect a President, what is then done? 13. When are the electors chosen for President and Vice-President? 14. When are they required to vote for President and Vice-President? 15. How many distinct tickets are the electors of each state required to sign? 16. What do you suppose is the reason of this law? 17. When are the votes of the electors of all See Article XII of the Amendments of the Constitution, page 145.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 191

50

1February. (§ 4.) Section first of Article II.

Second month.


also 1relates to the qualifications of the President.

Refers.


By the 1requirements of the Constitution,

Requisitions


the 1qualifications of the Vice-President

Capabilities


1must be the same as those of the President.

Shall.

55

The 1office of President being the highest

Situation.


post of 1honor in the United States, the greatest

Dignity.


degree of 1attainment is required to render

Accomplishment.


a person 1eligible to that office. As to the

Qualified for.


1qualification in respect to age, the middle

Requirement

60

period of life has been 1selected, when the

Chosen.


characters of individuals are 1 generally

Commonly.


known, their talents fairly 1developed, and

Formed.


the faculties are fast ripening into 1maturity.

Perfection.


No true 1lover of his country could see, without

Patriot.

65

fearful 1apprehensions, the highest office

Forebodings.


in his country's gift 1intrusted to any other

Given.


than a citizen of the 1Union.

Confederacy.


(§ 5.) 1 Provision is made* for any possible

Precaution.


1contingency that might occur to prevent

Chance.

70

1a total suspension of the executive

An entire.


1functions, which would be injurious, if not

Duties.


fatal, to the 1interest of the country. The

Welfare.


1salary of the President is twenty-five thousand

Stipend.


dollars 1per annum; that of the Vice-President,

A year.

75

five thousand dollars. The 1salary

Emolument.


of the President cannot be 1increased during

Enlarged.

the states counted? * In case of a removal, death, resignation, or inability both of the President and Vice President of the United States, the President of the Senate pro tempore, and, in case there shall be no President of the Senate, then the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for the time being, shall act as President of the United States,

until the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. [Act bee Article II. of the Constitution, section 1, page 132.


192 COMMENTARY ON THE

the 1period for which he shall have been

Time.

elected." This provision removes all 1temptation

Inducement

to use his influence, or to 1intrigue

Plot.

80

for its increase during his 1administration.

Term of office

It cannot be 1diminished, because this would

Lessened.

make him 1dependent upon Congress, or an

Subservient to.

humble 1suppliant for its favor. (§ 6.) Nothing

Petitioner.

has contributed so much to the 1stability

Strength.

85

and 1unequalled prosperity of our

Unparalleled

country, as the universal and abiding 1principles

Doctrines

of Christianity. No 1witness, no juryman,

Deponent.

no 1judge, no governor, no president

Justice

can ever 1enter upon any duty, without first

Engage in.

90

being 1placed under oath or affirmation,

Bound by.

which 1implies a belief in a supreme being,

Invokes.

who will 1reward the good and punish the

Requite.

1guilty. It is moreover an appeal to the

Bad.

Judge of all to bear witness to the 1purity of

Innocence.

95

the intentions of the person 1taking the oath

Receiving

or affirmation, and is the strongest 1 binding

Obligatory.

authority on the 1conscience.

Mind.

(§ 7.) Woe be to him who 1inculcates the

Enforces.

idea that these are vain and 1idle forms;

Unprofitable

100

they were 1ordained by the founders of human

Established

liberty in America, and no one can 1escape

Evade

the retributive justice of 1Him whose name is

God

idly invoked. Should any President 1violate his

Break.

of Congress March 1st, 1792.] In case the above offices all become vacant the power of filling them again reverts first to Congress and then to the PEOPLE. See Art. II. Const. Sec. 1. page 132. (§ 6). 18 What has contributed most to the stability of our form of government? 19. What is required from every public functionary on his initiation into office? (§ 7.) 20. What is the consequence of a violation of the so-See Article II. of the Constitution, section 1, page 133. ___

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 193

solemn 1obligations of office; should he dare

Promises.

105

knowingly exclude honest merit, and 1promote

Elevate.

to office for dishonorable 1ends, the

Purposes

1fawning tools of party; he can only get the

Cringing.

1outward and temporary applause of his obsequious

External.

1sycophants. He must even by them

Parasites.

110

be 1inwardly despised; his doings will pass

Secretly.

the searching 1ordeal of an enlightened posterity,

Scrutiny.

and his happiest 1fate OH earth will be

Lot.

an early oblivion. No evasion can 1shield

Protect

him, or any who 1pander for power, and

Cater.

115

barter principle for 1office, from the inevitable

Place.

1retribution of heaven.

Punishment

POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT.*

(§ 8.) The second 1section of the second

Part.

article 1enumerates the powers and duties of

Recounts.

the President The 1command of the army,

Direction.

120

navy, and militia, 1obviously belongs to the

Plainly.

executive 1department In no other department

Branch.

can we 1expect to find the qualifications

Look for.

of 1promptitude of action and unity

Quickness

of design, 1indispensable to success in eases

Necessary,

125

of war or 1rebellion. (§ 9.) The President

Insurrection

has "power to grant 1reprieves and pardons."

Temporary suspensions from punishment.

The 1unavoidable imperfections in human

Inevitable,

laws, the 1fallibility of human tribunals, and

Uncertainty

the possibility that new 1testimony may be

Evidence.

130

brought to light, which might prove the 1innocence,

Harmless. ness

lemn obligation of the official oath by a public functionary? 21. What power have they to fear? (§ 8.) 22. Why is the command of the army, navy, and militia, given to the President? (§ 9.) 23. Why is the power to grant reprieves and pardons necessary and important? * See Article II of the Constitution, section 2, page 133.


194 COMMENTARY ON THE

or 1mitigate the crime of the offender,

Lessen.

render this power 1highly important in the

Very.

1administration of justice. Any criminal

Dispensation.

1code, which provides no pardoning or mitigating

System.

135

power, would justly be 1considered

Deemed.

cruel and 1oppressive. The President cannot

Tyrannical.

pardon in cases of impeachment; because

Remit punishment.

the 1convicted party might have been acting

Condemned.

under his 1authority, or be one of his corrupt

Sanction.

140

favorites. In this 1case, there would be a

Instance.

dangerous temptation to 1pardon the guilty.

Clear.

(§ 10.) The 1treaty-making power is so

Negotiating.

extensive, and so 1capable of abuse, that it is

Liable to.

not 1confided to the President alone, but two-thirds

Committed.

145

of the Senate must 1concur with him.

Agree.

Thus, a treaty receives the 1sanction of a

Approbation.

sufficient number of public 1functionaries, to

Officers.

give the surest 1guaranty of its utility or necessity.

Warranty.

The power of appointment 1furnishes

Supplies.

150

one of the greatest 1means for exerting

Facilities.

influences, 1possessed by the executive.

Enjoyed.

It is, however, guarded in some 1degree, by

Measure.

making the appointment 1dependent upon the

Subject to.

1concurrence of the Senate. (§ 11.) The President

Approval.

155

1removes the officers of his appointment

Displaces.

without the 1assent of the Senate, and usage

Concurrence

seems to have given the 1custom validity. It

Practice.

has been 1maintained by some of the statesmen

Held.

24. Why may not the President pardon in cases of impeachment?

(§ 10.) 25. What body must concur with the President in forming

treaties? 26. What proportion? 27. What body must concur with

him in the appointment of ambassadors and other public officers?

28. Why is the appointing power thus granted? (§ 11.) 29. Is the

See Article II of the Constitution, section 2, page 134.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 195

who 1assisted in framing the Constitution,

Aided.

160

that where the advice and 1consent of

Approval.

the Senate are necessary to an 1appointment,

Investment of office.

they are also 1necessary to a removal from

Requisite.

1office.

Employment

concurrence of the Senate necessary to removal from office? 30. What opinion has been held by some concerning this? 31. In what case has the President power to fill vacancies?

LESSON XXXVI.

(§ 1.) THE third 1section of the second

Division.

article 1enumerates the duties of the President.

Recounts.

From his general 1supervision of the

Superintendance.

1affairs of the nation, foreign and domestic,

Concerns.

5

the President is 1peculiarly qualified to give

Particularly.

"information of the 1state of the Union,"

Condition.

and, from his 1large experience, to recommend

Extensive knowledge.

measures for the 1consideration of Congress.

Action.

1Occasions may arise, when the interests

Circumstances.

10

or safety of the nation 1require immediate

Demand.

1action. Hence the necessity of a

Deliberation.

power to 1convene Congress. He can adjourn

Convoke.

Congress only in case of 1disagreement.

Dissension.

"He shall take care that the 1 laws

Enactments.

15

be 1faithfully executed." The great object

Justly.

in the establishment of the 1executive department

Administering.

is, to accomplish a faithful 1execution

Performance

(§ 1.) 1. Why is the president peculiarly qualified to give information and recommend measures to Congress? 2. Why is the power to convene Congress necessary? 3. When may the president adjourn Congress? 4. What was one of the principal objects in the establish-

See Article II. of the Constitution, section 3, page 134.


196 COMMENTARY ON THE

of the laws. (§ 2.) It is a 1duty of the President

Requirement

to send 1annually to Congress, at the

Yearly.

20

opening of the session, a message, which

Beginning.

should include 1a synopsis of all national

An epitome.

matters of importance. Special messages

Business.

are often sent to Congress, which have 1particular

Especial.

reference to one, or only a few 1subjects.

Matters.

25

It is evident that the 1chief magistrate

President

of the nation wields an 1immense and increasing

Extensive.

1influence through patronage. The number

Power.

of postmasters alone, 1dependent on the

Depending

1executive, the eighth day of February 1851

President.

30

was 19265; 1whereas, in 1790, one year

But.

after the 1Constitution went into operation,

Government

the 1number was only seventy-five. The

Amount.

office of the President ought always to be

Station.

filled from the rank of the 1wisest and best

Ablest

35

statesmen of the 1nation.

Country.

(§ 3.) The President 1occupies the most

Holds.

exalted office in the country, and as he 1receives

Admits.

all foreign 1ambassadors � who are

Ministers.

the 1personal representatives of their sovereigns,

Peculiar.

40

as has been 1heretofore shown in the

Previously.

Laws of Nations, (page 66,) � he must necessarily

Regulations.

have much 1weight with foreign

Influence.

powers. In cases of 1revolution, or divisions

Alterations.

of other 1governments, much discrimination

Realms.

merit of the executive department? (§ 2.) 5. What annual duty devolves on the president? 6. What are some of the causes that increase the influence of the president? 7. What number of post-offices was there in the United States in 1790? 8. What number in 1851? (§ 3.) 9. Who do you suppose occupies the most exalted office in the world? 10. What gives the president much weight with foreign See Article II. of the Constitution, section 3, page 134.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 197

45

and wisdom is 1required on the part of

Necessary.

the executive, inasmuch as the 1rejection of

Repulsion.

ambassadors 1usually produces hostility. (§ 4.)

Generally.

When treaties are 1violated by foreign nations,

Infracted.

it devolves on the President to 1require their

Demand.

50

proper 1enforcement. When public officers

Execution

1neglect their business, or abuse their privileges,

Disregard.

it is the duty of the President to 1remove

Discharge.

them, and 1appoint in their places faithful

Employ.

and efficient 1agents. It may be proper

Factors.

55

here to 1remark, that no member of Congress,

Observe.

no judge, no president, no 1officer whatever

Functionary.

under the national government is 1honorable,

Excellent.

in any titular way, by the 1authority of

Sanction.

the Constitution. All titles are 1given as matters

Accorded.

60

of 1etiquette.

Courtesy.

(§ 5.) The 1President, like the members of

Chief-magistrate.

Congress, cannot be 1impeded in the discharge

Hindered.

of his official duties, but is 1privileged from

Exempted.

arrest in all civil cases. For any 1dereliction

Desertion.

65

of 1duty, he may, in common with all

Office.

the 1civil officers of the general government,

Municipal.

be 1impeached. He is also held accountable to

Arraigned.

the 1courts of justice for any violation of the

Tribunals.

laws of the land, the same as any other 1citizen.

Subject.

70

Senators and 1Representatives hold

Delegates.

their offices, and 1derive all their power to

Obtain.

powers? (§ 4.) 11. What is the duty of the president when treaties with other nations are violated? 12. What is the duty of the president when any of the national officers neglect their duties or abuse the trusts confided to them? 13. Why are members of Congress called honorable? (§ 5.) 14. Illustrate the difference between citizen and subject, in the 69th line. (§ 6.) 15. Illustrate the difference be-

See Article II. of the Constitution, section 4, page 135.


198 COMMENTARY ON THE

act from their 1constituents in the several

Employers.

states, and consequently are 1exempted from

Freed.

1impeachment; but for misconduct, they are

Arraignment

75

liable to be summarily 1expelled from Congress.

Ejected.

(§ 6.) In the exercise of his 1prerogative,

Right.

the President 1pursues the course dictated

Follows.

to him by his 1conscience, and has the

Sense of justice.

power of 1contributing much to the prosperity

Adding.

80

or 1ruin of the republic. The President of

Destruction.

the nation should 1consider his own interest

Regard.

of secondary moment, and the 1welfare, not

Prosperity.

of any 1party or state, but of the whole

Clique.

Union, of paramount 1importance. His main

Weight.

85

1study should be, not to secure the temporary

Desire.

1eulogies of favorites, but to perform with

Praises.

1uprightness the functions of the most exalted

Probity.

office that can be 1committed to mortal man.

Entrusted.

By 1preserving the purity of republican institutions,

Protecting.

90

he adds to the 1 honor and prosperity

Dignity.

of the nation, and thereby 1promotes the civil

Forwards.

and religious 1liberties of the world.

Privileges.

(§ 7.) However 1excellent, patriotic, and

Eminent.

pure may have been the 1characters of American

Reputations

95

Presidents, the people should 1constantly

Always.

remember that no past 1excellence,

Worth.

no barriers of the Constitution, no 1restraints

Restrictions.

of law, can 1perpetuate liberty. They must

Preserve.

1inspect the conduct of their rulers, if they

Overlook.

tween ruin and destruction, in the 80th line. 16. What should be the main study of the president of the nation? (§ 7.) 17. What should the people constantly remember? 18. What are the extreme dangers of a republic? 19. Why should people inspect the conduct of their rulers? 20. What is requisite to sustain and perpetuate liberty? 21. * See Article II. of the Constitution, section 1, page 130.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 199

100

become ignorant of the 1requirements of the

Requisitions

Constitution, political power must 1inevitably

Certainly.

pass from the 1many to the few. A republic

People.

in name may become a 1despotism in reality,

Tyranny.

or be rent asunder by intestine 1 broils and

Tumults.

105

anarchy. Intelligence and vigilance are

Knowledge

alike requisite to 1perpetuate liberty.

Continue

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT � TREASON.

(§ 8.) It is 1evident that government must

Obvious.

possess 1an administering tribunal, to interpret

A judiciary.

the laws, decide 1controversies, punish

Disputes.

110

offences, and enforce rights. 1Otherwise the

Else.

government will be 1deficient and powerless,

Imperfect.

or this power will be 1usurped by the other

Assumed.

departments, which would be 1fatal to liberty.

Destructive.

The 1celebrated Montesquieu has said, that

Famous.

115

"there is no 1 liberty, if the judiciary be not

Freedom.

separated from the legislative and executive

Divided.

powers." And no 1remark receives stronger

Observation.

1confirmation from experience, in all ages of

Corroboration.

the world. It is the 1duty of the judiciary

Function.

120

to decide concerning the 1constitutionality

Validity.

of the 1acts of the legislature; to

Proceedings.

carry into effect 1 established laws, and

Constitutional.

prevent the 1enforcement of those that are

Sanction.

unconstitutional; its powers are 1equally extensive

Co-extensive

125

with those of the legislative 1department.

Division.

Do wise and good rulers wish to keep their national or legislative proceedings from the knowledge of the people? (§ 8.) 22. For what purpose is a judiciary necessary? 23. Why should it be separated from the other departments? 24. With what are the judicial powers co-extensive? 25. Who was Montesquieu? (§ 9.) 26. In what is the See Article III of the Constitution, page 135.


200 COMMENTARY ON THE

(§ 9.) The third article 1relates to the

Refers.

judiciary. The judges, as we have 1seen,

Observed.

are 1appointed by the President, with the

Deputed.

concurrence of the Senate. Were they

Assent

130

1elected by the people directly, they would be

Chosen.

liable to have their feelings 1enlisted in favor

Engaged.

of the party which 1elected them, and to be

Chose.

1prejudiced against the party which opposed

Biased.

them. They would be more 1liable to be

Prone.

135

1swayed by faction, and to mould their decisions

Influenced.

to suit the 1prevailing opinions of the

Existing.

day, in order to 1retain their places. The

Hold.

1judges "hold their offices during good behavior."

Arbitrators.

They can be 1removed only on

Set aside.

140

impeachment. This 1secures firmness and

Renders certain.

independence, by removing all 1apprehensions

Fears.

of being displaced, so long as they 1discharge

Perform.

their duties with 1fidelity and integrity.

Truth.

A situation so 1permanent and independent,

Unchangeable.

145

so exalted above the hopes of higher 1aspirations,

Wishes.

should awaken a 1 laudable ambition

Praiseworthy

to leave behind them a lasting 1fame, by a

Renown.

wise and faithful 1discharge of duty.

Performance

(§ 10.) Section second of Article III. 1refers

Relates

150

to the 1jurisdiction and powers of the

Extent of authority.

judiciary. The 1Supreme Court has jurisdiction

Highest

in cases 1arising under the constitutional

Coming up

laws and 1treaties of the United States,

Compacts.

judicial power vested? 27. How long do the judges hold their offices? 28. Why should not the judges be elected by the people? 29. What is the probable effect of this term of office upon the judges? (§ 10.) 30 To what cases does the judicial power extend? 31. Why does it

See Article III. of the Constitution, page 136.

CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 201

1because the judicial power must be co-extensive

For the reason that.

155

with the 1legislative and executive,

Law-making

in order to 1insure uniformity in respect to

Secure.

their 1operation. The other cases of jurisdiction

Action.

are too 1numerous to be particularly

Many.

mentioned in a work of this 1kind. They

Character.

160

are such as obviously 1appertain to the jurisdiction

Pertain.

of the Supreme 1Court, and such as

Tribunal.

could not 1properly belong to the courts of

Suitably.

the states. (§ 11.) Foreign 1ministers are

Envoys.

national 1officers. No tribunal can have

Functionaries.

165

1jurisdiction against such foreign officers, but

Legal power

the 1Supreme Court of the United States.

Highest.

The Supreme Court has 1power over cases

Authority.

of 1admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, because

Naval.

they are intimately 1connected with

United.

170

commerce, and the 1regulation of commerce

Management

belongs to the national 1government. It has

Administration.

power over 1controversies between states,

Disputations

and citizens of 1different states, because no

Various.

state should be 1a judge in its own case, as it

An arbiter.

175

might be 1inclined to favor its own citizens.

Disposed.

(§ 12.) A court is said to have 1original jurisdiction,

Primary.

when a party may 1commence a suit

Begin.

before such court. 1Appellate jurisdiction is

Appealing.

the right to 1revise and affirm or reverse the

Review.

180

decision made by 1some other court. The

Any.2

extend to oases arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States? (§ 11.) 32. Why does the judicial power extend to cases affecting foreign ministers? 33. Why to cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction? 34. Why to controversies between the states and between citizens of the different states? (§ 12.) 35. In what cases has the Supreme Court original jurisdiction? 36. In what cases See Article III. of the Constitution, page 136.


202 COMMENTARY ON THE

right of trial by jury is 1esteemed one of the

Considered.

great 1bulwarks of human liberty. It secures

Barriers.

to every one who may be 1accused of

Charged with

crime, 1an impartial trial by his fellow-citizens,

A just.

185

who can have no interest in 1oppressing

Maltreating

the 1suspected, and may have a common

Accused.

1sympathy with him if he be innocent. The

Affection for.

trial must "be held in the 1state where the

Commonwealth.

crime shall have been 1committed, that the

Perpetrated.

190

accused may not be removed from 1 home,

Residence.

witnesses, and 1friends, to be tried by strangers,

Associates.

who can feel no 1sympathy for him,

Compassion.

and may be 1prejudiced against him.

Predisposed.

appellate jurisdiction? 37. What is meant by original jurisdiction? 38. What by appellate jurisdiction? 39. How must all crimes except impeachments be tried? 40. Where must it be? 41. What are the advantages of a trial by jury? 42. Why should the trial be held where the crime was committed?

LESSON XXXVII.

(§ 1.) SECTION third of Article 1III. relates

Three.

to 1treason. Treason is the highest crime

Rebellion.

known to human laws, as its aim is to 1overthrow

Subvert.

the 1government, and must generally

Administration.

5

be 1attended with more or less bloodshed.

Accompanied

So 1atrocious is the crime considered, that

Enormous.

even a 1suspicion of treason is likely to rouse

Distrust.

the public 1indignation against the suspected

Wrath.

person, to a 1degree that must operate to the

Height.

10

1prejudice of the accused, though he may

Injury.

(§ 1.) 1. In what does treason consist? 2. How many witnesses See Article III. of the Constitution, page 137.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 203

be innocent. To prevent the 1innocent from

Guiltless.

suffering, treason is confined to 1overt acts

Public.

of 1hostility against the government. For a

War.

like reason, two witnesses are 1required to

Demanded.

15

1convict of treason, while in other eases

Find guilty.

only one is 1necessary. (§ 2.) "The Congress

Essential.

shall have 1power to declare the punishment

Authority.

of treason. But no 1attainder shall

Conviction.

work corruption of blood, or 1forfeiture, except

Confiscation.

20

during the life of the 1person attainted."

Individual.

1According to the common law of England,

Agreeable.

treason was punished in the most 1cruel

Unfeeling.

manner. The 1offender was drawn to the

Criminal.

1gallows in a hurdle. He was then hanged

Gibbet.

25

by the neck, cut down while 1yet alive, 2his

Still.

head cut off, and his body quartered. The

2Decapitated.

punishment 1declared by Congress is death

Pronounced.

by 1hanging. Under the common law, the

Gibbeting.

person attainted 1forfeited all his estates, real

Lost

30

and 1personal. His blood was also corrupted,

Moveable.

so that his descendants were 1incapable of

Not capable

1inheriting any of his property. Thus the

Possessing.

1innocent suffered for the crimes of their

Harmless.

1ancestors.

Progenitors.

PU

BLIC RECORDS � PRIVILEGES OF CITIZENS � FUGITIVE CRIMINALS AND SLAVES � PUBLIC DEBT � SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION AND LAWS � RELIGIOUS TEST � OATH OF OFFICE � RATIFICATION, &C.

35

(§ 3.) If a case which had been 1decided

Determined.

are required to convict of treason? 3. Why is treason confined to

overt acts? (§ 2.) 4. How is Congress restricted in regard to the

punishment of treason? 5. How was treason punished under the

See Article III. of the Constitution, page 137.


204 COMMENTARY ON THE

in one state could 1afterwards be brought to

Thereafter.

trial in another state, it is 1evident that endless

Plain

1contests at law might be produced by

Litigation.

either party, and the 1ends of justice effectually

Purposes.

40

1defeated. Section second relates to the

Foiled.

privileges of citizens, 1fugitive criminals and

Runaway.

slaves. In 1regard to this subject there exists

Relation.

much animosity, and 1diversity of opinion.

Contrariety.

"The citizens of each state shall 1be entitled

Have a claim

45

to all privileges and 1immunities of citizens

Rights.

in the 1several states." The United States,

Different

though 1consisting of many different states,

Comprising.

as they are 1bound by the Constitution to the

United.

same 1national government, constitute one

General.

50

nation. 1 Hence, a citizen of one part must

Therefore.

be a citizen of any and every 1part (§ 4.)

Portion.

This 1provision is designed for the mutual

Measure.

benefit and convenience of the states. It

Advantage.

aids in carrying out the demands of justice,

Assists.

55

and has a great tendency to 1suppress crime,

Prevent.

by diminishing the 1chances of escaping its

Probabilities.

penalties. This 1enables the slave-holding

Empowers.

states to 1reclaim slaves who may have

Recover.

escaped into the states where slavery is not

Fled.

60

permitted. The third section of the fourth

Allowed.

common law? 6. How was an attainted person treated under the common law? 7. Who were thus made to suffer? (§ 3 ) 8. Why should credit be given in each state to the judicial proceedings of every other? 9. To what are the citizens of each state entitled in every other state? 10 In what manner may fugitive criminals be reclaimed? 11. What is the tendency of this provision? 12. How may fugitive slaves be recovered? 13. What is the design of this provision? (§ 4.) 14. What power has Congress in relation to the admission of new states? 15. What in relation to forming new ones from the other states? 16. How many states were there when the See Article IV of the Constitution, page 137.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 205

article relates to the 1admission of new states,

Entrance.

and the government of 1territories. When

Districts.

the Constitution was 1formed, there were only

Framed.

thirteen states: 1since that time the number

Subsequently

65

of 1commonwealths has more than doubled.

States.

(§ 5.) There is still remaining 1in the west

Towards the Pacific

a 1vast amount of territory, which will probably

Very large.

be admitted at some future time, 1forming

Constituting.

several states. But 1Congress has no

The national legislature.

70

power to form a new state within the 1jurisdiction

Limits.

of another state, or 1merge two in

Involve.

one, without the 1consent of the legislatures

Approval.

of the states 1concerned; for then, the states

Interested.

would no longer be 1independent, but hold

Uncontrolled

75

their 1sovereignty at the will of Congress.

Supremacy.

It is but 1reasonable that Congress should

Just.

have 1power to govern and control the territories,

Authority.

1since they are the property of the

Because.

United States. The 1territories generally

Provinces.

80

have a governor 1appointed by the president,

Designated.

and a legislature, 1consisting of representatives,

Composed.

elected by the 1people of the territory.

Inhabitants.

They also send a 1delegate to the House of

Deputy.

Representatives at Washington, who 1may

Can.

85

1debate questions, but cannot vote. (§ 6.)

Discuss.

The fourth section of the fourth article 1guarantees

Secures.

a republican 1form of government to

Mode.

each of the states. Were a state 1allowed to

Permitted.

Constitution was adopted? 17. How many have since been added? 18. Why may not Congress form new states from others without the consent of the states concerned? (§ 5.) 19. What control has Congress over the territories and other property of the United States? 20. How are the territories generally governed? (§ 6.) 21. What See Article IV. of the Constitution, page 138.


206 COMMENTARY ON THE

1adopt a monarchical government, it would

Receive.

90

be 1dangerous to, and probably destructive

Detrimental.

of, the Union. The 1duty of a government

Obligation.

to 1protect all the people within the

Guard.

1limits of its jurisdiction, from domestic violence,

Bounds.

by 1insurrection, and from foreign invasion,

Rebellion.

95

cannot be 1reasonably doubted.

Candidly.

(§ 7.) The fifth article 1prescribes the

Sets forth.

manner in which 1amendments may be made

Improvements.

to the Constitution. No Constitution is 1perfect.

Complete.

No one can be so 1framed as to

Formed.

100

meet all the 1exigencies which may arise in

Emergencies

different ages. 1A total change may in the

An entire.

1course of time take place in the character,

Process.

or 1aims and pursuits of a people, which

Designs.

will require corresponding 1changes in the

Alterations.

105

powers and 1operations of government, to

Effects.

suit their interests, conveniences, and 1necessities.

Wants.

To guard against too 1frequent and

Often recurring.

easy 1changes is also highly important. A

Mutations

changeable government cannot have a prosperous

Variable.

110

people. Hence the 1propriety of

Fitness.

making two-thirds of each 1House of Congress

Branch.

necessary to propose 1amendments, or

Alterations.

an application of the legislatures of two-thirds

A request

of the states, 1necessary to call a convention.

Essential

115

(§ 8.) The sixth article is a 1declaration

Proclamation

of an obligation which is 1morally

Conscientiously.

must the United States guarantee to every state? 22. Why is this necessary? 23. Is it the duty of the general government to protect the states from invasion? (§ 7 ) 24. How may amendments be made? 25. Why are they sometimes necessary? 26. What should be guarded against? (§ 8.) 27. In what manner are all debts binding upon go-See Article V. of the Constitution, page 139.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 207

1binding upon every nation through all

Obligatory.

1changes. The powers enumerated in the

Variations.

Constitution would be 1utterly useless, if they

Entirely.

120

could not be 1exercised independent of any

Used.

other power; or, in other 1words, if they

Language.

were not 1supreme; and the Constitution itself

Paramount.

would be 1a nullity. The propriety of

Void.

an oath on the part of public 1officers, in

Functionaries.

125

every department, will hardly be 1doubted.

Questioned.

The last part of this 1clause is, to prevent

Article.

any 1alliance between church and state in

League.

the 1administration of the government. The

Management

history of other countries 1affords examples

Furnishes.

130

of the 1mischievous effects of such a union,

Injurious.

amply sufficient to warn us against a 1 like

Similar.

1experiment.

Trial.

(§ 9.) Two of the 1states, North Carolina

Confederacies.

and Rhode Island, did not at first 1accede to

Consent.

135

the Union, but they finally 1ratified it, when

Confirmed.

they found that the national government 1considered

Looked upon

them as foreign nations. At the 1close

End.

of the Constitution follow the 1names of the

Cognomens.

1delegates* from the different states, most of

Deputies.

140

whom are 1distinguished in history for their

Eminent.

1wisdom and patriotic devotion to their country.

Discreetness

At their head, as President, and 1delegate

Deputy.

from Virginia, 1stands the name of

Is registered.

vernments in all circumstances? 28. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land? 29. Who are bound thereby? 30. What would the Constitution be without this provision? 31. What officers are bound by oath to support the Constitution? 32. Why is any religious test prohibited? (§ 9.) 33. How many states were required to

See Articles VI and VII of the Constitution, page 140. * See Biographical Table


208 COMMENTARY ON THE

George Washington � a sufficient 1guaranty

Warrant.

145

to 1every American that the Constitution was

Each.

framed with 1prudence and foresight, and

Discretion.

with an ardent desire that it might 1prove a

Become.

perpetual blessing to the whole American

Continual.

1people.

Nation.

ratify the Constitution? 34. What states at first refused to ratify it? 35. Who was President of the Convention that framed the Constitution? 36. Of what is his name a sufficient guaranty?

LESSON XXXVIII.

AMENDMENTS.

(§ 1.) THE 1amendments to the Constitution

Additions.

have all been 1ratified, and are now a

Approved.

part of that 1instrument. The greater part

Document

of them are designed more 1effectually to

Efficiently.

5

guard rights before 1alluded to in the Constitution,

Referred.

or more 1clearly to define certain

Lucidly.

1prohibitions of power, the exercise of which

Interdiction

would be dangerous to the 1interests of the

Welfare.

country. The first 1article is � "Congress

Clause.

10

shall make no law 1respecting an establishment

Concerning

of religion, or 1prohibiting the free exercise

Forbidding

thereof; or 1abridging the freedom of

Curtailing

speech, or of the press; or the 1right of the

Liberty.

people peaceably to assemble, and to 1petition

Memorialize

15

the Government for a 1redress of grievances."

Correction.

(§ 2.) We have 1seen, in Article VI.

Observed.

(§ 1.) 1. Of what are the amendments now a part? 2. For what are they mostly designed? 3. Why is Congress forbidden to make any law respecting an establishment of religion? (§ 2.) 4. What pre-

See Article I of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 142.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 209

of the Constitution, that no religious 1test

Pledge.

can be 1required, as a qualification for office.

Exacted.

The first clause here, is an 1extension of that

Enlargement

20

1prohibition, and is supported by the same

Interdiction.

reasons. It prevents all 1interference of government

Intermeddling.

in 1religious duties. Moreover,

Pious.

this 1clause presents an insurmountable barrier

Passage.

to the 1union of church and state.

Junction.

25

Congress can never have any 1pretence for

Pretext.

legislating on the 1various forms of religion.

Different.

1At whatever time a government has established

Whenever.

the 1form of belief of any sect, it has

Creed.

usually 1patronised only those professing that

Favored.

30

belief, and placed 1grievous restrictions upon

Oppressive.

all other 1denominations.

Sects.

(§ 3.) It may be 1proper here to remark,

Suitable.

that the Constitution makes no 1provision for

Arrangement

the support of 1Christianity, because it was

The religion of Christ.

35

framed 1exclusively for civil purposes; and

Altogether.

1the Christian religion formed no part of the

Christianity.

1agreement between the contracting parties.

Bargain.

Each of the states surrendered to the 1general

National.

government a few of its 1political rights

Public.

40

for the better 1protection of the rest; but

Defence.

every state and every 1individual in the

Person.

country 1retained untouched and unmolested,

Kept.

all the principles of religious 1freedom. It

Liberty.

sents an insuperable barrier in this country to the union of church and state? 5. What has generally been the result whenever any government has adopted sectarian tenets? (§ 3) 6. For what reason, in your opinion, was no provision made to support Christianity in the Constitution? 7. Why did the states cede to the national government any of their political rights? 8. What did every state and every individual See Article I of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 142.


210 COMMENTARY ON THE

would likewise have been 1impossible to

Impracticable.

45

introduce the 1subject of religion in such

Matter.

manner as to meet the 1approbation of the

Sanction.

numerous 1sects of Christians. Though

Denominations.

most agree on the 1fundamental doctrines of

Essential.

religion, yet there are various 1minor differences.

Smaller.

50

(§ 4.) Among the 1framers of the

Founders.

Constitution were men as 1eminent for their

Distinguished.

wisdom and 1piety, as they were for their

Religion.

patriotism. The 1history of our country

Chronicle.

has 1demonstrated that religion may flourish

Proved.

55

in its 1utmost vigor and purity, without the

Greatest

1aid of the national government. Further

Help.

the universal 1dissemination of Christianity

Diffusion.

is best promoted, the highest 1happiness of

Felicity.

society secured, and the most 1enduring glory

Lasting.

60

of the nation 1attained, through the medium

Reached.

of 1schools.

Seminaries.

(§ 5.) The 1freedom of speech and of the

Liberty.

press is indispensable to the 1existence of a free

Duration.

government. The 1acts of the government

Deeds.

65

are open to free 1discussion, � hence any

Debate.

1abuse of its powers may be exposed. This

Ill-use.

power is designed to 1shield the people from

Guard.

those tyrannical 1usurpations, which have so

Assumptions.

wantonly deprived the world of some of the

Wickedly.

70

richest 1productions of the mind. In despotic

Literary works.

countries, no newspaper or book can be 1published,

Printed.

even of 1a scientific or literary character,

An artistical.

retain? (§ 4.) 9. What does the history of our country demonstrate? 10. How is the happiness of mankind best promoted? (§ 5.) 11. In what manner is free discussion useful? 12. What is the design of the first Article of the Amendments to the Constitution? (§ 6.) 13. What See Article I. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 142.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 211

without the 1sanction of government.

Approval.

� There are probably, 1at the present time,

Now.

75

in the United States, more 1newspaper presses

Gazette.

than in all the rest of the 1world. (§ 6.)

Globe.

Despotism always 1fears the truth, and stifles

Dreads.

public 1discussion; but our government being

Examination

1instituted by the people for the benefit of the

Founded.

80

people, is interested in the 1universal dissemination

General.

of knowledge. The 1purity of its

Justness.

objects and the 1ability of its administration,

Wisdom.

should ever be so manifest as to 1render the

Make.

discussion of its affairs, and the 1dissemination

Diffusion.

85

of truth, its strongest 1bulwarks. It should,

Barriers.

however, be 1distinctly understood, that this

Clearly.

1power does not confer an unrestricted right

Privilege.

of 1speech or publication.

Utterance.

(§ 7.) If that were the case, a 1citizen

Denizen.

90

might 1vilify and abuse another with impunity,

Reproach.

might destroy his reputation, and 1sacrifice

Immolate.

his 1happiness and dearest interests, from

Felicity.

a mere 1wantonness, or to gratify a spirit of

Sportiveness.

revenge. A man might even excite 1sedition,

Disaffection.

95

1rebellion, and treason against the government.

Insurrection.

It gives 1liberty to print or say anything

Permission.

that will not 1injure another in his rights,

Wrong.

property, or 1reputation; or that will not disturb

Character.

the public peace, or threaten the 1overthrow

Defeat.

are some of the restrictions upon knowledge in despotic countries? 14. What does despotism always fear? 15. What are the strongest barriers of our government? 16. Has any one the right to say or print what he pleases? (§ 7.) 17. What is the real meaning of this phrase, "the freedom of speech and the press?" 18. What must be the condition of those who are denied the right of petition? (§ 8.) See Article I. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 142.


212 COMMENTARY ON THE

100

of the 1government. The right of the

Administration.

people "peaceably to assemble and 1petition

Pray.

for a redress of 1grievances" is invaluable.

Wrongs.

(§ 8.) It is difficult to conceive of a more 1abject

Despicable

state of slavery, or one more 1humiliating

Degrading.

105

to those who have even limited 1views of their

Ideas.

own 1rights, than where the people dare not

Immunities.

make known their grievances, and 1petition

Memorialize

for their 1redress. This right has often been

Relief

denied in 1despotic governments, under a

Tyrannical.

110

pretence of guarding against 1insurrections

Rebellions.

and 1conspiracies.

Plots.

(§ 9.) The second article is � "A well 1regulated

Organized.

Militia being 1necessary to the security

Needful

of a free State, the 1right of the people to

Liberty.

115

keep and bear 1arms shall not be infringed."

Weapons.

Some 1tyrannical governments resort to disarming

Imperious.

the people, and making it 1an offence

A crime.

to keep arms, or participate in military 1parades.

Drills.

In all countries where despots 1rule

Govern.

130

with standing armies, the 1people are not

Inhabitants.

allowed to keep 1guns and other warlike

Muskets.

weapons. The true 1nature1 of a standing

Character.

army was fully 1known by our forefathers;

Recognized.

they had 1experienced its practical results

Realized.

125

before the 1revolution. It may indeed be

Change.

a 1question, if England could have waged

Doubt.

19. What is the most abject state of slavery to which man is subject?

20. What right has been denied under despotic governments? (§ 9.)

21. What is the condition of the people in despotic countries? 22. What is the difference between guns and muskets, in the 121st line? 23. In what way had the republic of this country realized the evils of standing armies? 24. Are the citizens of a country easily made

* See Article II. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 142.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 213

any war of long duration against the 1colonies,

Provinces.

without its 1standing army. The citizens

Permanent.

of any country 1quickly perceive the

Soon.

30

injustice of despotic 1measures, and cannot

Proceedings.

generally be made the 1tools of oppression.

Hirelings.

(§ 10.) It is the 1extreme of folly for any

Height

people to 1maintain a large standing army in

Support.

1times of peace. Almost every feature of a

Seasons.

135

free government is 1abolished in organized

Destroyed.

armies; the soldiers are not tried by 1juries

Equals.

for any real or 1supposed offence; they are

Imaginary.

at the mercy of their officers � in 1short, under

Fine.

the most 1absolute despotism. Denied the

Complete.

140

privileges of going out of 1prescribed limits,

Defined.

the endearments of 1domestic life, the freedom

Home.

of 1speech, or the enjoyments of the social

Discourse.

privileges of 1civil society, they are required

Free.

to move as 1puppets, to receive orders which

Automatons.

145

they must obey, to 1consider others as their

Deem.

superiors, and to 1pay homage to men.

Render.

(§ 11.) Thus, 1gradually led to be the servants

Imperceptibly.

and slaves of power, to obey 1commands,

Mandates.

right or wrong, they are 1further liable,

Moreover.

150

for 1offences which in civil society would

Derelictions of duty.

entail but slight punishment, to be 1court-martialled,

Tried by military officers.

whipped, 1hung or shot. Thus

Executed.

a man of 1discretion, of wisdom, and of

Judgment.

the tools of oppression? (§ 10.) 25. What laws exist in established armies? 26. What is the tendency of long-continued surveillance upon men? 27. How must men in armies view their officers? 28. Do men in armies dare to go without the limits prescribed by their officers? 29. Name some other objections to permanent armies. 30 Do you suppose any people can lose their liberty without standing armies? (§ 11.) 31. What do you suppose is the difference between See Article III. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 142.


214 COMMENTARY ON THE

1years, may be hung, for refusing to obey, or

Advanced age.

155

1questioning the orders of some young and

Doubting.

perhaps passionate and 1senseless upstart,

Foolish.

whom chance, accident, or 1favoritism, has

Partiality.

placed in 1command. It is well worthy of

Authority.

remark, that the most 1illustrious generals of

Renowned.

160

the revolution were 1citizens and not soldiers

Civilians.

by profession, and gave the strongest 1testimony

Evidence.

against 1standing armies. (§ 12.) The

Permanent.

whole 1revolutionary army were citizens before

Continental.

the war, and may justly be 1regarded as

Looked upon

165

citizen soldiers. The 1standing army of the

Regular.

1king of England was the most oppressive and

Potentate.

1hated instrument of his power. The principal

Abhorred.

officers, like Washington, 1resigned their

Relinquished

posts, and assumed their 1places as citizens at

Positions.

170

the 1close of the war. Ambitious men may advocate

End.

the 1feigned glory achieved by standing

False.

1armies: but the people should remember,

Forces.

that as the soldier's 1profession is advanced,

Calling.

their own 1calling is degraded. Make war the

Business.

175

most 1honorable of all callings, and every

Respected.

one must 1bow to the nod of military despotism.

Reverence.

Wherever the largest standing 1armies

Hosts.

have 1been found, there also has existed the

Had sway.

most oppressive and 1absolute despotism.

Uncontrolled

a trial by jury and a trial by court-martial? 32. Where is trial by jury prohibited? 33. Who were the illustrious generals of the revolution? (§ 12.) 34. Did the revolutionary generals resort to war as a profession 1 35. In what light may the whole revolutionary army be regarded? 36. What was the most oppressive menial and tool of the king of Great Britain? 37. What effect has the exaltation of the soldier's profession upon the pursuits and calling of citizens? 38. Who must support soldiers? (§ 13.) 39. What are insuperable barriers to See Article II. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 112.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 216

180

(§ 13.) The 1great body of the people, the

Large.

militia of a nation, presents 1insuperable barriers

Invincible.

to the usurpation of power by 1artful

Cunning.

and ambitious men; citizens and not 1standing

Established.

armies, are the 1bulwarks of freedom.

Supporters.

185

Let then all 1knowledge and power be universally

Attainment.

1disseminated among the people, and

Spread.

all 1foes to liberty, whether domestic or foreign,

Enemies.

will flee like "1chaff before the wind."

Dust.

The 1political condition of the world is such,

National.

100

that the friends of human 1improvement

Advancement

should be constantly on the 1alert. If the

Look-out.

history of the past is 1an index for the future,

A director.

it 1admonishes the people of this country to

Counsels.

1countenance no system of policy that produces

Favor.

195

1an inequality of its citizens. It shows

A disparity.

that arms, followed as a 1profession, have

Vocation.

inevitably produced either the most 1abject

Despicable.

slaves and absolute despotism, or a 1 dissolute

Depraved.

and 1disorderly soldiery, the bane of

Unruly.

200

civilization � both of which, though in 1opposite

Different.

extremes, are alike 1ruinous to republics.

Fatal.

(§ 14.) Let then each and every 1citizen

Inhabitant.

throughout the land, 1participate in whatever

Share.

of honor or of 1disgrace there may be attached

Ignominy.

205

to the 1profession of arms. Let not

Calling.

the 1preposterous idea that a standing army

Very absurd.

can effectually 1protect the country, ever be

Save.

the usurpation of power? 40. If military science is essential, who ought to possess it? 41. Do you suppose the tendency of keeping men constantly under military subjection, of requiring them to receive and obey orders, gradually renders them fit tools for tyrants? (§ 14.)

See Article II. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 142.


216 COMMENTARY ON THE

entertained. In cases of sudden 1invasions,

Hostile entrances.

as well as violent 1commotions, the country

Perturbations.

210

must be 1shielded by the great body of the

Protected.

people. Let then our 1chief reliance be upon

Individual.

the citizen soldiery so that in 1war every citizen

Conflict.

may be a soldier, and in 1peace every soldier

Quietude.

a citizen. Let not the 1military profession be

Warlike.

215

considered the 1requisite road to the highest

Necessary.

honors, but as a necessary evil, 1produced by

Generated.

the 1wickedness of tyrants, and the ignorance

Unrighteousness.

of their subjects. The third 1amendment is �

Addition.

"No soldier shall in time of peace be 1quartered

Lodged.

220

in any house without the 1consent of the

Approbation.

owner; nor in time of war, but in a 1manner

Way.

to be prescribed by law." It was a 1custom

Usage.

in 1arbitrary times to lodge soldiers in the

Despotic.

houses of private citizens, without 1regard to

Respect for.

225

their interests, or to 1forms of law.

Regulations.

42. Can soldiers be quartered in any house? 43. In what manner only? 44. Has it ever been done without regard to forms of law? 4 1. Why should not a, in the 222d line, be changed to an, when you substitute usage for custom?

LESSON XXXIX.

§ 1.) THE fourth Article 1protects the citizens

Secures.

against unreasonable 1innovations and

Changes.

molestations by government 1officers. In

Officials.

former times, any house might be searched,

Past.

5

at the 1discretion of the officers of government,

Option.

without any ground of 1accusation,

Suspicion.

(§ 1.) 1. What rights of the people cannot be violated? 2. Upon what conditions may warrants for search be issued? (§ 2.) 3. What See Articles III. and IV. of the Amendments to the Constitution, pages 142 and 143.

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 217

and many 1innocent persons suffered from

Guiltless.

such 1illegal acts. This Article renders

Unlawful.

searches of this kind 1impossible in this

Impracticable.

10

country. (§ 2.) The 1provisions of Articles

Stipulations.

five and six are very 1important. They prevent

Momentous.

false 1accusations, by making an indictment

Charges.

necessary before the 1accused can be

Charged.

put upon his 1defence. They protect him

Justification.

15

from unnecessary 1oppression, before his

Severity.

guilt shall be 1established: he cannot be harassed

Confirmed.

by more than one 1trial, and cannot

Ordeal.

be 1 compelled to self-accusation. His life,

Forced.

liberty, and property are all 1protected by

Guarded.

20

law, unless he shall have 1forfeited them by

Lost.

crime; and his trial must be 1speedy and

Expeditions.

public, that he may be promptly 1acquitted,

Exonerated.

if innocent. (§ 3.) They also 1afford the accused

Give.

every reasonable advantage for 1defence.

Vindication.

25

He is to be informed of the 1nature of

Character.

the 1accusation against him, that he may prepare

Charge.

his defence and 1refute the allegation; he

Rebut.

is to be confronted with the 1witnesses against

Deponents.

him, that he may 1question them; he is to have

Interrogate.

30

1process to compel the attendance of witnesses

Proceedings.

in his favor. He may have 1counsel

Lawyers.

to assist him in his defence. In 1arbitrary

Despotic.

governments, many, and 1frequently all of

Often.

these privileges are 1denied.

Refused.

is necessary before a person can be brought to trial for an infamous crime? 4. In what other respects is the accused protected from inconvenience, injury, and oppression? 5. How are false accusations prevented? 6. Why should a trial be speedy? (§ 3.) 7. Why must the accused be informed of the accusations against him? 8. Why See Articles V. and VI. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 143.


218 COMMENTARY ON THE

35

(§ 4.) The seventh Article has 1reference

Allusion.

to the 1extension of the right of trial by jury

Application.

to civil as well as criminal cases. This 1relates

Pertains.

only to the 1courts of the United States.

Judiciary.

This Article 1also prescribes the manner in

Likewise.

40

which the Supreme Court shall 1re-examine

Review.

the facts in a 1cause tried by a jury. The

Case.

eighth Article is � "Excessive 1bail shall not

Security.

be required; nor excessive fines 1imposed; nor

Exacted.

cruel and unusual punishments 1inflicted."

Executed.

45

Cruel and 1atrocious punishments, which

Wicked.

might be inflicted from 1malice, or to gratify

Malignity.

a feeling of 1revenge, are thus prevented.

Vindictiveness.

The history of past 1ages affords numerous

Tunes.

examples of the 1disgraceful and tyrannical

Unworthy.

50

exercise of what is here 1prohibited. (§ 5.)

Debarred

The ninth Article is � "The 1enumeration in

Specification

the Constitution of certain 1rights shall not

Privileges.

be construed to deny or 1disparage others

Undervalue.

1retained by the People." The tenth Article

Kept.

55

is � "The powers not 1delegated to the United

Given.

States by the Constitution, nor 1prohibited by

Forbidden.

it to the States, are 1reserved to the States

Secured.

1respectively, or to the People." These two

Individually.

Articles speak for themselves. It is 1evident

Clear.

60

that the powers not 1delegated to the United

Intrusted.

States must 1belong to the States, except such

Appertain.

as are prohibited to them or to the 1people.

Citizens.

confronted with the witnesses against him? 9. Are any of these privileges ever denied to persons accused 1 (§ 4.) 10. To what civil cases is the right of trial by jury extended? 11. What is prevented by the prohibition of excessive bail and fines, and cruel punishments? (§ 5.) 12. What powers are reserved to the states respectively, or to See Articles VII, VIII, IX , and X , of the Amendments to the Constitution, pages 144 and 145.

CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 219

(§ 6.) The eleventh Article is � "The 1judicial

Law administering

1power of the United States shall not

Authority.

65

be 1construed to extend to any suit in law or

Interpreted

equity, 1commenced or prosecuted against

Begun

one of the States by 1citizens of another

Denizens.

State, or by citizens or subjects of any 1foreign

Distant

State." This is 1merely an additional

Only.

70

specification of the prohibitions upon the

Notation.

Supreme Court, the powers of which have

Highest.

been 1considered, in treating of Article III.

Examined.

of the Constitution.* (§ 7.) This 1amendment

Alteration.

applies only to 1original suits against

Commencing

75

the states, and does not 1exclude the Supreme

Prevent

Court from trying cases brought by appeal

Tribunal.

or writ of error from any of the state 1tribunals.

Courts

A writ of error is a 1writ founded

Legal instrument.

on an alleged error in 1judgment, which carries

Decision.

80

the suit to some 1superior tribunal, and

Higher.

1authorizes the judges to examine the record

Empowers.

on which 1judgment has been given in the

Sentence.

inferior court, and to 1reverse or affirm the

Annul.

1same.

Judgment.

85

(§ 8.) The twelfth and last 1Article of the

Clause.

Amendments has been 1inserted in the body

Placed.

of the Constitution.� It may, 1however, be

Nevertheless

here 1observed, that each and every Article

Remarked.

of the 1Amendments of the Constitution is

Improvements.

90

equally as 1 binding as the original Constitution,

Obligatory.

the people? (§ 6.) 13. To what suits cannot the judicial power of the United States be extended? (§ 7 ) 14. Does the eleventh amendment prohibit the Supreme Court from trying causes that may commence in the state courts? 15. What is a writ of error? (§ 8.) 16.

* See page 200. � See pages 131, 189, and 190.

See Articles XI and XII of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 145


220 COMMENTARY ON THE

and 1justly considered part and parcel of

Rightly.

that 1document. The 11th and 12th Amendments

Instrument.

are the only ones that 1alter, in any way,

Change.

the original Constitution. The 12th was 1proposed

Propounded.

95

in 1803, 1on account of the presidential

By reason.

contest of Aaron Burr and 1Thos. Jefferson.

Thomas.

On the return of the electoral 1vote, in 1801, it

Suffrage.

was 1found that each had seventy-three votes.

Ascertained.

(§ 9.) The House of Representatives 1proceeded,

Commenced.

100

on the 11th of 1February, 1801, in

2d month.

the manner 1prescribed by the Constitution,

Ordained.

to elect a President of the 1U. S., and continued

United States

to 1ballot during the business hours of

Vote.

each day, till the 17th of 1Feb. 1801, when

February.

105

Thomas Jefferson was 1elected, on the thirty-sixth

Chosen.

ballot, 1Chief-Magistrate of the Union.

President.

This amendment is, 1therefore, important,

Consequently.

inasmuch as it requires the electors 1expressly

Particularly.

to designate the 1candidates for President

Nominees.

110

and Vice-President; 1by that means

Thereby.

saving the nation from 1useless expense, and

Needless.

the animosity of party 1rancor.

Virulence.

(§ 10.) The Constitution has been in operation

Use.

1for fifty-nine years. In peace and in

During.

115

war it has proved itself the 1guardian of the

Protector.

republic. In its 1infancy it was assailed with

Origin

unparalleled 1 vehemence: it was then a

Violence.

matter of 1theory, if the Constitution could

Conjecture.

Why was Article XII. of the Amendments inserted in the body of the Constitution? 17 What is peculiar of the twelfth amendment? (§ 9.) 18. Give an account of the presidential contest in 1801. 19. Why is the twelfth amendment important? (§ 10.) 20. How long has the Constitution been in force? 21. What has been the result of its operation? 22. See Article XII. of the Amendments to the Constitution, page 145

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 221

bestow upon the country union, and its natural

Give to.

120

consequences, 1prosperity and power.

Success.

Experience, the infallible 1test of all human

Proof.

theories, has demonstrated the 1wisdom of

Sageness.

its arrangements, and the 1unequalled blessings

Unrivalled,

of its 1operation. Those who hereafter

Action.

125

attempt to 1weaken its bonds, must do so

Enfeeble.

against the 1weight of its own transcendent

Power.

example to bless mankind, and the light of

Precedent

all past 1experience. Nothing but the

Trial.

mental 1darkness of the people could ever

Blindness

130

give a chance of success to the 1schemes

Intrigues

of those 1unworthy Americans who would

Base.

wish to destroy this glorious 1confederacy.

Union.

(§ 11.) Every friend of 1liberty throughout

Freedom.

the world has felt a new 1impulse to duty by

Motive.

135

the unparalleled 1prosperity and happiness

Success.

1conferred by the American Constitution. It

Bestowed.

has proved the mightiest 1rampart against

Fortification.

those 1dreaded evils which its early but often

Feared.

patriotic 1opponents feared it might foster; its

Adversaries.

140

fruits have surpassed the 1expectations of the

Hopes.

most 1sanguine of its framers. Let then every

Confident.

1honest person reflect upon the dangerous

Sincere.

doctrines of dissensions and 1disunion. Every

Separation.

one should 1remember that our bond of union

Recollect.

145

once 1broken, makes over 30 distinct but

Severed.

Why was the Constitution opposed in its infancy? 23. What is the infallible test of all human theories? (§ 11.) 24. What effect has the success of the American Constitution had on the friends of liberty throughout the world? 25. What are its results upon the evils it was supposed it might foster? 26. Is there any danger in disseminating doctrines of dissension and disunion? 27. What would result from the destruction of the Constitution? 28. If the Union were destroyed,


222 COMMENTARY ON THE

1feeble nations, where now exist the most

Helpless.

prosperous people of the world. 1Questions

Subjects.

that are now debated and reasonably 1decided

Determined.

in the 1Halls of Congress, would then

Houses.

150

be 1decided by brute force in the field of

Settled.

1battle.

Strife.

(§ 12.) Let 1disunion once take place, and

Separation

who can tell where the 1line of division will

Mark.

end? Who could tell the number of unprincipled

Terminate.

155

politicians and military 1adventurers

Desperadoes.

that would spring up; the 1enormous taxes

Heavy.

that would be 1exacted of the people to support

Required.

armies for mutual 1aggression; the military

Annoyances.

despotism and the consequent 1misery that

Wretchedness.

160

would 1inevitably follow? (§ 13.) But how

Certainly.

can the Constitution be 1maintained, unless

Supported.

it is made known to the 1people, and how

Community.

can it be made known if not 1taught in

Inculcated.

our schools? May the youth of our 1 land

Country.

165

learn to 1appreciate the security it gives to

Value,

property, 1liberty, equal laws, and even life,

Freedom.

and 1realize the truth that measures injurious

Comprehend.

to one section of our country must 1eventually

Finally.

destroy our glorious 1Union. Harmoniously

Confederacy.

170

united, our country will not only 1stand, but

Exist.

take the 1 lead of all others in the improvement

Advance.

of the 1social condition of man, and

Domestic.

attain a degree of renown unequalled in the

Reach.

annals of the world. (§ 14.) For nearly

Chronicles.

how would questions of sectional moment be then decided? (§ 12.) 29. Would the Union, once divided, continue without numerous subdivisions and distractions? (§ 13.) 30. What is the only effectual way to support the Constitution? 31. In what consists the strength of our country? 32. To what desirable position does the Constitution lead

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 223

175

six thousand years has the world been

6000.

created, yet during that 1time liberty has

Period.

heretofore been 1pent up in narrow territories,

Shut

and never before had 1dominion on such

predominance.

a 1magnificent scale as is now exhibited in

Grand.

180

America. Never before have knowledge and

Information

equal laws been 1extended to the million, and

Offered.

the highest 1offices of honor, of profit, and of

Places.

1usefulness, been given alike to the rich and

Utility.

the 1poor. Never before have the mightiest

Indigent.

185

men of a nation, the brightest 1names in the

Appellations.

1curriculum of fame, risen to immortal renown

Cycle.

from 1obscurity, solely on the ground

Retirement.

of 1merit.

Ability.

(§ 15.) The 1Constitution may justly be

Palladium.

190

1regarded as the promoter of universal knowledge

Looked upon

and 1equality among men, the patron

Equal rights.

of 1letters, the fountain of justice and of

Literature.

1order in human society; it is the strong bulwark

System.

of American 1freedom. It is a magnificent

Liberty.

195

1structure, reared with unequalled

Edifice.

1wisdom by the purest patriots; and the most

Sagacity.

successful 1 benefactors of the human race.

Friends.

Its 1 pillars are now the virtue and intelligence

Supports.

of the people; its 1 keystone is union.

Fastening.

200

Vice, immorality, and corruption may 1undermine

Sap.

the one; faction, 1sectional jealousies,

Local.

and strife, may 1corrode and destroy the

Consume.

other. Let it be the 1care of every Ameri-

Solicitude

our country? (§ 14.) 33. How long has the world continued under despotic rule? 34. What country set the example of freedom to all others? 35. Are poor men promoted to office under the Constitution? 36. For what reason? (§ 15.) 37. How may the Constitution be re-


224 COMMENTARY ON THE

can to 1comprehend the vastness of its blessings,

Understand.

205

and to 1guard it from all possible

Protect.

2encroachments.

2Intrusions.

(§ 16.) The 1legacy of the Father of his

Farewell Address

country sets forth alike the 1importance and

Necessity

the 1paramount claims of the Constitution.

Highest.

210

They who 1revere the sage counsels of him,

Reverence.

whose fame is 1co-extensive with the history

Co existent.

of America, will 1coincide in the opinion, that

Agree.

the Constitution should be 1studied in all the

Learned.

1schools. "It is of infinite moment that you

Seminaries.

215

should 1properly estimate the immense value

Adequately.

of your national union to your 1collective and

Combined.

individual 1happiness; that you should cherish

Felicity.

a 1cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment

Heartfelt.

to it; 1accustoming yourselves to think

Habituating.

220

and speak of it as of the 1palladium of your

Shield.

political safety and prosperity; watching for

National.

its preservation with jealous 1anxiety; discountenancing

Solicitude.

whatever may 1suggest even

Hint.

a 1suspicion that it can, in any event, be

Doubt.

225

abandoned; and indignantly frowning 1upon

On.

the first 1dawning of every attempt to alienate

Appearance.

any 1portion of our country from the rest, or

Part.

to 1enfeeble the sacred ties which now link

Weaken.

together the 1various parts."*

Different.

garded? 38. What should be the care of every American? (§ 16.) 39. What should be properly estimated? 40. Should all understand the Constitution? 41. Is it written so that all can understand it?

42. Should each pupil in every school in the country understand it?

43. Should every citizen study it? 44. How should all speak of it? 45. Would it be reasonable or safe to require persons to speak in a favorable manner of a document which they had never read?

* The entire Farewell Address is inserted in the "Citizen's Manual, by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh."

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 225

(§ 17.)

Great were the hearts, and 1strong the minds,

Stout

Of those who 1framed, in high debate,

Made

The 1immortal league of love that binds

Eternal.

Our fair 1broad empire, state with state.

Wide.

And deep the 1gladness of the hour,

Pleasure.

235

When, as the 1auspicious task was done,

Prosperous.

In 1solemn trust, the sword of power

Awful.

Was given to GLORY'S 1UNSPOILED SON.

Unstained.

That 1noble race is gone; the suns

Worthy.

Of sixty years have 1risen and set;

Soared,

240

But the bright 1links those chosen ones

Rings.

So strongly 1forged, are brighter yet.

Formed.

Wide � as 1our own free race increase�

Americans.

Wide shall extend the 1elastic chain,

Stretching.

And bind, in 1everlasting peace,

Everduring.

245

State after state, a "mighty train.� BRYANT.

Potent.

(§ 17.) 46. What were great? 47. What strong? 48. What was framed? 49. What was given? 50. To whom? 51. What is gone? 52. What are brighter yet? 53. What shall extend wide? 54. Should all endeavor to imitate the virtues of Washington, who endeavored never to tell a falsehood, violate an obligation, or be guilty of any other dishonorable act? 55. If we strive to attain the highest pinnacle, shall we be happier, and accomplish more good than we should otherwise? 56. Who do you suppose the happiest in this life, the wicked or the good?

LESSON XL.


THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS.*

(§ 1.) THE impressions and 1prejudices

Prepossessions.

imbibed in infancy � the 1infancy of a person

Early existence.

or of a nation � and 1perpetuated in the use

Continued.

of 1terms and phrases which should vary

Expressions.

5

with changing circumstances, are, 1perhaps,

Probably.

(§ 1.) 1. What can you say of impressions imbibed in early life?

* This subject is not deemed irrelevant to the education of females, inasmuch as they are naturally the first trainers of youth. Ladies should possess all information in reference to our social and political institutions.


226 DUTIES AND

in no instance more 1indelibly and injuriously

Permanently

fixed, than those relating to our 1social, political,

Domestic

and 1national associations. Thus, the

Public.

phrases and the impressions 1incident to them,

Appertaining

10

"right of suffrage," which 1implies the grant

Means

by the 1ruling power to the subject to exercise

Governing,

the elective 1franchise, and "government,"

Privilege

as applied to a 1detached body of

Separate

men in power, are both rendered 1obsolete

Antiquated

15

by the 1peculiar character of our republican

Genius.

institutions, and by the 1declaration that "all

Assertion.

men are 1created free and equal. Hence

Made.

society, as 1regards its organization and government,

Relates to.

is resolved into its 1original elements;

Primary.

20

and man votes, and elects 1legislators

Law-makers

and rulers, as a right, not as a 1privilege;

Favor.

government 1exists for man, not man for

Endures.

governors. (§ 2.) As then all men are 1politically

Nationally.

free and equal, the only 1operation

Thing.

25

necessary to 1constitute civil society is their

Form.

association for social enjoyment, the 1protection

Defence

of the 1weak against the strong, the

Feeble.

ignorant against the shrewd, the destitute

Illiterate.

against the wealthy, 1and so forth; and in this

&c.

30

compact each has equal liberty to participate

Agreement.

and 1express his will. The united will

Declare.

of all the members 1constitutes the government

Makes.

of a republican 1community.

People.

(§ 3.) A 1republican government then, is

Free.

35

nothing more nor less than 1a contract formed

An agreement.

2. Do people derive the right to vote from their rulers? 3. For what does government exist? (§ 2.) 4. What are some of the advantages of society? (§ 3.) 5. What is a republican government? 6. What is

RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 227

by the people for 1mutual protection, defence,

Reciprocal.

and security of their 1inalienable rights.

Untransferable

Hence the duty of every freeman is 1plain;

Obvious.

his own interest and the 1interest of those

Welfare.

40

dear to his heart, his family and his 1successors,

Followers.

require him to meet the 1assembled

Collected.

1community and express his wish respecting

Citizens.

measures 1proposed for the general

Suggested.

1weal, which will be found ultimately to

Prosperity.

45

1subserve his own self-interest. (§ 4.) But

Promote.

how, and where, shall a 1modest, humble individual,

Diffident.

meet the 1assembled community,

Gathered.

1composing this great nation, to express his

Forming.

1opinion fearlessly and efficiently? At the

Conviction.

50

1polls. His diffidence is there at once relieved

Place of election.

by the 1consciousness of his rights and

Knowledge.

the use of the 1ballot; and his vote, thus cast,

Vote.

may 1counterpoise that of the millionaire

Counterbalance.

over his 1coffers, the judge on the bench, or

Treasures.

55

the 1general in command.

High officer.

(§ 5.) Except in very small 1communities,

Societies.

the direct 1agitation of the question under

Discussion.

debate, cannot conveniently and 1simultaneously

At the same time.

be discussed and decided by the 1united

Combined.

60

will of the nation. This 1circumstance gives

Incident.

rise to a representative republican 1government,

Polity.

in which the voter 1delegates to his

Grants.

representative the privilege of 1carrying his

Conveying.

1opinions to the legislature, and presenting

Views.

the duty of every freeman? (§ 4.) 7. How do voters express their opinions? 8. Is there any difference between the vote of the man that cannot read and that of the most learned man in the country? (§ 5.) 9. What gives rise to a representative government? (§ 6.) 10.


228 DUTIES AND

65

them for him. (§ 6.) But let the 1voter bear

Balloter.

constantly in 1mind, that the ballot here cast,

Memory.

is his 1immediate opinion, expressed on the

Direct

matter at issue, and such 1collateral points

Indirect.

as are 1connected with it, to be immediately

United.

70

decided in the 1 legislature by his agent. �

Law making department.

No one should be so 1thoughtless as to consider

Unreflecting

the "election" merely an 1opportunity

Occasion.

of expressing his 1partiality for a favorite

Favor.

aspirant, who has 1elicited admiration by a

Called forth.

75

1facetious "stump speech," or for the gratification

Witty.

of 1personal feelings. The candid citizen

Individual.

will 1discard all unworthy motives; he

Renounce.

will look with pureness of heart and 1sincerity

Honesty.

of purpose, to the future 1effects of

Results.

80

the 1choice of officers. (§ 7.) He will neither

Election.

be the 1tool of party, nor allow personal

Instrument.

1enmity or prejudice to sway his vote. He

Pique.

will 1participate with the pure patriotism of

Share.

other ages in the self 1sacrifice of individual

Immolation.

85

or party preferences, for the most 1meritorious

Worthy.

and the ablest officers, and, 1governed

Directed.

by good common sense, and patriotic 1reflection,

Meditation.

will select a faithful, 1efficient, and

Competent.

trusty 1agent, to convey and execute his will

Deputy.

90

on 1subjects connected with his interest, the

Themes.

interest of the nation, the well-being of 1Christianity

Religion.

and of the 1world.

Earth.

(§ 8.) Thus, as so much 1importance is

Value.

attached to the 1elective franchise, it appears

Voting prerogative.

What should every voter bear in mind? 11. To what will every patriotic voter look? (§ 7.) 12. What should not sway the opinion of the voter? 13. What will govern every intelligent voter? (§ 8.) 14.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 229

95

that the 1duty of a voter is one of great privilege

Business.

to the freeman; but its 1importance to

Consequence

the nation rests on the honesty, the 1candor,

Sincerity.

and 1intelligence of its several members.

Enlightenment.

Hence the 1propriety and necessity of the exertions

Suitableness.

100

to 1disseminate, with other general

Diffuse.

topics of education, a knowledge of the

Branches.

principles of the government, and to 1inculcate

Infuse.

morality and 1religion � the pillars on

Christianity.

which rest the freedom, the 1permanency,

Duration.

105

and the entire value of our 1republican institutions.

Liberal.

(§ 9.) Every 1voter is bound by self-interest,

Balloter.

independent of the 1unerring commands

Undeviating.

of the scriptures, to 1support such

Maintain.

measures as will 1contribute most to ameliorate

Aid.

no

the sufferings and 1distresses of society,

Adversities.

to the general 1prosperity of his country, and,

Weal.

above all, to the 1perpetuity of its institutions.

Duration.

In the 1course of time, additions to and alterations

Progress.

of the Constitution must 1necessarily be

Of course.

115

proposed for the 1consideration of the people,

Deliberation.

and even its very existence is 1committed to

Entrusted.

them; hence the imperative 1injunction is

Command.

placed upon all, to 1understand that document,

Comprehend.

which has conferred so many 1blessings upon

Benefits.

120

mankind. 1Inasmuch as there are in our

Seeing that.

country about a million of 1adult white persons

Full-grown.

that cannot read, it is 1deemed important

Thought.

here to state 1briefly the necessity and

Succinctly.

In what way does the elective franchise benefit the nation? 15. What are the pillars on which the permanency of republican institutions rest? (§ 9.) 16. What is every voter bound to do? 17. What must be proposed in the course of time? 18. Can persons unable to read be considered safe guardians of liberty? 19. Who direct the


230 DUTIES AND

claims of sound instruction, to 1allude to the

Hint.

125

duty of all to support 1measures for the general

Means.

1diffusion of knowledge, and especially

Dissemination.

of those who 1direct through the ballot-box

Guide.

the 1destiny of the nation.

Fate.

(§ 10.) If a citizen neglects to Vote, he

Ballot.

130

1relinquishes one of his most valuable privileges,

Gives up.

and neglects an important 1duty. The

Obligation.

1boast of our republic is, its representative

Glory.

1feature, and to carry out its plan, all ought

Character.

to be represented. All 1ought to vote, for if

Should

135

they do not, the 1object of government fails, the

Design.

1people are not wholly, but only in part, represented.

Inhabitants.

Every good citizen who 1stays away

Keeps.

from the polls, may be justly said to 1frustrate

Baffle.

the plan of our institutions; and in 1case of

The event.

140

bad officers being elected, to support 1tacitly

Silently

their election and its 1consequences. (§ 11.)

Results.

In voting, a 1man is acting both for himself

Citizen.

and his country, and is under 1obligation to

Responsibility.

use the utmost 1discrimination and sound

Judgment.

145

sense in the 1selection of public officers, and

Designation.

conduct himself on all 1occasions with coolness,

Instances.

1candor, and kindness. There should

Ingenuous-

ness.

never 1be any angry words, or imputations

Exist.

of bad 1motives. The display of ungovernable

Designs.

150

temper, or of rude and 1ungentlemanly

Vulgar.

conduct, is 1beneath the dignity of freemen,

Below.

destiny of the political affairs of the nation? (§ 10.) 20. What does the man relinquish who neglects to vote? 21. Why should all vote in a republican government? (§ 11 ) 22. Under what obligation is every man who votes? 23. What should never exist? 24. Do the best of men ever make mistakes? 25. Do instances occur in which men think profound statesmen wrong � in which, if they possessed


RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 231

and totally 1unworthy of a citizen of the American

Undeserving.

1republic. The best of men may sometimes

Commonwealth.

1think they are right, and yet be in the

Believe.

155

wrong. Persons often think 1profound statesmen

Learned.

in the wrong, when, if they 1enjoyed

Possessed.

like advantages, all would 1know that they

Understand.

were in the 1right.

True way.

(§ 12.) In making political 1statements, it

Assertions.

100

is 1incumbent on those who advance them to

Obligatory.

use much 1caution and inquiry in reference

Discretion.

to their 1validity. It is by fair and honorable

Soundness.

1discussion that the cause of human liberty

Argument.

is 1advanced; and the greatest folly any party

Promoted.

165

or people can commit, is to 1cheat, 2dupe,

Defraud.

and deceive each other; all honorable men

2Impose upon.

will 1endeavor to support the cause of truth

Aim.

and justice. As 1treason is the worst crime

Rebellion.

known in civil society, so should political 1deceivers

Liars.

170

be 1ranked among the most heinous

Classed.

falsifiers of truth, and be 1dismissed from

Discarded by

the society of all 1 honorable and respectable

men. (§ 13.) Experience 1proves, that the

Demonstrates.

more the human race are 1accustomed to reason

Habituated.

175

and reflect upon their 1duties, the more pure

Obligations.

and 1holy they become. A community that has

More sacred.

for a 1series of centuries been oppressed by

Coarse.

taxation, and made the 1cringing slaves of

Bowing.

1despotism, are prone to run into the extremes

Tyranny.

180

of vice and folly when their 1shackles are

Fetters.

proper information, they would find that they were right? (§ 12.) 26. What is the result of fair and honorable discussion? 27. How should political deceivers be regarded? (§ 13.) 28. What does experience prove? 29. In what way can you answer the objection that man is


232 DUTIES AND

removed. They are sometimes 1led to believe

Induced.

that "1kings rule by divine right," and that

Monarchs.

man is not 1capable of self-government. Without

Qualified for

ever 1reflecting on the absurdity, that if

Pondering.

185

men, in the 1aggregate, cannot control their

Whole.

own affairs, the 1baser class of men may

Inferior.

seize the 1prerogative of heaven, and not

Exclusive privilege.

only 1govern themselves, but also others; that

Direct.

the 1greater number should be oppressed with

Majority.

190

taxes to support in sumptuousness the 1few;

Minority

that they must have 1an imbecile race of

A weak

kings, to force them to 1submit to law and

Yield.

to do right. (§ 14.) The fact is, that 1in

Heretofore

times past, education has been 1denied to

Withheld from.

195

the mass of the people. Hence the most 1disinterested

Unselfish.

benefactors of 1our race, � those

Mankind.

who 1disseminated most the fundamental

Diffused.

principles of human 1equality � that the

Right.

people should be free and 1enlightened � that

Educated.

200

1virtue and wisdom constituted the highest

Morality.

1excellence of character � and that men should

Worth.

be 1respected according to their personal merit

Esteemed.

and the 1piety of their lives, have been sacrificed

Sanctity.

by the 1illiterate multitude, who were

Ignorant

205

1duped and made the tools of artful despots.

Deceived.

(§ 15.) Recount the names of the most 1renowned

Celebrated.

1philosophers of antiquity, the" most

Sages.

disinterested statesmen, the ablest 1orators,

Speakers.

the purest 1philanthropists, even to him "who

Lovers of mankind.

incapable of self-government? (§ 14.) 30. What has heretofore been the state of education? 31. What has been the fate of those who have heretofore contributed most to human happiness? (§ 15.) 38. What art the names of the most distinguished philosophers of anti-

RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 233

210

spake as never man spake," they have 1suffered

Endured.

the most 1excruciating pains, and death,

Tormenting.

through 1ignorance, by the hands of those

Illiteracy.

whose best interests could alone be 1promoted

Advanced.

by their existence. 1Providence will ever

God.

215

render the 1inevitable hour of death happy to

Certain.

those who live for the 1benefit of mankind.

Welfare.

The dupes of tyrants have brought 1untold

Unrevealed.

misery and wretchedness upon 1 mankind,

Our race.

and their ignorance and 1subserviency have

Submission.

220

often 1clothed the world in mourning. (§ 16.)

Habited.

1Ignorance then cannot be anything but a

Want of knowledge.

moral crime of the darkest 1dye to those who

Color.

have 1imperishable education placed within

Enduring.

their reach, and fail to take the 1prize. The

Reward.

225

history of the world, the 1infallible index of

Unerring.

future human action, 1shows that no people

Proves.

can remain free who are 1illiterate. Knowledge,

Uneducated.

true knowledge, is 1indispensable to

Requisite.

secure 1permanently in families even the necessary

Lastingly.

230

1riches of this world. Without it, in

Wealth.

a republic, it is 1utterly impossible for wealth

Entirely.

to continue in, and 1contribute happiness to

Administer.

a family; it becomes the 1putrid carcass that

Corrupt.

invites 1unseen vultures, which seize it, and

Unobserved.

235

bring either poverty or 1inevitable ruin on its

Unavoidable.

1possessors.

Holders.

quity? 33. Name the most distinguished orators and philanthropists? 34. How, and for what did they suffer? (§ 16.) 35. Why is it a crime to be ignorant? 36. What is shown by the history of the world, on this subject? 37. Why is knowledge necessary to public and private prosperity? 38. What does wealth prove to its possessors without knowledge. 39. Do those who live for the benefit of mankind best advance the cause of Christianity?


234 DUTIES AND

LESSON XLI.

(§ 1.) 1SELF-INTEREST alone, even for this

Individual gain.

world's 1enjoyment, renders moral intelligence

Pleasure.

1indispensable. Let then no one rest

Necessary.

1satisfied whilst, within this Union, there are

Contented.

5

hundreds of thousands who 1find it difficult

Are puzzled

to 1discriminate between right and wrong.

Discern.

It is not 1enough that they know how to read

Sufficient.

and write; an 1enlightened man without probity,

Educated.

may become the more 1efficient tool for

Effectual.

10

mischief; but morality should be 1paramount

Superior.

to letters. Let the 1youthful mind be always

Young.

impressed with moral examples in theory and

Stamped.

practice, and so be fortified against the evil

Performance

influences of after-life. (§ 2.) Let the 1instructors

Teachers.

15

of youth receive such 1remuneration,

Compensation.

and such honor, that the 1profession may command

Calling.

the ablest 1talents of the land, and society

Capacities.

will receive the rich 1rewards of the

Compensations.

common harvest. 1Apathy to the vital subject

Indifference.

20

of the moral 1training of the young may

Guidance.

be fatal; no citizen, however 1wealthy, or

Opulent.

however 1exalted, can escape the evils of

Elevated.

surrounding and 1depraved ignorance. Let

Corrupting.

none 1imagine themselves in permanent security,

Suppose.

(§ 1.) 1. What renders moral intelligence indispensable? 2. Can the morals of children, or the property of individuals, remain safe among ignorant and corrupt communities? 3. What may an enlightened man without morality become? 4. What examples are requisite to enforce morality? (§ 2.) 5. Who will reap the benefits of having good instructors? 6. What is necessary to have a good school besides good teachers? 7. Are any so wealthy or so exalted, that they may be shielded from surrounding ignorance? 8. Who have a

RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 236

25

surrounded by 1mental darkness, or immoral

Ignorance.

1mental illumination; all have a part

Intellectual.

to 1perform � the richest and the poorest, the

Fulfil.

mightiest men of the nation, and the feeblest

Most influential.

women of the land. No 1citizen should be

Voter.

30

1destitute of feeling for the mental distresses,

Insensible of

1sufferings, and perishing wants of the multitudes

Endurances

within this republic. (§ 3.) May no 1lethean

Deathly.

stupor overtake, or contracted 1personal

Individual.

views 1engross the attention of the citizens

Monopolize.

35

of America, till, revelling in the 1fruits of

Productions.

others' labors, and claiming part of the 1renown

Fame.

of their ancestors, the hand of 1barbarian

Ferocious.

1ignorance writes "mene, mene, tekel,

Illiterance.

upharsin," on the walls of the 1republic, and

Nation.

40

the tide of 1brutal force, guided by mental

Depraved.

1depravity, sweeps liberty for ever from the

Recklessness

1shores of America. Let then every one remember

Coasts.

that here the people rule, that the 1minority

Smallest number

must always 1submit to the majority,

Yield.

45

whether their 1political measures savor of

National.

vice or virtue, of folly or 1wisdom. The vigilance

Discretion.

of all should be used, that the 1eloquence

Oratory.

of leaders, the 1zeal for party may not cause

Devotion

them to 1forget either the rights or mental

Overlook.

50

wants of their 1country.

Nation.

(§ 4.) All minorities in a 1republic are entitled

Commonwealth

to equal rights and 1protection with the

Security.

majority, and any 1violation of the just rights

Infraction.

part to perform in the univeral dissemination of knowledge? 9. Who founded those republican institutions, the blessings of which we now enjoy? (§ 3.) 10. To what has "mene, mene, tekel, upharsin," reference? 11. What is the expression, "walls of the republic," called?


236 DUTIES AND

of any minority, however 1small, would be

Diminutive.

55

1despotic oppression in a republic. The

Tyrannical.

worst of all despotisms has been 1exercised

Wielded.

by ignorant 1multitudes, over the wisest and

Masses.

best citizens. The man that 1votes for an

Supports.

evil person, for any office, commits a 1heinous

Flagrant.

60

1offence against his country and human

Crime.

liberty; he does all in his power to 1disgrace

Defame.

and 1ruin the republic. But the cause of

Destroy.

liberty is ever 1onward, and though often betrayed,

Progressive.

it cannot be kept down. 1Apparently

Seemingly.

65

crushed and entirely 1consumed, it will rise

Destroyed.

in some other land, and like the 1fabled ph�nix,

Feigned.

will revive from its 1ashes with renewed

Dust.

youth and 1vigor. (§ 5.) The great majority

Strength.

of the 1people of the American republic will

Inhabitants.

70

never knowingly pursue a course 1fatal to

Ruinous.

liberty. Education, 1moral education, is the

Correct.

sole 1foundation on which the perpetuity of

Basis.

our institutions 1depends; upon it alone is

Rests.

centered the future 1renown of America.

Fame.

75

1Greece, Carthage, Rome, Poland, Switzerland,

Ionia.

Holland, and 1France, those attempted

Gaul.

nurseries of republics, where the 1embers of

Cinders.

liberty are still 1glowing, are now to look to

Burning.

the 1eyry of the eagle of freedom in the New

Home.

80

World. The countries of the 1Old World,

Eastern Continent.

(§ 4.) 12. Under what circumstances may despotism exist in a republic? 13. What does a man do who votes for a wicked officer? 14. Have there been times when there appeared to be no rational liberty in the world? 15. What has taken place on such occasions? (§ 5.) 16. Will the majority of the American people knowingly pursue a wrong course? 17. What is then the only security for the perpetuity of our institutions? 18. What countries are now to become disciples

RESPONSIBILITIES OF VOTERS. 237

that formerly contained all that was 1considered

Deemed.

1of surpassing splendor in the productions

Magnificent.

of man and of 1nature, are now to become

Creation.

the 1pupils of America. � If we perform

Disciples.

85

our duty with the 1fidelity of our ancestors,

Integrity.

our country will attain 1enduring

Permanent.

greatness, and receive, 1through all time, the

During.

enviable appellation of the 1Alma Mater of

Cherishing mother.

rational 1liberty.

Freedom.

90

(§ 6.) In 1conclusion, it may be Well to

Closing.

remind all Voters, that we enjoy more liberty

Citizens.

and are 1subject to more sudden and intense

Liable.

1discussions than any other people on the

Controversies.

globe. Every 1citizen is a voter and a lawmaker,

Individual.

95

1almost every one is a politician,

Nearly.

warmly 1attached to his party. The opposite

United.

views and interests of 1parties engender

Sects.

controversies. There is 1imminent danger

Threatening

that the 1ascendency over an opponent may

Power.

100

be too often the aim, 1when, on the contrary,

Whereas.

the discovery of truth should 1alone be the object

Only.

of 1investigation. (§ 7.) Party contest, even

Search.

with a small number of 1uninformed voters,

Ignorant.

may endanger the 1tranquillity of the nation

Peace.

105

by a 1struggle for power among ambitious

Contest.

leaders. Political questions in this 1country

Nation.

will 1test the virtue and intelligence of the

Prove.

people, and the 1discretion, moderation, and

Judgment.

of America? 19. What maybe the enviable title of America? 20. What is requisite on our part? (§ 6.) 21. What are the people of this country subject to? 22. What is each voter? 23. What causes controversies? 24. What should be the object of all discussion? (§ 7.) 25. What may endanger the liberties of the nation? 26. Upon whom


238 DUTIES AND

1integrity of American politicians. Upon the

Uprightness.

110

present generation devolves the 1momentous

Important

question of republican government. If 1successful,

Prosperous.

we shall 1recommend our institutions

Commend.

to the 1esteem, the admiration, and the imitation

Regard.

of the 1civilized world.

Enlightened.

115

(§ 8.) It is believed that no 1secular knowledge

Worldly.

can 1contribute so much to the stability,

Conduce.

perpetuity, and 1grandeur of our institutions,

Splendor.

and so well 1prepare voters to discharge

Qualify.

their 1duties, as a familiar acquaintance

Obligations.

120

with the Constitution. The 1converse

Familiarity.

of the present and the 1rising generation should

Coming.

be alike with its 1principles and the causes,

Doctrines.

the motives, the forbearance, the 1unwearied

Indefatigable

labor in its production, and the 1unparalleled

Unequalled.

125

wisdom and 1sagacity of its framers. The

Quick discernment.

daily and domestic 1intercourse with that

Communication.

hallowed instrument, and the pure spirit of

Consecrated.

its authors, must promote 1harmony and

Concord.

union, and 1inspire every one with patriotism,

Enliven.

130

and 1an ardent desire faithfully and efficiently

A warm.

to 1perform his duty. Voters are the

Discharge.

protectors of the 1charter of freedom; the

Constitution.

children of the 1poorest may yet enjoy some

Most obscure

of its highest 1honors, and, like its framers,

Rewards.

135

by patriotism and merit 1engrave their names

Write.

on the pillars of 1immortality. Let then every

Eternity.

one, 1severing the chains of prejudice, select

Cutting.

the best men for office, that the 1duration of

Continuance.

the republic may be 1co-extensive with time.

Of equal duration.

devolves the momentous question of republican government? {§ 8.) 27. What is believed to best prepare voters to discharge their duties?

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 239

LESSON XLII.

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS.

(§ 1.) THE right of trial by 1jury was justly

Equals.

1considered by our ancestors as one of the

Regarded.

most 1inestimable privileges of freemen, and

Invaluable.

the 1violation of this prerogative was one of

Infringement

5

the causes* of the revolution. No 1citizen �

Denizen.

of the United States, 1excepting those in the

Reserving.

1regular army, and civil officers under the

Standing.

1general government, can ever be deprived of

National.

this natural 1 birthright. Jury trials in civil

Inheritance.

10

suits, when the amount in 1controversy exceeds

Dispute.

twenty dollars, are also 1guaranteed to

Secured.

every citizen in this country. (§ 2.) 1Though

Notwithstanding

the trial by jury has in all 1ages been highly

Periods.

prized, and is justly considered the 1palladium

Bulwark.

15

of liberty, yet 1comparatively little has heretofore

Relatively.

been done 1duly to discipline the mind,

Properly.

or to impress the responsibility of the 1undertaking

Duty.

on the minds of those who are to 1sit

Preside.

as 1judges, and decide on matters affecting

Arbiters.

20

not only the fortunes, the 1reputations, and

Characters.

(§ 1.) 1. How was the trial by jury regarded by our ancestors? 2. What is your opinion of the trial by jury? 3. What are your reasons for this opinion? 4. What is the difference between denizen and citizen, in the 5th line? 5. What persons in the United States are not tried by jury? 6. Can civil officers, after being impeached, be tried by jury? 7. Why does not this conflict with Article V. of the Amendments of the Constitution? 8. Can the members of the established army be tried by a jury? 9. By whom must they be tried? (§ 2.) 10. Can any abuses result from trial by jury? 11. What has heretofore been done to discipline the minds of the majority of the people

* See Declaration of Independence, page 94.

� See Articles V., VI., and VII, of the Amendments to the Constitution, pages 143 and 144 Also Article III, section second, of the Constitution, page 136.


240 DUTIES AND

the lives of their 1fellow-citizens, but even the

Countrymen

1well-being of society, and the permanency

Welfare.

of our institutions of 1justice. (§ 3.) The

Judicature.

object of juries is 1thwarted, if men, from

Obstructed.

25

deficient or 1improper mental training, are

Unsuitable.

incapable of listening to 1evidence, and reasoning

Testimony.

and 1discriminating between direct

Discerning.

and 1irrelevant testimony. It is well known

Not applicable

that men who have never formed the 1habit

Custom.

30

of attention, of investigating and 1reasoning

Ratiocinating

for themselves, after listening for a few

Hearkening.

days to evidence, become totally 1bewildered

Confused.

with regard to the 1matter in controversy.

Subject.

Hence, it is 1evident that well-meaning men

Plain.

35

may often be called upon to 1discharge duties

Perform.

for which they are totally 1unprepared, and

Incompetent.

if not suitably 1qualified by mental training,

Fitted.

they may become the instruments of 1depriving

Bereaving

their fellow-citizens of their 1most

Dearest.

40

valuable 1rights.

Privileges,

(§ 4.) It is a prominent 1object of this book

Design.

to impart a 1zest for critical, accurate, and

Relish.

continued attention, and the most extended

Protracted.

examination of any 1subject that may come

Questions.

45

under consideration, to strengthen and 1discipline

Regulate.

the mind, and awaken that 1commendable

Praiseworthy

spirit of self 1reliance and self perseverance,

Dependence.

which is 1essential to the highest

Necessary.

success in any calling. This plan constantly

Prosperity.

while at school, to act as jurors? (§ 3.) 12. What may thwart the object of juries? 13. What is necessary for one properly to discharge any duty which involves testimony, and affects the property or lives of persons? (§ 4.) 14. What is the difference between object and design, in the 41st line? 15. What is necessary to the highest success


RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 241

50

affords renewed and increased pleasure, in

Bestows.

the most 1intense thought and the most unwearied

Ardent.

1application. (§ 5.) It is believed

Diligence

that no youth can study this book 1thoroughly

Accurately.

without being better 1prepared in due time to

Fitted

55

discharge 1efficiently, not only the office of a

Effectually

juror, but all the varied 1duties of life. Its judicious

Avocations.

use will 1indelibly impress on the minds

Permanently

of all, the importance of the proper 1discipline

Culture

of the 1mental powers. Youths, actuated

Intellect

60

by the purest 1philanthropy, and the loftiest

Benevolence

1patriotism, as well as the consciousness

Love of country.

that their own private interest and 1immediate

Direct.

personal 1 happiness are inseparably

Enjoyment.

linked with their 1social duties, will surely become

Domestic.

65

the enlightened, the efficient, the 1vigilant

Watchful.

1guardians of justice. Thus, while each

Protectors.

receives new 1impulses to cultivate, in the

Incentives.

best possible 1manner, the immortal mind, an

Way.

imperishable 1foundation is laid, on which to

Basis.

70

1rear the inseparable superstructures of domestic

Erect.

bliss and national 1greatness.

Power.

(§ 6.) As the object of this work is to 1benefit

Serve.

in 1part the present as well as the rising

A degree

generation, the 1following subjects will be

Succeeding.

75

1briefly considered. The manner of the organization

Concisely.

of juries; the nature and 1character of

Description.

their duties; the 1extent of their power; the

Boundaries

1correct way of doing business; their responsibilities,

Right

in any calling? (§ 5.) 16. What effect is it hoped the use of this book will have upon the minds of the young? 17. What is the result of impulses to cultivate the undying mind? (§ 6.) 18. What is the object of this work? 19. What subjects is it proposed to consider? (§ 7.)


242 DUTIES AND

and 1influence on the social and

Power over

80

political 1institutions of our country. (§ 7.)

Regulations

A jury is a 1certain number of citizens, selected

Particular.

at 1stated periods, and in the manner

Specified.

1prescribed by the laws of the various states,

Directed.

whose 1business it is to decide some question

Duty.

85

of 1controversy, or legal case. Juries are of

Dispute.

two kinds; the grand jury and the 1petit

Traverse.

jury. In whatever 1manner the jurors may

Mode.

be 1selected from the people, it is the duty of

Taken.

the sheriff of the county or 1district, to return

Precinct.

90

1their names, on a piece of paper, to the

The panel.

court, previous to the 1appointed day for

Designated.

opening. Grand 1jurors must be selected

Arbiters.

from the county or 1district over which the

Bailiwick.

court has 1jurisdiction. Twenty-four men

Legal authority.

95

are 1summoned to attend court, but not more

Notified.

than twenty-three are ever 1entered upon

Sworn.

duty. (§ 8.) This prevents 1a contingency

An occurrence.

that might otherwise 1take place, of having

Arise.

twelve 1men in favor of arraigning a party

Jurors.

100

for trial, 1opposed to the other twelve, who

Contrary.

might wish to 1ignore the indictment. Not

Make invalid

less than twelve men can 1serve on any grand

Act.

jury in any state; and 1generally some odd

Usually.

number, 1between twelve and twenty-four, is

Betwixt.

20. What is a jury? 21. How are juries selected? 22. Do all the states have the same laws in reference to juries? 23. How many kinds of juries are there? 24. What is a sheriff? 25. What is the duty of the sheriff? 26. What is a panel? 27. What is the difference between panel and pannel? 28. What is the largest number of grand jurors ever sworn? (§ 8.) 29. Why is not a larger number sworn? 30. What is the smallest number of men that can ever serve on a grand jury? 31. What number is usually selected? 32. What is an odd number? 33. How is the foreman usually selected? (§ 9.) 34.


RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 243

105

1selected. After they are called to the side of

Taken.

the court-room 1appropriated for the jury, they

Set apart.

are generally 1permitted to choose their own

Allowed.

1foreman. But the judges can appoint, or

Spokesman

rather nominate a 1foreman for them.

Chief.

110

(§ 9.) The foreman is then required to 1take

Subscribe to

the following oath or 1affirmation, which is

Averment.

1administered by some authorized person.

Given.

"You, A. B., do 1solemnly swear (or affirm),

Seriously.

that you will 1diligently inquire, and true

Attentively.

115

1presentments make, of all such articles,

Indictments.

1matters and things, as shall be given to you

Subjects.

in 1charge, or otherwise come to your knowledge,

Keeping.

touching the present 1service; the

Session.

commonwealth's counsel, your 1fellows', and

Associates'.

130

your own, you shall 1keep secret; you shall

Not reveal.

present no one for 1envy, hatred, or malice,

Antipathy,

nor shall you leave any one 1unpresented, for

Unindicted.

fear, favor, 1affection, or hope of reward or

Love.

1gain; but shall present all things truly, as

Emolument.

125

they come to your 1knowledge, according to

Information.

the 1best of your understanding, so help you

Utmost.

God." (§ 10.) After the 1foreman has taken

Leader

the above 1official oath, the grand jurors are

Legal.

1sworn according to the following precedent.

Affirmed.

130

"You and 1each of you do solemnly swear

Every one.

(or affirm), that the same 1oath (or affirmation)

Invocation

which your foreman has taken 1on his

For himself

part, you and 1every one of you shall well

Each.

What is the foreman and each of the jurors required to do before proceeding to business? (§ 10) 35. What is the difference between sworn and affirmed, in the 129th line? 36. After the grand jury are sworn, what should be done? 37. May the powers of the grand jury


244 DUTIES AND

and truly 1observe on your part." The grand

Keep.

135

jurors, after being thus 1sworn or affirmed,

Qualified.

should be informed by the 1presiding judge

Chief.

of the 1nature of their business and the

Character.

extent of their 1jurisdiction, which sometimes

Power.

may be 1permitted to extend beyond

Allowed.

140

the 1 limits of their county. He should also

Bounds.

1briefly allude to all the offences, and other

Succinctly.

matters, which it is their duty to 1investigate.

Examine.

(§ 11.) It is the duty of the jury then to 1retire

Go.

to a room appropriated 1solely to their use,

Exclusively.

145

and sit in secret as a jury of 1accusation. The

Arraignment

foreman acts as 1chairman, and the jury should

President.

appoint one of their number to 1perform the

Execute.

duties of 1secretary; but no records should

Scribe.

be kept of their 1proceedings, except those

Doings.

150

that are 1essential for the transaction of their

Requisite.

own business in order, and for their 1official

Legal.

use. (§ 12.) After the grand jury is 1organized,

Regulated.

the 1Attorney-general usually supplies

Lawyer for the State.

them with bills of 1indictment, which should

Accusation.

155

specify the allegations against offenders. On

Enumerate.

these bills are 1written the names of the witnesses

Endorsed.

by whose 1evidence they are supported.

Testimony.

The witnesses, before the jury 1proceed to

Enter upon.

business, should be in 1attendance at court,

Waiting.

160

and should be 1carefully examined, with the

Attentively.

utmost 1scrutiny, and in such manner as in

Carefulness.

ever extend beyond their own county? 38. When? (§ 11.) 39. What should the grand jury do after receiving the directions of the judge? 40. Should they have any officer besides the foreman? 41. Why? 42. Why should they not keep permanent records of their proceedings? (§ 12.) 43. Who usually draws up the bills of indictment for the jury? 44. What should the indictment contain? 45.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 245

the 1judgment of the jury will best elicit the

Opinion,

whole truth in 1reference to the pending indictment.

Relation.

The 1object of the grand jury

Purpose.

165

is, to secure the 1punishment of the guilty,

Correction.

and to 1protect the innocent; to prevent the

Guard.

commission of 1crime, and lead all to reverence

Wickedness.

and obey the laws of the 1 land; to

Country.

show that the way of the 1transgressor is

Criminal.

170

hard, and that the only 1path of safety is the

Road.

path of 1duty.

Well-doing.

Why should witnesses be in attendance at court? 46. How should they be examined? 47. What should be the object of every grand juror?

LESSON XLIII.

(§ 1.) THE grand jury should 1always examine

Invariably.

witnesses under oath, and 1proceed

Act.

with the utmost 1vigilance and caution. �

Watchfulness.

When twelve jurors have 1agreed that the

Decided.

5

accused party 1ought to be placed upon trial,

Should.

it is their duty at once to 1find a true bill, and

Bring in.

any 1further delay on their part is merely

Longer.

a waste of time, and of the public 1money.

Treasure.

When the grand jury 1find a true bill against

Return.

10

an 1accused party, on the testimony of others,

Impeached.

it is 1called an indictment. (§ 2.) When

Named.

twelve or more jurors 1know of any public

Are aware.

offence 1within their jurisdiction, or if even

In.

(§ 1.) 1. In what manner should grand jurors examine evidence? 2. What is their duty, when twelve have decided to put the accused on trial? (§ 2.) 3. What may be done when twelve or more jurors know of any public offence? 4. What when one juror knows of any crime?


246 DUTIES AND

one or more 1jurors, less than twelve, know

Triers.

15

of any libel, 1nuisance, or public offence, he or

Pest.

they may be 1placed on oath, and examined

Put.

in the same way as any other 1witnesses, and

Testifiers.

after such 1examination, if twelve jurors shall

Investigation

agree that the 1allegations are just, they may

Accusations.

20

find a true bill, and cause the 1authors or

Originators.

offenders to be brought to 1trial. When a

Adjudication

bill is found in this 1manner, it is usually

Way.

called a presentment. It should be 1drawn

Written.

up in 1legal form, describing the alleged

Proper.

25

offence, with all the proper 1accompaniments

Adjuncts.

of time, and 1circumstances, and certainty

Particulars.

of the libel, 1nuisance, or crime. The word

Annoyance.

presentment, in the jurors' oath, 1comprehends

Includes.

all bills, and is 1consequently used in

Therefore.

30

its 1most extended application.

Widest.

(§ 3.) No 1indictment or presentment can

True Bill.

be made, except by the 1agreement of at least

Concurrence

twelve jurors. When a 1true bill is found, it

Real.

is 1the duty of the foreman to write on the

Incumbent on.

35

back of the indictment, "a true bill," with

Outside.

the 1date, and sign his name as foreman.

Time.

The bill should be 1presented to the court

Handed.

publicly, and 1in the presence of all the jurors.

Before.

When an indictment is not 1proved to the

Verified.

40

satisfaction of twelve 1jurors, it is the duty

Arbiters.

of the 1foreman to write on the back of the

Moderator.

bill, with the date, "1we are ignorant" or

Ignoramus.

5. What is the difference between a presentment and an indictment? C. How should a presentment be made? (§ 3.) 7. What number of jurors must concur, to bring in a true bill? 8. After the jury have concluded to find a true bill, what is the duty of the foreman? 9.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 247

"not a 1true bill," or "not found." When

Vera.

there is not sufficient evidence to 1authorize

Empower.

45

the jury to 1find a true bill, and they express

Bring in.

a doubt as above 1described, the indictment

Named.

is said to be "1made null and void." The

Ignored.

indictments, 1instead of being signed by the

In place.

foreman, may be signed by 1all the jurors, in

Each of.

50

which 1case the foreman's name should be at

Instance.

the head of the 1list of names. (§ 4.) In reference

Panel.

to 1indictments, the jury must depend

Accusations

1entirely on the testimony of others, and their

Solely.

own 1judgments. When a disinterested witness,

Opinions.

55

of good moral 1character, has been in

Reputation.

a position to 1know all the facts about which

Ascertain.

evidence is 1required, and has sufficient ability

Requisite.

to testify in 1courts of justice, the jury

Halls.

are legally bound to place implicit 1credence

Belief.

60

in such evidence, 1provided there is no

If.

1motive for telling a false or exaggerated

Cause.

story. It requires the closest 1discrimination

Scrutiny.

and 1judgment on the part of each juror,

Discretion.

to detect the 1fallacies of evidence, inasmuch

Deceptions.

65

as the 1accused party can never be present.

Criminated.

(§ 5.) It is 1incumbent on every juror to

Obligatory.

use his own 1opinion and good sense in

Judgment.

these 1matters, as well as all others. Any

Subjects.

one who is 1swayed by the suggestions of

Moved.

70

others, against the 1dictates of his own conscience,

Impulses.

is 1recreant to the trust reposed in

False.

What would be the difference if and should be substituted for or, in the 42d and 43d lines? 10. When is a bill said to be ignored? 11. How should all ignored bills be signed? (§ 4.) 12. On what must the jury depend in indictments? 13. What is required of each juror? (§ 5.) 14. When may a juror be said to be recreant to the trust reposed


248 DUTIES AND

him. Every public 1offence within the county

Crime.

may be considered a 1legitimate subject of

Lawful.

1indictment by the grand jury; but they can

Accusation.

75

never try the 1accused party. Their business

Arraigned.

is 1simply to investigate the case, so far as

Merely.

to 1see if the criminated party ought to be

Ascertain.

put on trial. Hence they are 1debarred

Prevented.

from examining any witness in his 1favor.

Behalf

80

(§ 6.) In 1concluding this subject, it may be

Closing

well to 1remark, that grand jurors are justly

Observe

bound to 1secrecy; for if they were not, the

Silence.

1imprudent remarks of jurors, that bills had

Careless.

been 1found against accused persons, might

Sanctioned.

85

enable the 1guilty to escape, and thereby

Criminals.

1thwart the ends of justice. It would also

Defeat.

hold out an 1inducement for persons guilty of

Incentive.

1crimes to inquire of jurors respecting the

Offences.

accused, and 1consequently facilitate their

Therefore.

90

escape. The certainty of 1punishment is the

Retribution.

surest 1preventive of crime.

Hindrance.

(§ 7.) The 1duration of secrecy is not in

Continuance.

all cases 1permanent. If a witness should

Lasting.

1swear in open court directly opposite to the

Take oath.

95

evidence given in by him 1before the grand

In presence of.

jury, the 1injunction of secrecy in reference

Obligation.

to the witness would 1be at an end. Any of

Terminate.

the jurors might be 1put on oath, to show

Sworn.

that the witness was not 1worthy of credit,

Entitled to.

100

and was guilty of 1testifying to a false flood.

Perjury.

in him? 15. Can the grand jury ever try the accused party? (§ 6.) 16. Assign a tew reasons why grand jurors should be bound to secrecy? 17 What is the surest preventive of crime? (§ 7.) 18. Is the injunction of secrecy on the part of grand jurors always permanent? 19.


RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 249

1From these reasons it appears, that the grand

Hence.

jury may be justly 1considered the vigilant

Regarded.

and efficient guardians of public 1virtue.

Morality.

JURY OF TRIALS.

(§ 8.) To the 1petit jury are committed all

Small

105

1trials, both civil and criminal. Petit jurors

Issues,

must be 1selected from the citizens residing

Picked out.

within the 1jurisdiction of the court. The

Bounds.

form of the 1petit jurors' oath varies in the

Traverse.

1different states of the Union. The following

Several.

no

1form is in substance generally used: "You

Phrase.

and each of you 1solemnly swear, to try the

Sincerely.

1matter at issue between the parties, and a

Question.

true 1verdict to give, according to law and

Judgment.

the 1evidence." As the grand jury was considered

Testimony.

115

the jury of 1accusation, the petit may

Arraignment

be 1regarded as the jury of conviction; hence

Considered.

their 1qualifications should be of an equally

Attainments.

high order, and every one should be 1imbued

Impressed.

with a sincere 1desire to render strict

Wish.

120

justice to 1all the parties concerned, without

Every one.

1partiality or hope of reward. (§ 9.) A petit

Favor.

jury 1consists of twelve persons, and unlike

Comprises.

the grand jury, it requires 1perfect unanimity

Complete.

to enable them to render a 1judgment against

Verdict.

125

any party. When the 1litigant parties, in

Persons at law.

In what light may grand jurors be always regarded 1 (§ 8.) 20, What is committed to the petit jury? 21. In what way must the petit jury be selected? 22. Do the local customs of this country vary in the selection of petit jurors? 23. What is required of each juror before he enters on July? 24. What was the grand jury considered? 25. What may the petit jury be considered? 26. What should be the qualifications of the petit juror? (§ 9.) 27. Of how many persons must a petit jury always consist? 28. What is always necessary to


250 DUTIES AND

their 1allegation, come to a fact which is

Statement.

1affirmed on the one side, and denied on the

Alleged.

other, the cause is at 1issue. The jury are

Trial.

the 1sole judges of the matter in controversy.

Only.

130

To insure 1uprightness, the trial by jury

Fairness.

should always be 1in open court. The witnesses

Public.

should be 1sworn in the presence of

Affirmed.

the judges, the 1counsel on each side, and

Lawyers.

all the 1spectators.

Bystanders.

135

(§ 10.) The 1evidence should then be given

Testimony.

by the party on whom 1rests the burden of

Devolves.

proof. After the 1witnesses called by a party

Deponents.

are examined, the privilege of 1re-examining

Cross-examining.

them is 1allowed to the opposite party.

Granted.

140

Whenever a question is 1asked which is

Propounded.

1considered improper by either of the litigants,

Deemed.

the 1judges decide upon the propriety

Court.

of the admission. 1Generally, before any

Commonly.

1evidence is offered, the counsel who open the

Proof

145

cause on each side, make a short 1speech,

Address.

in which they 1state the case, the matter in

Name.

suit, and the facts which they expect to prove,

Litigation.

1in order that the jury may better understand

So.

the evidence. (§ 11.) After the 1party who

Plaintiff.

150

supports the affirmative of the issue has 1examined

Questioned

all his witnesses, the 1opposite party

Adverse.

then calls evidence to 1support his side of the

Maintain.

question. The parties sometimes try to rebut

Controversy.

enable a petit jury to render a verdict? 29. Who are the sole judges of the matter in controversy? 30. Why should all trials be in public? (§ 10.) 31. What is done when an objectionable question is asked? 32. What is usually done before any evidence is offered? (§ 11.) 33 What is done after the evidence for the prosecution is examined? 34. What should determine in cases of conflicting testimony? 35. What is done

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 251

the testimony 1produced by each other.

Offered.

155

� Whenever 1conflicting testimony is produced,

Contradicting.

neither the judges, nor any 1authority

Legal Power

but the jury have a right to decide which is

Except.

right. After all the witnesses have been

Correct.

1examined, the counsel for the plaintiff addresses

Heard.

160

the jury, 1sums up the evidence in his

Recapitulates.

own favor, 1shows all the strong points in his

Exhibits.

case, and insists upon a 1judgment in favor

Verdict.

of his 1client.

Patron.

(§ 12.) The opposite 1counsel then addresses

Attorney.

165

the jury, and 1in like manner claims all the

Also.

facts and the law 1on his side of the question.

In his favor.

A 1reply of the plaintiff's counsel to the arguments

Replication.

of the counsel of the defendant may 1follow,

Succeed.

and then 1the answer of the counsel of

A rejoinder.

170

the defendant to the plaintiff's 1replication.

Reply.

According to 1custom, the counsel for the

Usage.

plaintiff has the privilege of 1speaking last.

Surrejoinder

After the 1arguments on both sides are

Pleas.

1finished, the presiding judge proceeds to

Closed.

175

1sum up the reliable evidence on both sides,

Collect.

and 1explains to the jury so much of it as

Expounds.

he 1deems correct. The opinion of the judge

Thinks.

should contain a clear and 1explicit exposition

Succinct.

of the law, but the 1judge should never

Expounder of law.

180

1undertake to decide the facts, for these are

Endeavor.

after all the evidence has been produced? 36. What part of speech is but, in the 157th line? 37. How many different parts of speech may but be? 38. When is it always a preposition? 39. When an adverb? 40. When a conjunction? 41. What is the difference between the Roman and the modern English meaning of client, in the 163d line? (§ 12.) 42. What is a Replication? � A Rejoinder? 43. Whose counsel has the privilege of addressing the jury last? 44 After the


252 DUTIES AND

committed to the jury. It is generally 1conceded

Acknowledged.

that the 1judges are the proper interpreters

Justices.

of the law. But the 1jury should

Arbiters.

for ever 1retain inviolable the right of deciding

Keep sacred

185

upon the 1validity of testimony.

Truth.

arguments on both sides have been closed, what is then done? 45. What should the judge not do? 46. If he should decide the facts of the case, would the jury be bound to coincide with his views? 47. What evils might result, if a judge decided upon the merits of the evidence * 48. What is generally conceded to the judge? 49. What to the jury? 50. What are the advantages of this plan?

LESSON XLIV.

(§ 1.) AFTER the 1judge has 2summed up the

Legal expounder.

evidence on loth sides, and elucidated the

2Given his charge.

points of the law, the jury should 1retire to

Withdraw.

some room appropriated 1solely to their use,

Entirely.

5

and consider 1critically and exclusively the

Closely.

subject in 1litigation. Much reliance as to the

Controversy

meaning of the law may generally be placed

Signification

in the 1explanation of the judge. � In this

Elucidation.

as well as all other matters 1at issue, each

On trial.

10

juror is bound to 1use his own good sense,

Exert.

with the utmost 1prudence and discrimination,

Caution.

lest some 1fallacy of judgment, from

Error.

which the 1wisest and best of men are not at

Ablest.

all times 1exempt, should sway the opinions of

Free.

15

the 1court. (§ 2.) Should a juror at any time

Bench.

(§ 1.) 1. What is meant by the judge's charge to the jury? 2. What should engross the attention of the jury after they receive the charge of the judge? 3. What are some of the important duties of the judges? 4. What are some of the essential duties of each juror? 5. Are all men liable to err in opinion? 6. Why should court, which implies several judges, be used in the 15th line, when judge was used in the 1st line?

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 253

1honestly believe that the judge had mistaken

Sincerely.

the 1application of the law, it is his duty to

Precedents.

1mention such instances in the jury-room. �

Name.

If no juror 1is able to explain the same so as

Can.

20

to show that the 1bench was right, they should

Court.

1at once inform the presiding judge of the

Immediately

doubt. For no man 1does his duty as a juror,

Fulfils.

or fulfils his obligations to 1society and his

The community.

country, who follows blindly the 1ipse dixit

Mere assertion.

25

of any man, or any 1body of men.*

Number.

(§ 3.) No one should ever 1consent to serve

Agree.

on a jury who is 1conscious of being unable

Sensible.

to draw just 1conclusions from statements

Inferences.

which have before been made; of 1discriminating

Judging

30

between 1specious eloquence and plain

Showy.

evidence. For if a jury may be 1swayed by

Moved.

the enchantment of 1oratory, the lawyer who

Declamation.

is the most 1eloquent, or perhaps the one who

Gifted.

speaks last, will always have an 1undue influence.

Unwarranted

35

� An 1ignorant and incompetent jury

Illiterate.

may then as often be 1arrayed on the side of

Marshalled.

(§ 2.) 7. What is the duty of any juror when he thinks the judge has erred? 8. Is it the duty of a juror to follow blindly the opinions of others? 9. When you substitute community for society, in the 23d line, why is it necessary in the former instance to prefix the article the? (§ 3.) 10. Who should not serve as a juror? 11. What may an ignorant and incompetent jury do? (§ 4.) 12. How should a jury regard

* The following brief extract from Vaughan's Reports will show the independence of English juries, and their sacred adherence to conscience, even in the infamous and despotic reign of Charles II. The illustrious William Penn was put on trial in London, m 1670, charged with trespass, contempt, unlawful assembly, and tumult, but was acquitted by a jury, against, what the bench considered "full and clear evidence, given in open court, and also against the charge of the judges m points of law." For this offence the jury were fined and imprisoned: but by the habeas corpus were brought before a higher tribunal, and acquitted, for the following reasons: That how manifest soever the evidence might have been to the judges, it was not plain to the jurors, tor they did not believe it, and consequently they were not deserving of fine and imprisonment.

"If the meaning of these words, 'finding against the direction of the court, in matter of law,' be, that of the judge, having heard the evidence given in court, shall tell the jury, upon this evidence, the law is for the plaintiff, or for the defendant, and you are under the pain of fine and imprisonment to find accordingly, and the jury ought of duty so to do, then every man sees that the jury is but a troublesome delay, great charge, and of no use in determining right and wrong; and therefore the trials by them may be better abolished than continued."


254 DUTIES AND

error as on that of 1justice. (§ 4.) The opinions

Right

of the 1court are entitled to much and careful

Judges.

1consideration, yet if a jury were to follow

Deliberation

40

1implicitly such directions, they would

Strictly.

not comply with the 1requisitions of their

Demands.

oath, which 1enjoins them to act according to

Requires.

the 1best of their own knowledge. They are

Utmost

not to 1see with "another's eye, nor hear with

View.

45

another's ear," but to 1perform their duty

Discharge.

according to the 1dictates of an approving

Monition.

1conscience, with an abiding remembrance of

Sense of right

the omniscience and 1omnipresence of God.

Continual presence.

(§ 5.) 1Sometimes a case is so plain that

Now and then.

50

the jury may 1render a verdict without leaving

Bring in.

the 1court-room. When the matter in

Jury-box.

1controversy is involved in much obscurity,

Suit.

they should 1retire to the juror's room, and

Withdraw.

there freely 1interchange views on the various

Give and take mutually.

55

points at issue. It is 1unlawful for any juror

Illegal.

to have 1communication with any but his

Intercourse.

1fellow-jurors and the proper officers of the

Co-laborers.

1court. By the *common law, jurors were

Judicial tribunal.

kept without 1food, drink, candles, or fire,

Sustenance.

the opinions of the court? 13. How should jurors endeavor to discharge their duties? (§ 5.) 14. What may be done by the jury when the case is plain? 15. When there is much obscurity in the evidence what should be done? 16. What is unlawful for jurors to do? 17. What is the common law? 18. Wherein does the common law differ from the statute law? 19. What was a regulation of the common law? 20. Where is the common law in all its essential points in

* As the term, "common, or unwritten law," is in general use, it may he proper here to observe that the term is used in contradistinction to written or Statute law, which is a rule of action prescribed or enacted by the legislative power, and promulgated and recorded in writing. But the common law is a rule of action which derives its authority from long usage or established custom, which has been immemorially received and recognized by judicial tribunals. As this law can be traced to no positive statutes, its rules or principles are to be found only in the records of courts, and in the reports of judicial proceedings. The common law is in force in England, and its essential features are recognized by the supreme courts of every state m the Union, as well as by the supreme court of the United States.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 255

60

until they rendered a 1verdict, unless the

Decision.

court directed 1otherwise. (§6.) But juries

To the contrary.

in 1modern times are not bound to such exact

This age.

rules, and instances 1frequently occur in which

Often.

they do not come to any 1agreement, and

Verdict.

65

are 1dismissed by the court: the case must

Discharged.

then be tried 1de novo. At other times, when

Anew.

they find it 1difficult to determine all the

Troublesome

points in dispute, from the 1perplexity of evidence,

Entanglement.

and the 1obscurity of law, they may

Unintelligibleness.

70

render a 1special verdict. This is done,

Peculiar.

either by 1stating all the evidence in general

Recounting.

terms, and requesting the 1court to decide

Justices.

the case for them, or by finding the 1facts of

Truth.

the case for the 1plaintiff or defendant, but

Prosecutor.

75

requesting the 1judges to decide the case according

Court.

to 1law.

Legal principles.

(§ 7.) Criminal prosecutions 1require of

Demand.

jurors the most 1unwavering firmness; they

Steady.

are selected as 1impartial judges, and should

Correct.

80

not 1incline either to the side of leniency

Lean.

towards the 1criminals, or on the other hand

Misdoers.

be unjustly anxious for 1conviction. In the

Condemnation.

United States, the 1tendency of juries is probably

Inclination.

always to favor the side of the 1guilty,

Criminals.

85

and consequently it is this 1weakness of our

Infirmity.

1nature that jurors have most to guard against.

Disposition.

(§ 8.) The certainty of immediate 1punishment

Suffering.

force? (§ 6.) 21. What can you say of jurors in modern times? 22. What instances occur? 23. When the jury are dismissed by the court, what must be done? 24. What is a special verdict? 25. In what two ways may a jury find a special verdict? (§ 7.) 26. What is the duty of jurors in criminal prosecutions? (§ 8.) 27. What is the surest pre-


256 DUTIES AND

is the surest preventive of 1crime. The

Wickedness.

inadequacy of law, or the 1laxity of juries

Looseness.

90

towards criminals, has a strong 1tendency

Influence.

to lead the injured parties to take 1justice into

The law.

their own hands, and 1summarily avenge

Quickly.

their real or supposed 1wrongs. This state of

Injuries.

society is the more to be 1dreaded, as all law

Feared.

95

is thus trampled on, and 1anarchy, one of the

Want of justice

1hideous monsters that have crushed all other

Frightful.

republics, is thereby 1fostered. (§ 9.) It requires

Cherished.

but little 1acquaintance with human nature

Insight into.

to know, that wherever 1crime can be

Misdemeanors.

100

committed with the greatest 1impunity, there

Exemption from punishment.

both property and life are the most 1insecure.

Unsafe.

It is, however, 1natural for those who are

Usual.

1interested, or expect so to be, to "declaim

Concerned.

1eloquently against the horrid law," and dwell

Fluently

105

most 1pathetically upon the claims of humanity.

Feelingly.

Jurors should however 1remember,

Bear in mind

that the 1purest principles of true humanity

Most genuine

require them to 1protect the innocent and

Shield.

punish the guilty. The 1amount of human

Sum.

110

1suffering is infinitely less, confined to one

Misery.

criminal, than extended to many 1victims.

Sufferers.

Further the "1horrid law" has made the following

Cruel.

most 1humane provisions in reference

Benevolent.

to criminal 1prosecutions. (§ 10.) In cases

Arraignments.

ventive of crime? 28. What has a tendency to lead persons to become avengers of their own real or supposed wrongs? 29. Why is this state of society to be dreaded? 30. What part of speech is that, in the 96th line? 31. When is that a relative pronoun? 32. When is it an adjective pronoun? 33. When is it a conjunction? (§ 9.) 34. What is it natural to expect from those directly or indirectly interested in criminal cases? 35. What is the most com-


RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 257

115

of 1offences against government, the accused

Treason.

at trial has the right to 1exclude thirty-five

Reject.

jurors, without 1assigning any reason, and

Giving.

also the privilege of 1preventing any man

Hindering.

from 1serving as a juror, who is supposed to be

Acting.

120

unfriendly or 1incompetent. In all other

Unfit.

criminal 1cases, the accused or his counsel,

Suits.

at trial, may object to and 1exclude twenty

Shut out.

men, without 1assigning any cause whatever

Rendering.

for so doing. The accused also has the 1privilege

Right

125

of 1challenging the whole panel of

Excluding.

jurors for any just cause, or he may 1challenge

Object to.

"1to the polls." Or if the accused can

Any particular jurors.

make it appear that the community are 1prejudiced,

Biassed.

the trial must be 1removed to some

Changed.

130

other 1place.

Situation.

(§ 11.) The number of names of 1jurors

Triers.

1returned to court varies; there are usually

Given.

forty-eight or seventy-two, whose 1names

Appellations.

are written on 1tickets, and generally put

Papers.

135

into a small 1receptacle. When a cause is

Box.

called, the first twelve of those 1persons

Individuals.

whose names shall be 1drawn from the box,

Taken.

serve as jurors, unless 1challenged or excused;

Objected to.

but in criminal 1cases it frequently happens

Suits.

140

that the 1entire number of names is drawn

Whole.

without obtaining 1the requisite number. The

Twelve suitable jurors.

1deficiency is then supplied by summoning

Want.

mendable humanity? (§ 10.) 36. What humane provisions have been made by the law? 37. What is the meaning of the prefix im before punity, in the 100th line? 38. What is the meaning of the prefix in before secure, in the 101st line; before nocent, in the 108th line; before finitely, in the 110th line; before competent, in the 120th line? (§ 11.) 39. What words are neither definitions nor synonyms in section 11?


258 DUTIES AND

1men to act as jurors from the spectators in

Talesmen.

court. (§ 12.) There are two 1methods of

Ways.

145

determining whether the juror 1challenged is

Excluded.

competent, and has no 1partiality for either

Bias.

of the parties. First the court may 1appoint

Name.

two indifferent 1persons, who must be sworn

Individuals.

to 1try the first two jurors, who, when found

Examine.

150

capable by the first triers, are 1sworn and become

Affirmed.

the sole 1triers of all the other jurors for

Judges.

that case; this is the plan of the 1common law.

Unwritten.

Secondly, the 1judges may themselves be the

Court.

triers of the jury; this is the 1more expeditious

Quickest

155

way, and is 1sanctioned by several of

Approved.

the states of our 1country.

Nation.

(§ 13.) There are also other 1 lenient provisions

Kind.

of law in favor of 1accused persons.

Indicted.

The 1impeached party must be made acquainted

Arraigned.

160

with the 1charges, in writing, previous

Allegations.

to the day of 1trial. He must have

Test.

a 1panel of the jurors, their business and

List.

residence; also 1a list of all the witnesses

The names

who are 1summoned to appear in the case.

Notified.

165

The law also 1provides that the accused may

Enacts.

1summon witnesses to prove either innocence,

Cite.

or the 1mitigation of the alleged offence, and

Alleviation.

further that the 1accused party may have the

Suspected.

1selection of counsel for assisting in making

Choice.

170

the 1 best possible defence. Again, no one

Strongest.

40. How many jurors' names are usually returned to court? 41. Who serve as jurors on any case that is called? 42. What are talesmen? (§ 12.) 43. What methods are there of determining whether a juror that is challenged is capable of serving? (§ 13.) 44 What are some of the lenient provisions of the law in favor of criminals? 45 What must be done before any one can be put on trial for any heinous of-

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 259

can be 1put on trial for any heinous offence,

Placed.

until 1thought guilty by at least twelve disinterested

Considered.

men on the grand jury, and in 1cases

Finding a true bill.

of indictment the grand jury must be 1sustained

Upheld

175

by 1respectable sworn witnesses.

Reputable.

(§ 14.) If a jury has 1found a verdict against

Declared.

any one, and there has been any 1transaction

Proceeding.

whatever during the trial, 1prejudicial

Injurious.

to the prisoner, the 1judges by law are bound

Bench.

180

to grant a new 1trial. But if the party is

Hearing.

once 1acquitted, there can be no new trial,

Set free.

however 1fraudulent may have been the

Illegal.

means by which he 1obtained his acquittal.*

Acquired.

Again, in 1doubtful cases, the law commands

Uncertain.

185

the accused to be 1acquitted. No prisoner

Released.

can ever be 1convicted, if eleven jurors consider

Found guilty.

him 1guilty, and only one is in his favor,

In fault.

1i. e., no one can be convicted, until at least

That is.

twelve grand jurors and twelve 1petit jurors

Traverse.

190

have, on oath, 1declared to that effect, according

Averred.

to the 1evidence and the best of their

Testimony.

1judgment. Moreover, in addition to the

Opinion.

perfect 1unanimity of twenty-four sworn jurors,

Agreement.

must be added also the 1assent of sworn

Unanimity.

195

witnesses, and the 1concurrence of the court.

Approval.

fence? 46. By what must the grand jury be sustained in cases of indictment? (§ 14.) 47. What is done when an unfair verdict is rendered against any criminal? 48. What is done when an unfair verdict is given in a felon's favor? 49. When eleven jurors are for conviction, and one against it, what is then done? 50. Before any punishment can be inflicted upon any criminal, how many honorable and disinterested men must consider him guilty? 51. Who besides the at-least twenty-four jurors must also concur in opinion that he deserves punishment? 52 Are convictions generally sanctioned by more than twenty-four jurors?

* See Article V , Amendments of the Constitution, page 143


260 DUTIES AND

LESSON XLV.

(§ 1.) THE 1remarks in this book have no

Observations

reference 1whatever to the propriety or impropriety

At all.

of 1continuing existing modes of punishment.

Perpetuating

They are 1intended to show that the

Designed.

5

regulations of society should be 1infallibly put

Invariably.

in force, for so long as juries 1efficiently and

Well.

1properly perform their duties, there is no danger

Faithfully.

of 1convicting innocent persons. The

Condemning.

innocent, and society 1in the aggregate, have

As one body.

10

rights as well as 1felons. As long as laws

Ruffians.

exist, they should be 1administered with certainty,

Enforced.

scrupulous justice, and 1impartiality,

Rectitude.

by those who have charge of their 1execution.

Application.

(§ 2.) It has been intended to 1prove that

Demonstrate

15

our 1laws are reasonable and humane, in

Statutes.

giving 1alleged criminals an ample chance

Supposed.

of 1justification; that no one can ever be

Defence.

1condemned without a fair hearing. It may

Convicted.

be demonstrated that they 1emanate from

Proceed.

20

the people, and should be 1administered for

Put in force.

the 1good of the people, and not rendered

Advantage.

1null for the temporary benefit of individuals.

Void.

A constant desire for 1change is agitating

Alteration.

the minds of the community in 1reference to

Relation.

25

our laws. Hence they must 1inevitably

Certainly.

1change either for the better or for the worse.

Be altered.

(§ 1.) 1. What is the purport of the remarks in this book upon the laws? 2. Why ought laws to be impartially executed? (§ 2.) 3. What is the character of our laws in reference to alleged criminals? 4, From whom do laws emanate? 5. Should the people be afraid of laws of their own making? 6. If the representatives of the people make a bad law, what may be done? 7. What is a strong argument

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 261

Our only safety is 1universal moral education.

General

(§ 3.) There is reason to 1apprehend

Fear.

that, from the eloquence of lawyers, the 1negligence

Inattention.

30

of juries, and the 1clemency of executives,

Favor.

a great many dangerous 1offenders are

Depredators.

1annually let loose, to prey upon society. �

Yearly.

It is to be feared that the 1loop-holes for

Avenues.

the escape of 1criminals are annually increasing;

The guilty.

35

that the 1punishment of crime by human

Correction.

law is more and more 1uncertain; that the

Doubtful.

law is 1reverenced less and less; that gilded

Regarded.

1crimes and moneyed offenders frequently go

Offences.

unpunished; and that the most 1atrocious have

Wicked.

40

at their 1mercy the property, the morals, and

Disposal

the lives of the 1innocent, whose numbers

Unoffending.

alone form a barrier to their 1rapacity.

Devastation.

(§ 4.) Is there no danger that 1degeneracy

Deterioration

and corruption, 1mob law and anarchy, will

Lynch.

45

1inevitably overrun the country; that the

Certainly.

hands of ignorance, and the tools of 1tyrants

Kings.

will 1insidiously disseminate throughout this

Cunningly.

Union the fatal error, that the 1punishment of

Chastisement

criminals is 1oppression, and their indiscriminate

Despotism.

50

acquittal philanthropy. The masked 1meandering

Winding.

train to a 1mammoth powder-magazine

Huge.

may be lighted without 1warning the people

Notifying.

of the danger of an 1overwhelming explosion.

Irresistible.

(§ 5.) The more 1critically and extensively

Accurately.

55

our laws are examined, in 1reference to

Relation.

in favor of universal moral education? (§ 3.) 8. What is there reason to apprehend? (§ 4) 9. What follow degeneracy and corruption? 10. What dangerous and fatal opinions may be insidiously disseminated? 11. To what will this opinion, if allowed to prevail, lead? (§ 5.) ] 2. What effect has a critical examination of our laws?


262 DUTIES AND

the trials of criminals, the more 1transcendent

Superior.

will their 1wisdom and humanity appear, compared

Justness.

with those of other 1countries. Indeed,

Nations.

so perfect are they in this 1respect, that it seems

Regard.

60

impossible that 1an innocent person could

A guiltless.

ever be 1convicted. It should, however, be

Condemned.

1borne in mind, that any law which, while it

Kept

professes to 1protect the property and lives of

Guard.

citizens, 1permits reckless persons to burn their

Allows.

65

houses, 1seize their property, or take their

Steal.

lives; and then, out of 1 professed philanthropy,

Pretended.

lets them escape or 1pardons them,

Forgives.

1sanctions the most oppressive despotism.

Sustains.

(§ 6.) The law in its 1administration grows

Dispensation

70

either better or worse; the trial by 1jury must

Citizens.

make either a 1progressive advancement, or

Constant.

1decline in its power to protect and bless the

Grow weaker.

larger and better 1portion of mankind. To

Part.

the juries of the country is 1committed the

Entrusted.

75

correct administration of 1justice; they are

Law.

equally bound to 1convict the guilty and protect

Condemn.

the innocent. 1Consequently, they should

Hence.

exercise their utmost 1sagacity, and have patience

Penetration.

to enter into the minutest 1details. They

Particulars.

80

should be slow to convict on the 1testimony

Evidence.

of dissolute and 1immoral witnesses, slow to

Vicious.

convict persons known for 1probity of character,

Integrity.

and for leading 1exemplary lives, still

Praiseworthy

slower to 1acquit infamous persons, whom

Set at liberty.

13. What seems impossible? 14. What is every law that without reason acquits or pardons convicts? (§ 6.) 15. How does the law in its administration grow? 16. What are your reasons for this opinion? 17. What is the difference between voters, and juries, in the 74th line?

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 263

85

they believe 1guilty, with the evidence preponderating

Criminal.

against them. (§ 7.) 1Sometimes

Occasionally.

jurors do 1honestly differ from the judges;

Sincerely.

they may even know what is 1deposed in court

Sworn to.

to be absolutely 1false, when such evidence

Untrue.

90

may be alike unknown to the 1counsel and the

Lawyers.

court. They should endeavor to 1divest

Free.

themselves of every particle of 1prejudice �

Bias.

to act as the impartial 1arbiters between man

Judges.

and man, 1irrespective of personal fear or

Without regard to.

95

personal favor, popular 1applause or popular

Praise.

1indignation. The turning of a ravening beast

Censure.

into the fold is as much to be 1dreaded, as the

Feared.

1possibility of cruelly confining an innocent

Likelihood.

sheep in the 1guise of a wolf.

Clothing.

100

(§ 8.) We may confide in the 1general excellence

Humanity

of our laws, the 1wisdom and spotless

Prudence.

1integrity of the American judiciary as a

Purity.

1body, and the ample provision already made

Class.

to 1befriend criminals. Moreover, it is a

Aid.

105

great 1pecuniary advantage to the lawyers

Profit.

who are 1selected to defend them to procure

Chosen.

their 1acquittal. In the United States nothing

Liberty.

is to be feared from the 1oppression of law,

Grievance.

1administered as it always must be, in all its

Dispensed.

110

1essential features, by jurors selected from the

Important.

18. Repeat the substance of section six. (§ 7.) 19. May any juror ever honestly differ from the judges? 20. What are your reasons for this opinion? 21. What is the difference between counsel and lawyers in the 90th line? 22. What should all jurors endeavour to do? (§ 8. 23. What is there peculiar in parsing sheep? 24. Is humanity, in the 100th line, either a definition or synonym of general excellence? 25 What are your reasons for this opinion? 26. Are liberty and acquittal, in the 107th line, either synonyms or definitions? 27. What is most to be feared in criminal prosecutions? 28. Why should Executives be


264 DUTIES AND

mass of the people. The 1danger then rests

Risk.

with the improper 1management of jurors

Conduct.

themselves, and the 1Pardoning Power. (§ 9.)

Executives.

Independent of these, and many other 1rational

Reasonable,

115

and kind privileges 1allowed by law,

Granted.

criminals, who are ever 1vigilant to destroy

Watchful.

the 1peace of society, and the lives of its innocent

Welfare.

members, 1resort to the most artful,

Have recourse.

fraudulent, and 1untiring means to get their

Indefatigable

120

friends 1placed on the juries. They set forth,

Put.

in the most 1pathetic appeals by counsel, or

Feeling.

otherwise, the cruelty of inflicting 1pain when

Torment.

it cannot restore the 1dead to life. By the

Deceased.

1mazes of the law, the conscientious scruples

Intricacies.

125

of those who lose sight of the 1welfare of the

Good.

many, and look solely to the present 1gratification

Indulgence.

of the individual, they 1adopt many

Put in requisition.

devices that are never 1resorted to on the

Embraced.

part of the 1agents of the innocent.

States-Attorneys.

130

(§ 10.) To such 1an ascendency has the

A pitch.

1eloquence and the skill of some lawyers

Oratory.

1attained in some sections of the country,

Reached.

that it is often remarked by the 1people, that

Inhabitants.

if a 1criminal, no matter how aggravated

Misdoer.

135

may be his crime, can 1secure the services

Obtain.

of certain lawyers, he is 1sure of an acquittal.

Certain.

It is a happy and 1just feeling of our nature

Right.

the marginal word for Pardoning Power, when it is neither a definition nor a synonym? (§ 9.) 29. Do criminals resort to any but legal means to obtain exemption from punishment? 30. What are some of the arguments used by those who wish to obtain the acquittal of felons? (§ 10.) 31. What is often remarked in some sections of the country? 32. Should we generally sympathize with the oppressed and distressed? 33. When a person is robbed, or has his dwelling burned

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 265

to 1sympathize with the sufferings and afflictions

Feel for.

of the oppressed. And this is, 1perhaps,

Probably.

140

the most effective weapon used in 1oratorical

Rhetorical.

dexterity, to 1captivate and win the

Fascinate.

verdict of an 1unreflecting jury. It is the

Unreasoning.

business of the 1 lawyer to use every argument

Jurist.

in favor of his side of the 1question;

Issue.

145

his 1pecuniary interest and his professional

Monetary.

reputation, alike 1demand it. (§ 11.) If a

Require.

party 1is really guilty, it is he, and not the law

Has violated the law.

that is the 1oppressor. He, and not the law,

Tyrant.

1should suffer. He, and not the whole community,

Ought to.

150

should endure the 1penalty of its violation.

Privations.

Any one guilty of a 1revolting crime,

Horrible.

though in a more 1obscure or limited way, is

Humble.

as much the 1usurper of the rights of man,

Assailant.

the oppressor of the innocent, the 1violator

Breaker.

155

and destroyer of law and 1rational liberty,

Reasonable.

as a Tarquin, a Caligula, or a Nero. 1Any

Every.

juror, in criminal 1prosecutions, who allows

Arraignments.

the eloquence of 1counsel on either side to

Attorneys.

sway his better judgment, who 1entertains

Cherishes.

160

prejudice against, or false 1sympathy for,

Kindness.

either the 1prosecution or defence, is throwing

State.

his 1influence against the purity and the

Power.

1sanctity of the law. If the accused is guilty,

Holiness.

and a juror by any means 1contributes to his

Countenances.

by another, who is the oppressed, the unfortunate person who sustains such losses, or the one who commits such aggressions? 34 Are heinous felons then oppressors, or are they oppressed by the law? (§ 11.) 35. Who should suffer when a crime is committed? 36. Who should always suffer for the violation of the law? 37. Is there more than one authorized way to spell defence, in the 161st line? 38. What does every juror who countenances the escape of criminals? 39. Does


266 DUTIES AND

165

escape, he 1aids the worst of despots, who

Assists.

totally disregards 1suffering and oppressed

Distressed.

innocence. He is the actual 1abettor of crime;

Aider

he throws his 1weight in favor of one who

Influence.

aims to 1destroy the peace and harmony of

Subvert.

170

society, and the laws of this free 1republic.

Country.

(§ 12.) Any juror who 1lends his influence

Gives.

to set at liberty the 1prowling robber, and

Plundering

the midnight murderer, is equally 1recreant

False.

to his duty, as he would be if he 1 knowingly

Intentionally

175

aided in 1convicting an innocent man. The

Condemning.

1saying which has filled so many lawyers'

Adage.

pockets with gold to the 1contrary notwithstanding,

Opposite.

"that it is 1better that ninety-nine

Preferable.

1guilty persons should escape, than that one

Criminal.

180

innocent person should 1suffer." The fact is,

Be condemned.

this saying originated in a 1 monarchical

Tyrannical

country. It is totally 1inapplicable to the

Foreign.

soil of a free republic, whose 1 laws are infinitely

Statutes.

more 1 lenient, and ought always to

Mild.

185

detect and punish. It was 1undoubtedly

Certainly.

1intended to minister to the unbridled passions

Designed.

and 1unhallowed crimes of royal princes,

Wicked.

dukes, marquises, 1earls, viscounts, and barons.

Counts.

All the 1nobility of England have more

Hereditary ranks

190

or less escaped 1unwhipped of justice, from

With impunity

this saying, uttered by a 1pampered pet of

Nourished.

royal 1favor. (§ 13.) But where and when

Partiality.

every one who indirectly aids in the escape of criminals contribute to I the ruin or the support of our free institutions? (§ 12 ) 40. Is it right or wrong to aid criminals to escape the penalty of the law? 41 What are your reasons for this opinion? 42. What saying has contributed most to this effect? 43. Whence did this adage originate? (§ 13)

RESPONSIBILITIES OF JURORS. 267

has it ever 1protected poverty and innocence?

Shielded.

1Certainly not in our country, for in cases of

Surely

195

1doubt, the law requires the jury to acquit,

Uncertainty

and the 1conviction of the innocent is next to

Condemnation

an impossibility. If there is no 1doubt,

Question.

the acquittal of a criminal is 1upholding despotism,

Sustaining.

it is 1giving the few � those "who

Bestowing upon.

200

fear not God, nor 1regard man" � the privilege

Respect.

to 1revel on the fruits of the labors, and

Feast.

trample upon the 1happiness and the lives of

Comforts.

the many with 1impunity. He who countenances

Exemption from punishment.

criminals, the 1enemies of rational

Opponents.

205

freedom, upholds them in 1setting at defiance

Putting.

the infallible laws of 1God.

The Deity.

(§ 14.) It is therefore 1incumbent on all

Especially the duty of

jurors in the Union to use their 1utmost sagacity

Greatest.

and discrimination, alike for the 1plaintiff

Prosecution.

210

and 1defendant, in civil suits as well as

Defence.

criminal, to 1view the cases before them in

Examine.

all their 1bearings, to reason, to think, and

Variations.

1investigate for themselves, and with an enlightened

Inquire.

and 1unduped zeal to pursue their

Undeceived.

215

course with 1unwavering rectitude. Be it remembered

Undeviating

that jurors are the most 1efficient

Effective.

judicial officers of the 1country, that upon

Land.

them 1depend the honor and the dignity of

Rest

our lenient and 1 humane laws, and the enduring

Benevolent

220

glory of our 1unequalled institutions.

Incomparable.

Every 1unjust verdict of an American jury,

Illegal.

44. Do the innocent in our country stand in need of this saying? 45. Is there any danger with us the innocent will be punished? 40. What may the unjust acquittal of criminals be rightly termed? 47. Who support criminals? 48. Who support tyrants? (§ 14.) 49. What is incumbent on every juror in the Union? 50. What is the difference


268 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

from criminal 1suits, however aggravated, to

Cases.

civil suits, however trifling, is the sapper's

Pecuniary.

blow at the 1foundation of the Temple of

Base.

225

1Liberty.

Freedom.

between unjust and illegal in the 221st line? 51. What bad effect have the unjust verdicts of juries even in trifling pecuniary cases?

LESSON XLVI.

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES.

(§ 1.) A 1CIVIL magistrate* is a public

Civic

officer, 1charged with some executive part

Intrusted.

of the government. In 1treating of the duties

Discoursing on.

and responsibilities of civil 1magistrates in

Rulers.

5

this book, 1 reference will be had solely to

Allusion.

their connection with juries, in 1relation to

Respect.

culprits; duties which it is deemed important

Convicts.

that every citizen 1throughout the country

All over.

should understand. In the 1outset it may

Beginning

10

be observed, that the 1pardoning power of

Remitting.

executives in the United States is 1co-extensive

Equally unlimited.

with that of the most 1absolute despot

Unlimited.

in the world. (§ 2.) The 1presidents and governors

Chief officers.

of these United States, 1have now

Possess.

15

the same unlimited power to 1pardon that

Forgive.

was exercised by kings in 1by-gone centu-

Past.

(§ l.) 1. Parse duties, in the 7th line. 2. Also which. 3. Where are who, which and what, in the objective case, always placed? 4. What is always the form of who, in the objective case? (§ 2.) 5. What is the difference between pardon and forgive, in the 15th line? 6. What

* A full illustration of the powers and extent of the judicial, financial, and other incorporated institutions of the United States, is contained in the Citizen's Manual, by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh.

OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 269

ries, when the world was just 1emerging

Issuing.

from barbarian 1darkness, when hundreds of

Gloom.

thousands of 1innocent persons suffered the

Unoffending.

20

most 1revolting tortures for no crime whatever,

Abhorrent.

and were even 1 burned alive at the stake by

Consumed

the hands of 1deluded ignorance.* No longer

Blind.

ago than the middle of the seventeenth century,

Past.

it was deemed a reproach to the 1Turks

Moslems.

25

that they had neither witches nor 1demoniacs

Possessed persons.

among them, and urged as a 1decisive proof

Conclusive.

of the falsity of their 1religion.� (§ 3.) How

Faith.

1wonderful, how incredible, has been the

Marvellous.

improvement of human society! for in every

Advancement.

30

country where then such savage cruelties,

Land.

such horrible excesses against 1reason, against

Justice.

humanity, and the religion of the Bible,

Benevolence

were 1committed, the enlightened principles

Perpetrated.

of 1true Christianity are now beginning to

Time-honored.

35

bless 1mankind.

Man.

(§ 4.) It must not, however, be 1understood

Imagined.

that the 1banishment of those barbarian customs

Expulsion.

was 1owing to the wisdom and humanity

Due.

of the 1civil magistrates of those countries.

Rulers.

40

� The history of the world 1shows,

Proves.

that wherever man has been found 1incapable

Uncapable.

is meant by the phrase, "burned alive at the stake," in the 21st line? 7. Near the middle of what century are we now living? 8. How do we find the distinctive name of any century? 9. Explain the reason of this. 10. What is the difference between Turks and Moslems, in the 24th line? 11. Is the word demoniacs, in the 25th line, correctly defined by the term, possessed persons? (§ 3.) 12. What are the improvements of society to be attributed to? (§ 4.) 13. To what was the banishment of these barbarian customs owing? 14. Are those

* It is estimated that upwards of one hundred thousand innocent persons have been condemned to death for witchcraft. � Essay on Crimes and Punishments: translated from the French, by Edward D. Ingraham


270 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

of self-government, there 1also has been

Too.

exhibited in the 1most glaring light his total

Clearest.

1incapacity to govern others. This remarkable

Unfitness.

45

improvement in human 1society has been

Intercourse.

brought about by the 1enlightening influence

Illuminating.

of wide-spread 1education, and the humane

Instruction

effect of the 1religion of Christ on the minds

Doctrines.

of society. No people have ever 1maintained

Sustained.

50

for any 1 length of time their national

Extent.

liberties, who did not 1understand the duties

Comprehend

and 1responsibilities of their civil magistrates.

Accountability.

(§ 5.) Even Greece, once the 1cradle of the

Dwelling-place.

arts and sciences, the 1fountain of whatever

Source.

55

was considered 1grand and noble among men,

Great.

by 1withholding proper education from the

Keeping back

1mass of the people and keeping them ignorant

Bulk.

of the 1duties and responsibilities of their

Obligations.

civil 1magistrates, lost its liberty. For the wise

Officers.

60

were 1immolated or banished from the republic,

Sacrificed.

because they were honest, and 1exposed

Laid hare.

the follies of the 1age, whereas those

Times.

who 1wheedled and 2cajoled the most, that

Flattered.

they might aggrandize themselves by pleasing

2Deceived.

65

the people, were most 1applauded, and reached

Commended.

the highest 1posts of honor and power. It

Places.

1should never be forgotten that our own country

Must.

once 1enjoyed less liberty than England

Had.

on account of being 1deprived of the

Debarred.

who are unable to govern themselves fit to rule others? 15. Have an ignorant people ever maintained their liberties for any length of time? (§ 5.) 16. Why is cradle, in the 53d line, defined by dwelling-place? 17. What term was used by the Greeks to denote banishment? 18. For what reason? 19. When did our country enjoy less liberty than

OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 271

70

liberties* which the 1great charter secured to all

Magna Charta.

Englishmen as an 1inalienable right; and that

Inborn.

this deprivation 1caused the revolutionary

Produced.

war. (§ 6.) Our ancestors in England 1knew

Understood.

the duties and responsibilities of 1civil magistrates,

Rulers.

75

and when the British 1governor attempted

King.

to take the trial by jury 1out of the hands

From.

of the American people,� when he 1pardoned �

Forgave.

his 1menials and profligate nobles, for aggressions

Tools.

on the people, and 1violated the

Invaded.

80

Declaration of Rights, he was 1proclaimed

Declared.

England? 20. What is the meaning of Magna Charta? 21. From what king of England was it extorted? (§ 6.) 22. What caused the revolutionary war? 23. What did our ancestors know? 24. What should we understand? 25. What is meant by the phrase "our ancestors in England?" 26. Did the patriots of the revolution prize the liberties of their English ancestors? 27. What were some of the acts of ancient Englishmen in favor of liberty? (§ 7.) 28. Give a

* The principles of these liberties are set forth, often nearly verbatim, in the Declaration of Rights. (See Lesson XX., page 86.)

� Extract from Magna Charta, confirmed by King Edward I., in the five-and-twentieth year of his reign, A. D., 1297, chap. xxix "None shall be condemned without trial. Justice Shall not be sold or deferred. � No freeman shall be taken of imprisoned, or be disseized of his freehold, or liberties, or free customs, or he outlawed, or exiled, or any otherwise destroyed, nor will we not pass upon him, nor condemn him, but by lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land. We will sell to no man, we will not deny, or defer to any man either justice or right." (Also see section 7. page 97, American Manual.)

� From the English Statutes, enacted the second year of the feign of Edward III.:�" In what cases only pardon of felony shall be granted. � Whereas, offenders have been greatly encouraged, because the charters of pardon have been so easily granted in times past, of manslaughters, robberies, felonies, and other trespasses against the peace. It is ordained and enacted, That such charters shall not be granted, but only where the king may do it by his oath, that is to say, where a man slays another in his own defence, or by misfortune.

"In case of death of man, robberies, and felonies against the peace, divers acts of parliament have restrained the power of granting Charters of pardons. First, That no such Charters shall be granted, hut in case where the king may do it by his oath. Secondly, That no man shall obtain Charters out of Parliament, Stat. 4 Edw. 3, c. 13.

"And accordingly in a parliament roll it is said, [for the peace of the land it would be much help, if good justices were appointed in every county, if such as be let to mainprize do put in good sureties, as esquires, or gentlemen: Anil that no pardon were granted, but by parliament.] Thirdly. For that the king hath granted pardons of felonies upon false suggestions; it is provided. That every Charter of felony which shall be granted at the suggestion of any, the name of him that maketh the suggestion shall be comprised in the Charter; and if the suggestion be found untrue, the Charter shall be disallowed.

"By the ancient and constant rule of law. Non poterit rex gratiam facere cum injuria et damno aliorum; quod autem alienum est, dare non potest per suam gratiam. In an appeal of death, robbery, violence, &c., the king cannot pardon the defendant, for the appeal is the suit of the party, &c., and whether the defendant be attainted by judgment, &c., or by outlawry, the pardon of the king shall not discharge him."

Lord Coke says. "These statutes are excellent instructions for a religions and prudent king to follow, for in these cases, Ut summ� potestatis Regi� est posse quantum velit sic magnitudinis est velle quantum possit, (as it is the highest kingly power to be able to act what he wills; so it is his greatness and nobleness to will only what he lawfully can.)"

Thus, it appears, that our English ancestors found it necessary to limit the pardoning power of their monarchs � They found it unsafe to have the pardoning power solely in the hands of their sovereigns. Hence it seems that many Republican Executives may exercise greater pardoning powers than hereditary kings.


272 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

a 1tyrant* When it was found that the English

Usurper.

king would not keep within the 1bounds

Limits.

their English brethren had 1prescribed to him,

Established for.

they 1resolved to shake off this power, as

Determined.

85

their 1ancestors had done.�

Forefathers.

(§ 7.) It is 1deemed not inappropriate to

Considered.

give here an extract from Locke's 1Essay on

Treatise.

Civil Government: "This holds 1true also

Good.

concerning the supreme 1executor, who having

Ruler.

90

a double 1trust put in him, both to have

Confidence.

a 1part in the legislative and the supreme

Share.

execution of the law, acts also against both,

Enforcement

when he sets up his own 1arbitrary will as

Absolute.

the 1 law of the society. He acts contrary

Regulation.

95

to his trust, when he 1employs the force,

Uses.

1treasure, and offices of the society, to corrupt

Wealth.

the representatives, and 1gain them to his

Win.

1purposes. When he openly pre-engages the

Designs.

1electors, and prescribes to their choice �

Voters.

100

those whom he has by 1solicitations, threats,

Entreaties.

promises, or 1otherwise, won to his designs �

In any other manner.

and 1employs them to bring in those who have

Uses.

1promised beforehand what to vote, and what

Agreed.

to 1enact. (§ 8.) Thus to regulate candidates

Decree.

105

and electors, and 1new-model the ways

Change.

synopsis of section seven? 29. What is the difference between trust and confidence, in the 90th line? 30. What is here said of those who pervert to a bad use the power entrusted to them by the people? 31. What bearing have the remarks concerning the abuse of the elective franchise, on the conduct of political parties in the United States? (§ 8.) 32. What is the difference between tear and cut, in the

* See Lesson XXI. page 94.

� By the Magna Charta forced from King John, 1215. the Great Charter made by King Henry III., and confirmed by Edward I., various acts of Parliament, and the Revolution of 1688, the principles of liberty were secured to the people, and acknowledged by all succeeding sovereigns.

OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 273

of election, what is it but to 1cut up the government

Tear.

by the 1roots, and poison the very

Foundation.

1fountain of public security. For the people,

Source.

having 1reserved to themselves the choice of

Kept.

110

their representatives, as the 1fence to their

Barrier.

properties, could do it for no other 1end, but

Purpose.

that they might always be freely 1chosen;

Selected.

and so chosen, freely act and 1advise, as the

Counsel.

1necessity of the commonwealth, and the

Need.

115

public 1good, should, upon examination and

Welfare.

mature 1debate, be judged to require. This,

Discussion.

those who 1give their votes before they hear

Are pledged.

the debate, and have weighed the 1reasons

Arguments.

on all sides, are not capable of 1doing. (§ 9.)

Performing.

120

To prepare such 1an assembly as this, and

A legislature

endeavor to set up the declared 1abettors of

Alders.

his own will, for the 1true representatives of

Faithful.

the people, and the 1 lawmakers of the society,

Legislators,

is certainly as great a 1breach of trust,

Violation.

125

and as perfect a 1declaration of a design to

Promulgation.

1subvert the government, as is possible to be

Overthrow.

met with. To which, if 1one shall add rewards

A person.

and 1punishments visibly employed to

Privations.

the same end, and all the arts of 1perverted

Misused.

130

law made use of to 1take off and destroy all

Put away.

that stand in the way of such a 1design, and

Plot.

will not comply and consent to 1betray the

Subvert.

liberties of their country, it will be 1past

Certain.

106th line? 33. Why should the purity of legislation be an especial object of our care? 34. Why are pledged representatives unfit to transact public business? (§ 9.) 35. What is the difference between true and faithful, in the 122d line? 36. Illustrate the meaning of these words in sentences. 37. Why is the word one, in the 127th line, defined by a person? 38. Give some examples. (§ 10.) 39. Why


274 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

doubt what is doing. What 1power they

Place.

135

ought to have in the 1society, who thus employ

Community.

it 1contrary to the trust that went along

Against.

with it in its first institution, is easy to 1determine;

Settle.

and one cannot but 1see, that he

Observe.

who has once 1attempted any such thing as

Tried.

140

this, cannot longer be 1trusted.

Confided in.

(§ 10.) Again, as to 1judicial ministers,

Justices.

according to the 1observation made by 2the

Remark.

Father of Candor, 'Should any one in that

2Locke.

1station of high trust and dignity temporize,

Post.

145

or ever 1join those in power, he must be

Unite with.

1despised by every one, as it is the power,

Hated.

not the person, he 1courts.'

Solicits.

(§ 11.) "Suppose any man 1base enough,

Unworthy.

for 1a pecuniary satisfaction, or dishonorable

Money.

150

1title, to concur in the introduction of arbitrary

Rank.

power into a free 1state. By what

Commonwealth.

1tenure will he hold his illegal acquisitions?

Title.

What reasonable hope can he 1entertain

Feel.

that his 1posterity will enjoy the acquisition

Descendants.

155

which he would 1transmit? Will he leave

Pass down.

his children 1tenants at will to his hereditary

Occupiers.

and acquired 1fortune 1 It is said, the profligate

Possessions.

and the needy have not any 1reflection:

Thought.

true. But will Britons 1make choice of such

Select.

160

to be the 1guardians of their property, their

Keepers.

lives, and their 1 liberties?"

Freedom.

(§ 12.) "Liberty receives 1 strength and

Power.

should a minister of the law refrain from interfering in political matters? (§ 11.) 40. Repeat section eleven. 41. What is said of those who, through motives of gain, deliver the liberties of their country into the hands of tyrants? 42. Who are destitute of reflection? 43.

OP CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 275

vigor by wholesome laws, and 1a punctual

An exact.

observance of them; not by 1contemning or

Despising.

165

1treading them under foot. Justice, equity,

Trampling.

and regularity, are all friends to 1liberty: she

Freedom.

cannot 1subsist without them; and in a word,

Exist.

courts Virtue as her 1chief and bosom friend,

Greatest.

and 1abhors Vice as her greatest enemy.

Detests.

170

(§ 13.) "When honors of any 1sort are

Kind.

prostituted, they are changed into marks of

Basely used.

infamy and 1disgrace, and will be looked upon

Reproach.

by every honest mind with horror and 1disdain.

Contempt.

They are no longer 1badges of dignity,

Marks.

175

but yokes of 1servitude; no longer the price

Slavery.

of virtue, but the 1bribes of vice. They degenerate

Inducements

into the 1accoutrements of knaves

Equipments.

and fools, and become the 1signs and tokens

Marks.

to distinguish the corrupt from the 1incorrupt,

Pure.

180

the 1Catilines from the 2Catos. But on the

Traitors.

other hand, when honors, as in the days of

2Patriots.

Trajan, flow in a pure 1channel, and spring

Course.

from a 1fountain that is clear and unsullied,

Source.

who is not glad to 1approach the stream?"

Near.

185

(§ 14.) Another writer 1justly remarks:*

Properly.

"In governments where 1 liberty is held in

Freedom.

1regard, great precaution should be taken that

Esteem.

the power of pardon be not rendered 1detrimental,

Injurious.

and that it 1shall not become a privilege

May.

Why is this the case? (§ 12) 44. What is the difference between detests and abhors, in the 169th line? 45. Illustrate the meaning of these words in sentences? (§ 13 ) 46. To what does the prostitution of honors to base purposes lead? 47. Why is a course of honesty recommended to all public functionaries? 48. What is the difference between badges and marks, in the 174th line? (§ 14.) 49. What should * Commentary and review of Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws


276 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

190

to 1certain persons or classes for the

Particular.

1perpetration of crimes with impunity, as too

Commission.

often 1 happens in monarchies." "It is certain,

Occurs.

governments which 1support themselves

Sustain.

by 1false ideas, do not venture to give their

Spurious.

195

subjects a very 1solid education. That those

Substantial.

which require to keep certain 1classes in a

Orders.

state of 1degradation and oppression, do not

Wretchedness.

permit them to obtain 1instruction; and that

Knowledge.

those governments only which are 1founded

Established.

200

on reason, can 1desire that education should

Hope.

be 1solid, profound, and generally diffused."

Correct

be done in governments where liberty is held in regard? 50. What attention do corrupt governments pay to education? 51. What do good governments desire?

LESSON XLVII.

(§ 1.) SUCH are the opinions of the 1ardent

Zealous.

friends of liberty in other 1countries, and of

Lands.

other ages; of those whom our 1forefathers

Ancestors.

reverenced, and from whom the 1framers of

Fabricators.

5

the Constitution 1derived much instruction;

Received.

and such are the 1sources to which we may

Fountains.

trace the origin of some of our 1best laws.

Wisest

From those 1fountains of wisdom we may

Springs.

learn, that there is less danger from 1vigilance

Watchfulness.

10

than from 1lethargy; less danger in watching

Stupor.

our rulers too closely, than in relying 1implicitly

Blindly.

on their patriotism and 1professions. (§ 2.) Is

Declarations.

(§ 1.) 1. From what sources did our fathers derive much benefit? 2. Should the people look to more than the mere professions of their rulers? 3. What are your reasons for this opinion? (§ 2.) 4. What

OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 277

there no 1danger at the present time lest the

Fear.

law, the 1rampart of our liberties, be perforated

Protecting wall.

15

by false 1sentinels, who, while working

Watchers.

for pecuniary 1 benefit and personal aggrandizement,

Gain.

may let in a 1torrent of vice to overwhelm

Flood.

the liberties of the 1country? How

Nation.

many secret 1loop-holes does every year's experience

Apertures.

20

1show there are, through which

Prove.

the most atrocious criminals 1escape by intrigue,

Slip.

gold, or the 1pardoning power of executives!*

Remitting.

(§ 3.) The criminal 1calendar of

Register.

our country merits the closest 1scrutiny on the

Examination

25

part, not only of juries, but of the 1people of

Citizens.

the whole country. If the 1governors of

Executives.

several states, each for a single 1term of

Period.

office, may of their own free will 1pardon hundreds

Forgive.

of 1criminals who have been, by the

Culprits.

30

1all-protecting care of the law, and against

Guardian.

the skill of 1able counsel, found guilty by

Efficient.

hundreds of different juries of the 1country,

Union.

is there not just 1apprehension that the law

Dread.

may become a 1dead letter, and be totally

Silent.

35

1disregarded. May it not blind the innocent,

Unheeded.

and render them more likely to be 1preyed

Seized.

upon by the 1wicked?

Guilty.

(§4.) Is there not reason to 1fear that the

Apprehend.

danger exists at the present time? 5. What does every year's experience exhibit1? (§ 3.) 6. Why does the criminal calendar of our country deserve careful examination? 7. What do you suppose would result from the total disregard of law? 8. What has always followed

* Owing to the fallibility of all human institutions, the pardoning power ought undoubtedly to exist somewhere. Might it not, with more reverence to the law, and greater safety to the republic, be entrusted to the State and National Legislatures, and limited to instances in which the convicting power had palpably erred? In some states the pardoning power is not entrusted alone to the Governors. In New Jersey it is vested in the Governor and Council. In Connecticut the pardoning power is vested in the Legislature. In Louisiana the Governor pardons with the assent of the Senate.


278 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

1trial by jury is becoming a mere mockery?

Examination

40

Is there not a confident 1 hope on the part of

Expectation.

the 1criminal, that if found out, he will not

Trespasser.

be 1convicted; if convicted, he will easily

Pronounced guilty.

receive a pardon? Does he not feel 1assured

Confident.

that it is the 1easiest thing in the world to

Most facile.

45

obtain the 1executive clemency? Is there

Governor's.

no danger that 1a wholesale pardoning power

Extensive.

will aid 1practised felons to entrap the young?

Old.

Is it not an 1incentive to crime? � an imputation

Encouragement.

on the intelligence and 1candor of

Fairness.

50

the jury, and 1consequently upon the people?

Of course.

Is not the power 1gradually sliding away

By degrees.

from the many into the hands of the 1few?

Rulers.

Does it not denote that the 1sanctity of the

Sacredness.

law is less 1revered? (§ 5.) Every unjust

Respected.

55

pardon or acquittal tends to weaken the 1confidence

Reliance.

of the people in the law, tends to 1encourage

Foster.

mob-law, tends to make 1honest people

Upright.

look for 1safety, not to tribunals of justice,

Security.

but to weapons of steel and 1missiles of lead;

Bullets.

60

tends to encourage 1crime and depress virtue;

Wickedness.

tends to weaken republican 1institutions, and

Establishments.

strengthen despotism. One of the 1fruitful

Prolific.

sources of the 1ruin of other republics has

Destruction.

been the 1connivance at gilded crime, the degeneracy

Winking.

65

and corruption of 1rulers, and the

Governors.

disregard of the public good.

Neglect.

anarchy? (§ 4.) 9. Give a synopsis of section 4. 10. Do hardened felons ever endeavor to entrap youth? 11. What are some of your reasons for this opinion? (§ 5.) 12. What is the effect of every unjust pardon or acquittal? 13. What has been one of the fruitful sources of the ruin of other republics? 14. What is the difference between ruin and destruction, in the 63d line? (§ 6.) 15. What impediments

OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 279

(§ 6.) Let not the 1delusive hope that moral

Vain.

1suasion can take the place of law, be entertained,

Expostulation.

while our country 1numbers nearly a

Contains.

70

million of 1adult white inhabitants that cannot

Grown up.

read and write; while the 1aggregate official

Whole.

1term of office of the rulers of the Union,

Period.

throws upon the people 1thousands of pardoned

Multitudes.

convicts. Moral 1suasion, holy as it

Reason.

75

is, without the certain 1chastening hand of

Correcting.

1law, has no more power over many hardened

Authority.

and reckless criminals than 1ropes of tow to

Strands.

bind the raging 1flames. (§ 7.) What object

Fire.

has the pardoning power, which 1seems to be

Appears.

80

spreading over several states in this 1Union?

Country.

1Has it come to this, that hundreds of American

Is it possible.

juries annually render 1erroneous verdicts?

Wrong.

Do the American 1judges, during

Law-officers.

their official terms of office, 1pass thousands

Pronounce.

85

of oppressive 1sentences? If not, the pardoning

Judgments.

power seems 1imperfect, inasmuch as

Defective.

it does not include all 1criminals. But some

Convicts.

assert that it 1includes only those who have

Embraces,

reformed: and who is to be the 1judge of this?

Decider.

90

Cannot a person who is guilty of 1an atrocious

A revolting.

crime tell 1a falsehood? Is a man too good to

An untruth.

1deceive, who is vile enough to wield the

Beguile.

midnight torch, to rob, and 1murder?

Kill.

are there to prevent the full power of moral suasion?

16. What effect has moral suasion on many hardened convicts? (§ 7.)

17. Do you suppose there are hundreds of American juries that annually render erroneous verdicts? 18. What does this imply, in the 89th line? 19. If felons are pardoned when they profess to be reformed do you suppose their keepers would ever be deceived? 20. What are your reasons for this opinion? (§ 8.) 21. If a criminal has really re


280 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

(§ 8.) If truly 1reformed, would not a convict

Regenerated.

95

1cheerfully comply with the laws of the

Willingly.

land, which 1assign to certain crimes certain

Allot.

1punishments? shall any one, under feigned or

Penalties.

even real reformation, 1evade them? If a

Shun.

man 1suffers innocently, may he not suffer

Endures.

100

for the 1good of his country? May there

Welfare.

not be 1patriotism in prison as well as in the

Love of country.

field of battle? May not a man 1receive

Get.

credit for 1sustaining the majesty of the law,

Upholding.

and the honor of his country in the 1former,

Cell.

105

as well as in 1the latter. (§ 9.) What right

War.

has one man to 1pardon without assigning

Free.

any 1valid reason, a few hundred criminals,

Sound.

within his 1jurisdiction, and not all? Was

Territory.

the pardoning power 1designed especially to

Intended.

110

protect the 1wealthy and the intelligent, and

Rich.

not the poor and the 1ignorant? Was it designed

Illiterate.

to favor 1hypocrisy � to hire conversion,

Deceit.

by offering the 1reward of freedom, and

Price.

the 1revelling on the earnings, and taking the

Feasting.

115

lives of others � to free from the 1confinement

Incarceration

of the prison, and its plain fare, for 1feigned

Spurious.

1reformation? (§ 10.) Was it designed to

Amendment.

put the people to 1enormous costs to support

Heavy.

1courts of justice, and render null and void,

Tribunals.

120

at the will of executives, hundreds of 1righteous

Correct

1verdicts of juries? Is the liberty of the

Decisions.

formed, what is it reasonable to suppose he ought willingly to comply with? 22. What can you say of a person who suffers innocently? 23. What is the duty of every citizen? (§ 9.) 24. What do you suppose was the object of the pardoning power? 25. What is the difference between illiterate and ignorant, in the 111th line? (§ 10.) 26. Who support courts of justice? 27. What is the object of courts? 28.

OF CIVIL MAGISTRATES. 281

vultures to take precedence of the 1safety of

Security.

the doves? Is the 1happiness of the many

Welfare.

to be sacrificed to the 1unrestrained inclinations

Licentious.

125

of the few? Let the 1people look well

Citizens.

to the safety, the honor, the 1dignity of the

Respect.

law, so that no power can either open 1Pandora's

The casket of ruin.

box, or 1render the verdicts of republican

Make.

juries a 1bye-word and a farce among

Reproach.

130

the nations of the 1earth.

World.


(§ 11.) The lion, o'er his 1wild domains,

Sun-scorch'd plains.

Rules with the 1terror of his eye;

Fire-glare.

The eagle of the 1rook maintains

Crag.

By 1force his empire in the sky;

Might.

135

The shark, 1the tyrant of the flood,

Fell.

Reigns through the deep with 1quenchless rage;

Sateless.

Parent and 1young, unweaned from blood,

Child.

Are still 1the same from age to age.

Alike.

Of all that live, 1and move, and breathe,

Change place

140

Man only 1rises o'er his birth;

Soars above.

He looks 1above, around, beneath,

On high.

At once the 1heir of heaven and earth:

Ward.

Force, 1cunning, speed, which Nature gave

Slyness.

The 1various tribes throughout her plan,

Numerous.

145

1Life to enjoy, from death to save,�

Health.

These are the 1lowest powers of man.

Humblest.


(§ 12.) From strength to strength he 1travels on;

Journeys.

He leaves the 1lingering brute behind;

Tardy.

And when a few 1short years are gone,

Brief

150

He 1soars, a disembodied mind:

Tow'rs.

Beyond the 1grave, bis course sublime,

Tomb.

Destined through 1nobler paths to run,

Higher.

In his 1career the end of time

Bright course

Is 1but eternity begun.

Immortality.

What evils do you suppose would result from not enforcing the laws? 29. What do you suppose is the object of law? (§ 11.) 30. Who possesses ascendency over all created things? 31. To what is man the heir? 32. What are the attributes of man? 33. For what end


282 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

155

What guides him in his 1high pursuit,

Great.

Opens, illumines, 1cheers his way,

Smoothes.

1Discerns the immortal from the brute,

Descries.

God's 1image from the mould of clay?

Likeness.

'Tis 1knowledge: � knowledge to the soul

Learning.

160

Is 1power, and liberty, and peace;

Potence

And while celestial 1ages roll,

Seasons.

The joys of 1knowledge shall increase.

Wisdom.

Hail to the 1glorious plan, that spread

Noble.

The 1light with universal beams,

Dawn.

165

And through the human 1desert led

Barren.

Truth's living, pure, 1perpetual streams.

Unfailing.

Behold a 1new creation rise,

Fresh.

New 1spirit breathed into the clod.

Ardor.

Where'er the 1voice of Wisdom cries,

Tongue.

170

"Man, 1know thyself, and fear thy God."

Scan.

MONTGOMERY.

is he created? (§ 12) 34. What is the destination of man beyond the grave? 35. How is knowledge the guiding star of man? 36. Is there any limit to the increase of knowledge? 37. What are your reasons for this opinion? 38. What are the teachings of wisdom?


LESSON XLVIII.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

(§ 1.) WHEN the most 1renowned

Famous.

republics* were deprived of their 1liberty,

Freedom.

mankind were oppressed either by 1military

Warlike.

(§ 1.) 1. How have the most renowned republics of antiquity lost

* "The generals, having armies and kingdoms at their disposal, were sensible of their own strength, and could no longer obey The soldiers therefore began to acknowledge no superior but their general, to found their hopes on him only, and to view the city as from a great distance they were no longer the soldiers of the republic, but of Sylla, of Maims, of Pompey, and of C�sar. The Romans could no longer tell, whether the person who headed an army in a province was their general or their enemy

"So long as the people of Rome were corrupted by their tribunes only, on whom they could bestow nothing but their power, the senate could easily defend themselves, because they acted consistently and with one regular tenor, whereas the common people were continually shifting from the extremes of fury to the extremes of cowardice; but when they were enabled to invest their favorites with a formidable exterior authority, the whole wisdom of the senate was baffled, and the commonwealth was undone

"A wise republic ought not to run any hazard which may expose it to good or ill fortune; the only happiness the several individuals of it should aspire after is, to give perpetuity to their state" � Montesquieu's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 283

despots, or by degenerate and 1corrupt rulers,*

Wicked.

5

who silently 1vitiated the majority of the people.

Tainted.

The most 1unbridled crimes went unpunished:

Unrestrained

1anarchy then prevailed, and as a

Disorder

resort from its horrors, the people took 1refuge

Shelter.

under 1despotism. Should the civil

Tyranny.

10

magistrates of our own 1country ever become

Nation.

1insensible to their just responsibilities � should

Unmindful of

they ever 1neglect to sustain, by appeals to

Forget.

1enlightened reason, the righteous verdicts of

Unobscured.

juries, and the wise 1decisions of the courts

Judgments.

15

of 1justice, the people may justly regard the

Law.

1boasted institutions of the republic as on the

Vaunted.

1verge of ruin. (§ 2.) We may then have,

Brink.

as now, the 1name of a republic, but all the

Title.

1evils of despotism will stride through the

Horrors.

20

land. Instead of 1encouraging the patriot

Stimulating

and the 1philanthropist, our history, like that

Lover of man

of the French 1republic of 1793, will convey

Commonwealth.

no 1cheering hopes to the oppressed of other

Animating.

countries, but will only 1transmit the wreck

Float.

25

of our 1temple of liberty down the current

Fane.

their liberties? 2. What usually precedes despotism? 3. Can despotism ever exist in an intelligent and virtuous community? 4. What may the people justly apprehend when the laws are violated with impunity? (§ 2) 5. Can a government ever exercise the power of tyranny under the name of a republic? 6. What was the power that existed in France in 1793 called? 7. Why? (§ 3.) 8. What does the

* "Cities and nations were now invited to Rome by the ambitious, to disconcert the suffrages or influence them in their own favor, the public assemblies were so many conspiracies against the state, and a tumultuous crowd of seditious wretches were dignified with the title of Comitia. The authority of the people and their laws, nay that people themselves, were no more than so many chim�ras, and so universal was the anarchy of those times, that it was not possible to determine whether the people had made a law or not

"The grandeur of the republic was the only source of that calamity, and exasperated popular tumults into civil wars Dissensions were not to be prevented, and those martial spirits, which were so fierce and formidable abroad, could not be habituated to any considerable moderation at home." � Causes of the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire

"Athens fell, because the errors of the people appeared so lovely in their own eyes, that they would not be cured of them." � Ibid.


284 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

of time, a mournful and 1melancholy memento

Gloomy.

of human 1wisdom.

Sagacity.

(§ 3.) It is possible in a 1republic for mob-law

Free country

and anarchy to prevail 1during the administration

Continuing.

30

of 1virtuous and wise rulers,

Correct.

but whenever such is the 1case, it infallibly

Fact.

denotes previous 1mal-administration. Good

Bad government.

rulers countenance and 1support wise and

Sustain.

1virtuous laws. Good rulers raise nations to

Pious.

35

the 1palmiest heights of prosperity, power,

Loftiest.

and happiness. Bad rulers 1depress them to

Sink.

the lowest depths of corruption, 1depravity,

Vileness.

and 1misery. (§ 4.) In our country, then,

Wretchedness.

how 1important is it that the people should

Essential

40

be 1thoroughly educated, that they may select

Correctly.

good rulers, and 1cause wise laws to be

Occasion.

1enacted and sustained. It is indispensable

Made.

for every one to 1understand the elements

Comprehend.

of 1political science, and possess a

Governmental.

45

knowledge of the laws which are 1designed

Intended.

alike to 1govern and protect the rich and the

Control.

poor, the 1ruled and the rulers. "Sine lege,

People.

est sine ratione, modo, ordine."* 1Every

Each.

one 1ought to know something of the duties

Should.

50

and 1responsibilities of civil magistrates, to

Powers.

know whether their 1influence be exerted in

Weight.

favor of 1learning and virtue, or whether

Intelligence.

they are the 1abettors of vice and crime.

Encouragers

existence of mob law denote? 9. What is produced by good rulers? 10. What by wicked rulers? 11. What is requisite to secure good rulers (§ 4.) 12. Why should every one know something of political science? 13. Why should all understand the duties of civil ma-* "To be without law, is to be without reason, order, and safety."

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 285

(§ 5.) The 1chronicles of the day disclose

Newspapers.

55

the existence of 1crime, and violations of the

Wickedness.

laws to an alarming 1extent in our beloved

Degree.

country. Frauds, breaches of public 1trust,

Confidence.

thefts, incendiarism, 1mobs, robberies, murders,

Tumults.

and other 1revolting affairs have arrived

Horrible.

60

to a 1pitch, at which all patriots may be justly

Height.

1alarmed. We are all perhaps too certain

Frightened.

that our country is 1rapidly advancing to

Speedily,

power and 1renown � too insensible of the

Glory.

1accumulating growth of ignorance and

Increasing:.

65

1immorality, and too indifferent to the gradual

Vice.

but 1silent progress they are making towards

Insidious.

sapping the 1foundation of our laws, and

Basis.

1overwhelming the institutions of the republic.

Overthrowing.

Let all be aroused to constant Vigilance. (§ 6.)

Watchfulness

70

At the present day a contest is 1commencing,

Beginning.

mightier than ever before was waged � the

Vaster

strife of reason against error � the contest

Contest.

of the 1friends of republican liberty against

Advocates.

the benighted and 1interested friends of hereditary

Selfish.

75

kings and 1nobles. Our forefathers

Lords.

fought with perishable steel for the liberty

Contended.

of a single country. We fight with 1imperishable

Indestructible.

reason to 1sustain what they won,

Uphold.

and for the rational liberty of the 1whole

Entire.

80

world. Let correct education 1pervade our

Permeate.

land � Jet the people, 1legislators, and rulers,

Law-makers.

gistrates? (§ 5.) 14. What may justly alarm all good citizens? 15. Of what are we all probably too certain? 16. What are gradually undermining the institutions of our country? (§ 6.). 17. What is commencing at the present day? 18. For what did our forefathers fight? 19. For what do we contend? 20. What will correct education pro-


286 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

bestow upon it their utmost 1aid, then tyranny

Support.

in every part of the world will 1give place to

Yield.

wise laws and 1enduring liberty, and all

Permanent

85

will attain the Christian's highest 1reward.

Recompense

(§ 7.) The 1echo of the voice of liberty

Reverberation.

has reached every 1monarchy in the world.

Kingdom.

The 1embers of the ruins of former republics,

Cinders.

1consumed by the arts and arms of despotism,

Desolated.

90

are still 1glowing on European soil.

Burning.

All the 1potentates of the earth, their nobles,

Sovereigns.

their 1menials, and their tools, see in the promulgation

Underlings.

of sound education and the 1rights

Privileges.

of man, their 1utter ruin, and their irretrievable

Total.

95

ignominy. Europe may boast of her splendid

Shame.

cities, her 1stately palaces, her magnificent

Towering.

temples. The Pyramids, all the 1gigantic

Stupendous.

monuments of the East, the 1herculean works

Alcidean.

of art, remain alike to show their 1inutility,

Uselessness.

100

and the 1effects of despotism � how the few

Results.

may gradually 1possess supreme power, and

Enjoy.

make the many their 1subservient tools. The

Slavish.

monuments of the 1East are the works of

Oriental world.

despots and 1tyrants. (§ 8.) But in America

Oppressors.

105

is reared a 1mightier monument than has

Greater.

ever before claimed the 1admiration of man.

Wonder.

It is the monument of the 1intellect, the work

Mind.

of patriots and philanthropists, the 1charter

Constitution.

duce? (§ 7.) 21. What has reached every monarchy in the world? 22. What will inevitably follow the promulgation of sound education and the rights of man? 23. Of what may Europe boast? 24. Of what may the East boast? 25. What is meant by the East? (§ 8.) 26. What has been reared in America? 27. What is constantly held out to all industrious citizens in America? 28. What secures this privilege? 29. Among what classes were most of the framers of

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 287

of rational liberty. It holds out a constant 1incentive

Stimulant

110

to merit, for it 1guarantees equal privileges

Secures

to all: its 1framers rose from the industrious

Formers.

1classes of the citizens of the

Ranks.

country. The two most 1prominent characters

Eminent.

in its 1origin were both, in their early

Foundation.

115

1career, numbered among the mass of the

Life.

laboring people. (§ 9.) 1The first, possessing

Washington.

limited 1advantages in early life, inferior to

Means.

those enjoyed by the 1youth of the present

Young.

day at our 1common schools, was, when

Public.

120

twenty years 1old, without classic knowledge,

Of age.

1laboring at days' works in the wilderness,

Toiling.

as a common 1surveyor of land. He had no

Measurer.

badge, no claim to 1distinction, other than an

Honor.

1honest heart, and a sincere desire to promote

Open.

125

the welfare of his fellow-men. 1 The other,

Franklin.

at the age of twenty-four, was 1toiling at the

Laboring.

printer's press, in Philadelphia, and 1sometimes

Occasionally

working at the 1wheelbarrow in the

Go-cart.

1streets.

Public ways

130

(§ 10.) Who then would have 1thought,

Imagined.

that the names of these young 1men would

Laborers.

have been known out of the 1 limits of their

Bounds.

own 1neighborhood, and even there but for a

Vicinity.

brief period? Yet, by unwearied industry,

Short

135

by well-meant 1exertions, they outlived the

Efforts

the Constitution? (§ 9.) 30. What were the early advantages of Washington? 31. How did he improve them? 32. What claim had he to distinction? 33. What claim has he to our regard? 34. What can you say of Franklin? 35. Can you name any other distinguished men who contributed largely in framing the Constitution? 36. Are not your advantages of education better? (§ 10.) 37. How do you suppose people looked upon young Washington and Franklin? 38.


288 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

opposition incident to all 1meritorious efforts.

Deserving.

Their names will glow with 1perennial brightness,

Ever-blooming.

when the names of the 1kingly office-holders,

Royal.

those clothed with the 1robes of

Panoply.

140

power in their day, will moulder in 1oblivion.

Forgetfulness.

But let it not be 1supposed that they gained

Presumed.

their 1fame, or reared those enduring mental

Renown.

monuments that will bless the latest 1posterity,

Generations

without 1opposition. (§ 11.) Washington was

Resistance.

145

1bitterly denounced, as being unfit to command

Fiercely.

the American army, a 1faction was

Party.

organized to ruin his fame and blast his 1character.

Reputation.

Franklin was 1hurled from office,

Ejected.

and more than once 1seemed to be on the

Appeared.

150

1brink of ruin. Yet for their country they

Verge.

forgot their personal ease and 1comfort �

Enjoyment.

they sought not the 1praises of men, but the

Adulations.

path of 1duty, and the sanction of an approving

Rectitude.

conscience. Let every one 1study well

Examine.

155

the patriotism, the 1philanthropy, the piety

Benevolence

of past 1ages, not only of our own, but of

Epochs.

other countries, that 1actuated by those pure

Moved.

examples, each may be 1sustained in pursuing

Borne up.

1unwaveringly, through every change of

Undeviatingly.

160

fortune, the path of 1rectitude. It is by ceaseless

Uprightness

1exertion, in imitating the great and good,

Effort.

that we best promote our own 1happiness, and

Welfare.

advance the cause of our 1holy religion.

Pure.

What did they do when surrounded by difficulties? 39. Was their cause just? 40. Should every one strive to be engaged in a good calling? 41. What should you do when encompassed by opposition? (§ 11.) 42. What can you say of some of the difficulties Washington encountered? 43. What obstacles did Franklin encounter? 44. What did they do when surrounded by troubles? 45. Do all persons encounter

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 289

(§ 12.) If this 1work shall tend in the slightest

Book.

165

degree to 1awaken the dormant talent of

Arouse.

the land; if it shall in any manner 1call to

Summon.

the 1safety of the Union some Cincinnatus

Security.

from 1the plough, some Sherman, Franklin,

Husbandry.

or Washington from 1manual labor, to the

Labor of the hands.

170

affairs of state and the cause of 1education,

instruction.

the 1object of the author will be realized.

Design.

If 1diffusing politica] science shall, in the

Disseminating

most 1remote way tend to awaken the minds

Distant.

of the community to the 1superior subject of

Paramount.

175

the sound and 1efficient education of the

Adequate.

females of the 1land; if it shall, in the smallest

Country.

1degree, call attention to the fact, that the

Extent.

1invisible influence of woman is paramount to

Unseen.

all others; the principles of 1patriotism and

Philanthropy.2

180

Christianity will be 1better disseminated.

Sooner.

Ladies 1wield a lever, whose prop is youth,

Move.

whose length is all time, whose 1weight is the

Object.

world, and whose 1sweep is eternity. (§ 13)

Extent.

Let woman be 1soundly educated; let no art,

Thoroughly.

185

however skilful, no science, however 1intricate,

Difficult.

no 1knowledge, however profound, be

Attainment.

1withheld from her grasp; let woman be properly

Kept.

educated, and 1enlisted in the cause of

Engaged.

1common school education. Let the natural

General.

190

1trainers of the young come to the rescue,

Directors.

and all will be 1safe. The portentous cloud

Secure.

of ignorance and of 1delusion, that now overshadows

Error

our country, will 1disappear like

Vanish.

troubles? 46. What should all do? (§ 12.) 47. What subject is of paramount importance? 48. What power does woman exert? 49. What is the difference between fulcrum and prop, in the 181st


290 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

mist before the rising sun. 1Education may

Knowledge.

195

then be 1placed within reach of all � man will

Extended to.

learn his 1duty to himself, his fellow-creatures,

Obligation.

and his 1Creator. The powerful will

Maker.

not 1pounce upon the defenceless, like tigers,

Spring.

nor marshal armies and 1ravage the

Desolate.

200

earth, like 1famished wolves. Men will no

Starring.

longer fawn like spaniels in the 1courts of

Palaces.

kings, nor 1crawl in the dust like serpents.

Creep.

Guided by the 1hands of gentleness and of

Influence.

kindness in childhood, to the 1perennial founts

Evergushing

205

of literature, they will attain 1manhood with

Maturity.

a better 1relish for knowledge. All raised

Taste

and honored by the 1purest moral education,

Holiest.

will become the 1fit recipients, and the efficient

Suitable.

1protectors of civil and religious liberty.

Guardians.

line? (§ 13.) 50. Why should woman be educated? 51. Repeat the substance of section nine.

LESSON XLIX.

FINAL.


AN EXTENSION OF THE AUTHOR'S SYSTEM OF MARGINAL EXERCISES.

Curious.

(§ 1.) 1UNIQUE as the pages of

Singular.

Seemed.

this book must have 1appeared to

Looked.

Glanced at

the reader when he first 1saw them,

Perceived.

Undoubtedly

the one he now beholds is 1surely

Certainly.

Bizarre.

5

much more 1so. At this stage of

Outre.

Needful.

the work it can hardly be 1necessary

Requisite.

1. What do you suppose is the design of the double column of marginal words? 2. Is either bizarre or outre in the 5th line a definition or a synonym of so? 3. Why may bizarre and outre be used?

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 291

Dilate.

for the author to 1expatiate

Enlarge.

Multiplied.

upon the 1many advantages of the

Multitudinous.

Certain.

marginal exercises, and their 1inevitable

Sure

Procure.

10

tendency to 1secure marked

Obtain.

Stir up.

attention from, and 1excite intense

Incite.

Study.

thought in the mind of the pupil.

Reflection.

Is left.

It only 1remains for him here to

Rests.

Exhibit.

display and explain an extension of

Show.

Scheme.

15

his own 1system. With the privilege

Plan.

Granted.

already 1accorded to the reader,

Given.

Employing:.

of 1giving either the marked

Using.

Expression.

1word in the body of the page, its

Term.

Relation.

1relative in the margin, or a word

Connection.

Advancing.

20

of his own, nearly 1approaching in

Approximating.

Signification

1sense to both or either, it might be

Meaning.

Conceived.

1supposed that the variety of expression

Thought.

Gained.

thereby 1attained would be

Reached.

Competent.

1sufficient for all educational purposes,

Ample.

The more so.

25

1especially since the learner

Particularly.

Frame.

would naturally be led to 1form for

Make.

Sentences.

himself corresponding 1examples of

Phrases.

Kind.

every 1description, when the idea

Sort.

Found place in.

had once 1entered his mind.

Taken root in.

Sated.

30

(§ 2.) But the writer is not 1satisfied

Contented.

Descried.

with having 1discovered and

Found.

Cleared.

1opened a new road through the

Cut.

Pointed.

1sharp rocks and tangled underbrush,

Angular.

Make up

which 1constitute so much

Comprise.

Novitiate

35

of what is to a 1tyro the hither

Beginner.

4. Miss���, will you name some definitions, in the marginal columns? 5. Miss ���, will you name some synonyms? 8. Miss ���, will you name some words which are neither definitions nor synonyms? 7. What terms are opposite in meaning to the words indicated by the (1), Miss ���?


292 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Division

portion of the unexplored region of

Part.

Convinced

learning; for, being fully 1aware

Assured.

Road.

that, take it as we will, the 1way is

Path.

Tiresome.

long and 1toilsome enough, he cannot

Weary.

Halt.

40

1rest without making it, so far

Stop.

Rectilinear

as in him lies, as 1straight, smooth,

Direct.

Practicable.

level, and perfect as 1possible. �

Can be.

Once.

Having 1already acted as pioneer,

Before.

Desirous.

he is now 1anxious to leave nothing

Solicitous.

Amended.

45

to be 1bettered, in the way of plan

Improved upon.

Succeed.

or system, by those who may 1follow

Come after.

Relation.

him. With 1respect to execution,

Regard.

Cognizant.

he is fully 1sensible of his manifold

Aware.

Benefit.

deficiencies. However, 1usefulness

Utility.

Clearness.

50

and 1perspicuity having been

Plainness.

Principal.

his 1main objects, he can scarcely

Chiet

Blamed.

be 1censured for want of elegance

Condemned.

Ascertained.

in style, when it is 1known that he

Understood.

Adorned.

did not aim at the 1ornate. He has

Ornamental.

Usual.

55

availed himself of the 1common

Universal.

Searching.

privilege of 1consulting the various

Examining.

Authors.

law and other 1authorities, on the

Standard books.

Affairs.

1subjects of which he has treated,

Matters.

Avowal

and deems this a sufficient 1acknowledgement,

Admission.

Specification.

60

without 1 particularization.*

Enumeration

Versified.

For the 1 metrical scraps

Rhythmical.

8. Master ���, will you name three definitions, three synonyms,

and three words which are neither? 9. What terms are opposite in meaning to the words indicated by the (1), Master ���?

* The Author has spoken freely of threatening evils in our republican institutions, yet he hopes none will consider that he entertains the least feeling of disregard towards those of his fellow citizens who are members of the standing army, or hold military or civil offices under the general or state governments. Those high officers are often chosen from the ranks of the ablest men in the Union, and the Author believes that no one among them would he so inconsiderate as to take offence at remarks which are necessary for a full discussion of the political institutions of our country, he has spoken not of the office-holders, hut of the system. The evil is not the work of the standing army and of the civil magistrates, but is upheld by and includes the whole community. The Author would further observe, that he has endeavored to say nothing that would in any manner whatever conflict with the sound opinions of any political party or Christian sect m the Union.

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 293

Spread.

1scattered through this work, he is

Dispersed.

Quondam.

indebted to his friend and 1former

Late.

Scholar.

1pupil, Charles J. Lukens.

Student

Thought.

65

(§ 3.) The 1notion of a second

Idea.

List.

1line of marginal words, on the left

Column.

Folio.

of the 1page, to correspond with

Leaf.

The row.

and balance 1that on the right,

The file.

Perhaps.

would 1probably occur, to many

Likely.

Work.

70

persons on seeing this 1book: � such

Volume.

Pre-represented.

thought is here 1anticipated. The

Foreshown.

Pass on.

author will now 1proceed to explain

Go on.

Secondary.

and illustrate the use of the 1supplementary

Additional.

Association.

line in 1connection with

Conjunction.

Pristine.

75

the 1original one. It is obvious that

Primary.

Methods.

we have two distinct 1ways from

Modes.

Select.

which to 1choose, as the marked

Pick.

Elucidations.

word may either have two 1definitions

Explanations

Pointed.

or synonyms, or two 1marked

Designated.

Severally.

80

words in one line may have 1each

Singly.

Equivalent.

a definition or 1synonym � that of

Like term.

Place.

the word first in 1order on the left

Rank.

Following.

of the page, and that of the 1second

Succeeding.

Preceding.

word on the right. In the 1former

First.

Example.

85

1case but one mark is needed, as

Instance.

Points.

usual; in the latter, two 1marks are

Characters.

Different from.

required, which must be 1unlike

Dissimilar to.

Modes.

each other. Both 1methods will

Plans.

Depicted.

now be 1described at length, premising

Represented.

10. Mr. ., how many words conveying a similar idea can you substitute for scattered, former, pupil, and notion, in the 62d, 63d, 64th, and 65th lines respectively? 11. What is the meaning of the prefixes to the words in the 72d and the 74th lines, Mr ���? 12. Illustrate the meaning of each prefix with some other words, Mr. ���.

13. THE CLASS. � Spell by letter the marginal words. 14. Name the reverse of the marginal words.


294 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Connectedly.

90

that they may be used 1together

In company.

Needed.

in the same page if 1desirable.

Wished.

Want.

(§ 4.) If we 1wish to define the

Desire.

Unit.

same word twice, the simple 1one

Prime.

Do.

[1], as before used, will 1suffice, and

Answer.

Therefore.

95

this character has been 1accordingly

Conformably

In case.

selected; but 1if two words in each

When.

Used.

line are to be 1taken, the matter is

Defined.

Proposed.

not quite so clear. It might be 1said

Affirmed.

Allude.

that 1 should 1refer to the left hand

Direct.

Confine.

100

1margin, and 2, to the right; but it

Border.

Borne in mind.

must be 1remembered that 2 has

Recollected

Special.

already been used for a 1specific

Particular.

Design.

1purpose in connection with the

Object.

Off.

1right margin, and that it would

Second.

After all

105

1still be needed there. (§ 5.) On

Yet.

The two.

the whole, in 1both cases the 1 and

All.

Permitted.

2 have been 1suffered to keep their

Allowed.

Stations.

old 1positions, and to the period [�]

Posts.

Committed.

is 1deputed the task of guarding the

Delegated.

Strait.

110

left margin. In a page so 1narrow

Contracted.

Extension.

as this, the first plan is, in general,

Project.

Fix.

much the easier to 1arrange, for it

Order.

Can.

1will be seen at a glance, that it is

May.

Troublesome

rather a 1difficult thing to find two

Hard.

Lone.

115

words in any 1one line of the present

Single.

Reach.

1length, which may each be

Extent.

Description.

supplied with a �definition or 1synonym,

Equivalent.

Large.

on account of the �great 1preponderance

Outweighing

15. Miss ���, will you name some words in the marginal

columns which are definitions of the corresponding words in the text? 16. What words in the marginal columns do you call synonyms,

Miss ���? 17. Name some words which are neither definitions

nor synonyms, Miss ���.18. What terms are in opposite meaning to the words indicated by the (1), Miss ���?

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 295

Little.

of �small 1undefinable

Uninterpretable.

Words.

120

�particles; 1therefore, a book written

Consequently.

Wholly.

�entirely with 1double margins on

Two.

System.

the second �plan, must have 1comparatively

Relatively.

Broad.

�wide 1pages. It may be

Leaves.

Questioned.

�doubted, indeed, 1whether such second


Amplification

125

�extension would be 1more

Better.

One.

than the �single margin 1under a

In.

Changed.

�different 1garb; every long line representing

Dress.

Primary.

two of the �original 1ones.

Lines,

Drain.

To �exhaust the 1subject, it is as

Matter.

Appropriate.

130

�well to 1say, that as many marginal

Observe.

Can.

lines �may he 1used on each side as

Placed.

Contain.

the page will �hold, and that 1they

The margins.

Permitted.

may be �allowed to 1encroach upon

Intrude.

Text

the �story itself, till that is 1narrowed

Decreased.

Simple.

135

to a �mere thread, with 1every word

Each.

Explained.

in it �defined and 1re-defined, and

Explained over.

Arrangements.

having �provision for 1extra notes

Further.

Head.

at �top and 1 bottom.

Foot

Would.

(§6.) It may be an advantage to

Interest.

Leaf.

140

have a page prepared without reference

Provided.

Points.

marks, to exercise the judgment

Employ.

Learner.

of the scholar in designating

Showing

Connection.

the correspondence of the marginal

Bordering

Terms.

words with those in the text; and

Narrative

Hard.

145

this is not such a difficult task but

Thing.

May.

that it can even be accomplished

Done.

Commencers

by beginners, who will take the

Hare.

Enjoyment.

same pleasure in it as in solving a

Explaining.

19. THE CLASS. � Mention, in rotation, the opposite of each marginal word, beginning at the top of the left-hand column. 20. Name, in rotation, the definitions, synonyms, and the words which are neither definitions nor synonyms, in the marginal columns.


296 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Charade

riddle. This section is left without

Printed

Pointers

150

the references as a specimen. (§ 7.)

Sample

Preceding

The �above remark will 1also apply

Further

Intended

to an �entire omission of 1punctuation

Stopping,

Like.

for a �similar 1purpose but only

Design.

Higher.

�advanced scholars should be 1required

Asked.

Suitable

155

to fill in the �proper 1points

Stops

When.

and �after they shall have 1done it

finished.

Accurately

�correctly they should be 1instructed

Desired

Change.

to �vary the points in every 1possible

Practicable

Way.

�manner they will 1thereby learn the

Thence.

Alteration

160

great �change of meaning 1occasioned

Caused

Want.

by the �omission or 1misplacement

Wrong position

Apparently.

of such �seemingly 1insignificant

Trifling

Things.

�characters When 1disputes

Contentions

Concerning.

�about pointing 1ran high years

Were violent

A singular.

165

ago �an eccentric 1individual published

Personage.

Complete.

a �whole book without 1stops

Dots.

Put

and �placed at the 1end by way of

Close

Five or six.

appendix �several pages of 1commas

, , , , ,

�semicolons 1colons 2periods marks

: : : : 2 . . .

! ! ! ! !

170

of �exclamation and 1interrogation

? ? ? ? ?

() ()

�parentheses and so 1forth quaintly

[ ] - * � � §

Remarking

�observing that the 1reader was at

Peruser.

Punctuate.

liberty to �pepper the 1hash as he

Matter.

Liked.

�pleased The punctuation is 1wanting

Omitted

Division.

175

in this �section and in both 1this

The present section

Foregoing

and the �preceding the reader 1will

Must

21. THE CLASS. � Give, in rotation, the words in the text corresponding to the marginal words, beginning with the 139th, and ending with the 150th line. 22. Name, in rotation, the places where pauses ought to be made, and the kind of stops proper to insert, beginning with the 151st, and ending with the 184th line. 23 Mention, in rotation, the definitions, the synonyms, and the words which are neither definitions nor synonyms, in the marginal columns.

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 297

A loss.

be at �sea until he shall 1stop and

Wait

Furnish.

�supply the 1points

Proper characters

Probable

(§ 8.) It is not �likely that 1any

Every

Perfectly

185

one should �fully 1comprehend the

Understand

Diversified

�varied beauties of the 1system here

Plan.

Exhibited.

�presented, and the happy 1effect it

Result

Attaching

must have in �giving 1copiousness

Amplitude.

Accuracy

and �precision to the 1style of such

Manner

May

190

as �shall be 1drilled by it, without

Taught

Prior

�previous 1acquaintance by use. �

Knowledge

Gives

It �affords us three separate, 1yet

But

Closely.

very �nearly connected 1narratives

Accounts

Threads

in one: three �strands, if the 1expression

Mode of speech

Can

195

�may be 1allowed, which,

Permitted.

Constant

by �continual interweaving 1go to

Tend

Make.

form, and do �form, one 1strong and

Sound

Complete.

homogeneous cord � a �perfect 1tria

Three joined in one

Should.

juncta in uno. It �may 1likewise be

Also

Said.

200

�remarked, that it gives 1opportunity

A chance.

Use

for the �employment of 1phrases,

Sentences.

Different

totally �distinct in 1meaning from

Signification

The ones.

�those they supply, if taken 1separately,

Apart

Pertain

but which � belong 1naturally

Properly

Matter

205

to the �subject in 1hand, and do not

Progress

Essentially

�materially 1alter the meaning of the

Change.

Accompanying passages

�context: the reader may have 1observed

Seen

A number of

�many such 1instances in the

Examples

Mam part

�body of the 1work. (§ 9.) At the

Book

Moment

210

same �time the 1writer will say, that

Author

24 THE CLASS � Name, in rotation, the opposite of each marginal word. 25. Name, in rotation, the definitions, the synonyms, and the words which are neither definitions nor synonyms, in the marginal columns 26 Name, in rotation, the reverse of the marginal words 27 Spell by letter the marginal words


298 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Deems.

he �considers the one 1marginal line

Border.

Equal

�adequate to most 1purposes, especially

Ends.

Reason.

on �account of the 1great

Vast.

Throws.

labor it �entails upon all 1connected

Concerned.

Writing.

215

with the �composing and 1compositing

Printing.

Volume.

of a �book of this 1kind. In

Description.

Truth.

�fact, the public can have no 1conception

Idea.

Prolix.

of the �tedious and 1harassing

Fatiguing.

Character.

�nature of the 1service required;

Duty.

For

220

�and even 1those used to

Persons.

Come.

publishing would �fall far 1short of

Off

Reality.

the �truth in making an 1estimate.

Estimation.

Conceded.

This being �granted, no 1one will

Person.

Gainsay.

�deny that a double 1margin must

Edge.

Augment

225

�increase the 1difficulties more than

Embarrassments.

Verily

half: �indeed, the writer is 1truly

Really.

Pleased

�delighted to find himself thus 1near

Nigh.

Termination

the �end of his 1self-imposed 2task �

Self-created.

and

2 Labors.

Placid.

So �gentle 1readers all, of sexes both and ev'ry age,

Hearers.

Unyielding.

From this time forth �unceasing 1war with error

Strife.

may you wage:

Darkness fell

May �ignorance your 1presence flee,

Nearness.

Heap up.

And may you �gather, 1like the bee,

As.

Blossoms.

Sweets from the �thought-flow'rs 1found in

Grown.

books, �

Bitter.

The �poison 1leave behind, �

Let

Stow.

And honey �store in 1ready nooks

Open.

Crannies.

And �corners 1of the mind.

In.

Sedulous.

On �careful 1retrospection you will find,

Retracement

Tracked.

That we have �traced the 1progress of mankind

Trials

28. THE CLASS. � Name, in rotation, terms which may be substituted for the words indicated in the text, besides those in the margin. Name, in rotation, the contrary of each marginal word. 29. Name, in rotation, the definitions, the synonyms, and the words which are neither definitions nor synonyms, in the marginal columns. 30. What

CONCLUDING REMARKS. 299

Polity.

In �government, e'en from its 1very birth

Early.

Current.

Up to its �present 1state upon the Earth:

Lot.

Rough.

Its first �rude 1elements we've seen resolved

Principles.

leap.

Into a 1mass of codes 1crude and involved,

Harsh.

Darker.

The �complex parts of which 1have their solution

Reach.

Last

At �length within our own 1free Constitution.

Great.

Right

Of �course not 1perfect, yet so near perfection,

Finished.

That Past Time.

�The By-gone well may 1pardon this reflection,

Sleep on.

Now here.

To which the �Present 1offers no objection;

Proffers.

Coming.

And if the �Future should 1propose rejection

Desire.

Lesser.

Of �minor 1portions of our glorious laws,

Clauses.

Should.

Care �must be taken that, in 1mending flaws,

Helping.

Larger.

�Greater mistakes are 1haply not committed,

Chance-like.

By it

So that they'd �thereby be for 1good unfitted.

Use.

Cit'zen's.

A �voter's 1obligations have been told,

Bounden duties.

Ballot-box men.

And all our �suffrage-holders 1fully warned

Rightly

Mind.

To �see that freedom is not 1lightly sold,

Freely.

Gone.

For, once �lost, 1fruitlessly will it be mourn'd.

Uselessly.

Counsel.

�Advice is 1given to our jurymen

Offered.

Weigh with care.

To �ponder well all 1facts, so that they may

Truths.

Render.

�Bring in a righteous 1verdict ever, when

Judgment

Sworn.

�Called to determine truth, and 1error stay.

Falsehood.

Of governors

The right �executive to 1pardon crimes

Free from.

Scanned.

Has been �examined and all its 1evils shown;

Mischiefs.

Indeed.

�In fact, 1amelioration of the times

A better posture.

On.

Can be accomplished �in one 1way alone.

Plan.

Vile culprit

Let the �offender 1feel that punishment

Learn.

Fast.

Is sure to follow �in the 1steps of guilt;

Track.

Work out.

Then shall our laws �effect their 1full intent,

True.

Green.

And flourish �fair, where now they 1droop

Pine.

and wilt.

Justices.

Our �magistrates are 1counselled to beware

Warned here

Perjured evidence.

Of �testimony false; in 1short, to sift

Fine.

Causes.

All �cases to the 1bottom, taking care

Utmost.

Keep.

To �guard with conscience 1whole the

Clear.

people's gift.

will be found on retrospection? 31. Into what have we seen the first rude principles of government resolved? 32. Where do the complexities of old codes find their solution? 33. What may be pardoned


300 CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Women.

The claim of �females to 1good education

Sound.

The more impressed.

Has been �insisted on, 1because our youth

For that.

Obtain.

�Receive of them first 1lessons; and the nation

Teachings.

Soar.

Must �rise or 1fall as they are taught the

Sink.

truth

Falsehood.

Or �error � for their 1power reaches far,

Influence spreads.

As.

And �like the mothers still the 1children are.

Daughters.

Close.

To �end � let ev'ry 1reader now suppose,

Person.

Writer.

That here the �author takes with 1trembling

Quiv'ring.

grasp

Palm.

His, or her �hand, 1anxious before he goes

Yearning.

Give and take

To �interchange with each a 1friendly

Hearty.

clasp;

'Mongst.

For �midst the living Time 1remorseless mows,

Regardless.

Since.

And, �as they ne'er may 1meet again, with

Join.

gasp

Of sorrow.

�Convulsive hear him falter 1feebly forth

Faintly.

Livers.

To �dwellers 1in the East, West, South, and North,

Of.

Sound.

That �word which still will 1linger in the

Halt within.

throat,

Enounced.

�Pronounced in any 1form, abroad, at home, �

Way.

Round.

Adieu, or �frank 1Good-bye, which most

God speed.

we note

Heart.

For �truth: � but still, within 1another tome

A second.

Companion.

They may �encounter, and 1together roam

In concert.

Paths.

The �fields of 1knowledge yet, if all should

Wisdom.

float

Buoyant.

�Lightly upon life's sea, nor 1sink beneath the

Fall.

swell

Raging.

Of trouble's �stormy waves � So now 1at length,

A kind.

FAREWELL.

by the Past? 34. When must care be taken? 35. What have voters been warned to see? 36. What should jurymen ponder? 37. How only can the condition of society be made more safe? 38. What should be guarded by magistrates? 39. What does the author say in conclusion? 40. What is alliteration? 41. Point out the instances of alliteration in section nine. 42. What words on page 300 are definitions? 43. What words are synonyms? 44. What words are neither? 45. What is the object of gaining knowledge? 46. How should each one strive to live?


amer_man-10.jpg

GIRARD COLLEGE.


LESSON L.

ONWARD � UPWARD.

1. Thou/ who sitt'st in 1mournful silence,

Gloomy.

1Brooding/ o'er the ills of life;

Pining.

Turn not,/ O disconsolate 1brother,/

Mortal.2

From the 1murky field of strife!\

Troubled.

2. Up,/ and 1gird thyself with firmness!\

Clothe.

1Say/ "I will!"/ � and it is done;\

Speak.

1Boldly tread the lists,/ defying

Firmly.

Trials,/ and the 1race is won!\

End.

3. Weak/ may be thy best 1endeavor,\

Exertion.

Still 1go on/ � act well thy part!\

Push.

Lakes/ and mighty 1rivers often

Waters.2

E'en/ from 1puny fountains/ start.\

Petty.

4. Every 1great result/ accomplished,/

Grand.

Has been 1won/ by tedious fight;\

Gained.

1Weary months/ and years of effort/

Tiresome.

Have from 1darkness/ brought the light.\

Blindness.

5. Men have 1trod the path/ before you;\

Walked.

1Reached the highest point/ of aim;\

Touched.

Up,/ then,\ up,/ disheartened 1brother!\

Sister.2

1Launch thy fragile bark/ again!\

Float.

HUGHAN.


302 THE LOVE OF COUNTRY AND OF HOME.

LESSON LI.

THE LOVE OF COUNTRY AND OF HOME.

1.

THERE is a 1land/, of every land the pride\,

Place.

Beloved by heaven/ o'er all the 1world beside\;

Earth.

Where brighter suns/ dispense 1serener light\,

Purer.

And milder 1moons/ imparadise the night\;

Stars.2

A land of beauty , virtue, 1valor, truth,\

Honor.

1Time-tutored age/, and love-exalted youth\.

Venerable.2

2.

The wandering 1mariner/, whose eye explores/

Seaman.

The wealthiest isles/, the most 1enchanting shores\,

Alluring

1Views not a realm/ so bountiful and fair,/

Sees.

Nor breathes the spirit/ of a 1purer air\;

Serener.

In every 1clime, the magnet of his soul/,

Land.

Touched by remembrance , trembles to 1that pole\:

The.

3.

For in this 1land of heaven's peculiar grace,/

Clime.

The heritage of nature's 1noblest race,/

Purest.

There is a 1spot of earth/ supremely blest\,

Land.

A dearer/, 1sweeter spot\ than all the rest\,

Better.2

Where man, creation's tyrant, 1casts aside

Puts.

His sword/ and 1sceptre\, pageantry/ and pride\,

Sabre.2

4.

While/, in his 1softened looks/, benignly blend/

Calmer.2

The 1sire\, the son\, the husband\, father/, friend\.

Protector.

Here woman 1reigns\; the mother/, daughter/, wife,

Rules.

Strews with 1fresh flowers/ the narrow way of life\;

New.

In the 1clear heaven/ of her delightful eye/,

Pure.

An 1angel-guard of loves and graces lie\;

Seraph.

5.

1Around her knees/ domestic duties meet\,

About.2

And fireside pleasures/ 1gambol at her feet\.

Frolic.

Where shall that laud, that spot of 1earth, be found?

Ground.2

Art thou a man/? a patriot/? 1look around\;

Glance.

Oh! thou 1shalt find/, howe'er thy footsteps roam,/

Wilt.2

That land THY COUNTRY/, and that 1spot/ THY HOME\.

Place.


OUR COUNTRY. 303

LESSON LII.

OUR COUNTRY.

1.

lOUR COUNTRY/! � 'tis a glorious land!\

America.2

With broad 1arms/ stretch'd from shore to shore,\

Wings.2

The proud Pacific 1chafes her strand,\

Washes.

She hears the 1dark Atlantic roar;\

Deep.2

2.

And, 1nurtur'd/ on her ample breast,

Cherished.

How many a 1goodly prospect lies/

Noble.2

In Nature's 1wildest grandeur drest,\

Sublime.

Enamel'd/ with 1her loveliest dyes.\

The.2

3.

Rich prairies, deck'd with 1flowers of gold,/

Roses.2

Like sunlit oceans 1roll afar;\

Move.2

1Broad lakes her azure heavens behold,/

Wide.

Reflecting clear each 1trembling star,\

Twinkling.

4.

And mighty 1rivers, mountain-born,/

Torrents.2

Go sweeping 1onward,/ dark and deep,/

Forward.

Through forests/ where the 1bounding fawn/

Running.2

1Beneath their sheltering branches leap.\

Under.2

5.

And 1cradled mid her clustering hills,

Nursed.2

1Sweet vales/ in dreamlike beauty hide,/

Green.

Where love/ the air with music 1fills,

Trills.

And calm 1content/ and peace abide;\

Repose.2

6.

For plenty here/ 1her fullness pours/

In.

1In rich profusion/ o'er the land,\

Her.2

And sent to 1seize her generous store,/

Take.2

There 1prowls no tyrant's hireling band.\

Creeps.2

Give the reverse* of some of the marginal words.

* The reverse of several hundred words is given in the Practical Spelling Book by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh.


304 UNION � LIBERTY.

LESSON LIII.

UNION � LIBERTY.

1.

HAIL,/ 1our country's natal morn,\

Columbia's

Hail,/ our 1spreading kindred born,\

Widening.

Hail,/ thou 1banner not yet torn,

Ensign.

1Waving/ o'er the free!\

Rustling.

1While, this day in festal throng,/

Now.

1Millions/ swell the patriot song,\

Myriads.2

Shall not wo thy 1notes prolong,/

Songs.

1Hallowed Jubilee?\

Renowned.

2.

Who would 1sever freedom's shrine?

Sunder.

Who should 1draw the invidious line?

Set.2

Though by birth, one 1spot be mine,/

State.

1Dear/ is all the rest:\

Prized.

Dear/ to me the South's 1fair land,\

Warm.

Dear,/ tho 1central Mountain band,\

Middle.

Dear,/ New England's 1rocky strand,\

Stony.2

Dear/ the 1prairied West.\

Level.

3.

By our 1altars,/ pure and free,\

Churches.2

By our Law's, 1deep rooted tree,\

Strong.

By the past's 1dread memory,\

Solemn.

By 1our Washington;\

True.

By our common 1parent tongue,\

Mother.

By our hopes, 1bright, buoyant, young,\

High.

By the Hie/ of country strong,/

Band.2

We will 1still be one.\

Aye.2

4.

1Fathers!\ have ye bled in vain?/

Founders.

Ages!\ 1must ye/ droop again?/

Will.

1MAKER!\ shall we rashly stain/

Creator.

1Blessings sent by Thee?/

Comforts.2

No I receive our 1solemn vow,/

Sacred.

1While before thy throne we bow,/

When.

Ever to 1maintain as now/

Sustain.

1Union � Liberty.\

Federal.

Give the reverse of some of the marginal words.

YOUTHFUL AMBITION. 305

1.

2 3. 4. 5.

LESSON LIV.

YOUTHFUL AMBITION.

1HIGHER, higher, will we climb/ Up the 1mount of glory;\ That our names/ may 1live, through time, In our 1country's story;\ 1Happy, in our country's cause,/ To 1defend our rights and laws!\

1Deeper; deeper; let us toil/ In the 1mines of knowledge:\ Nature's wealth, and learning's 1spoil,/ 1Win from school and college;\ 1Delve we, there, for richer gems/ Than the 1stars of diadems.\

1Onward; onward; will we press/ In the 1path of duty:\ 1Virtue is true happiness; Excellence, 1true beauty:\ Minds are of 1supernal birth;/ Let us 1make a heaven of earth.\

1Closer; closer; let us knit/ Hearts and 1hands together,\ Where 1our fire-side comforts meet/ In the 1wildest weather;\ O, they wander 1wide, who roam/ For the 1joys of life, from home!\

Nearer; nearer; 1bands of love/ Draw our 1souls, in union, To our Father's 1house above;\ To the 1saints' communion:\ Thither may our 1hopes ascend,/ There/ 1may all our labors end.\

Upward.

Hill.

Last. Union's. Blissful. Know.2

Further. Depths. Gain.2 Get. Search. Crowns.

Higher. Way. Honor.2 Real. Heavenly. Form.

Nearer. Heads.2 The. Stormiest Far.2 Bliss.

Cords.2 Minds.3 Home.2 Spirits.2 Hearts.2 Let.2


THE THRIVING FAMILY; THE STATES.

amer_man-11.jpg amer_man-12.jpg

WASHINGTON.

PENN.

LESSON LV.

THE THRIVING FAMILY; THE STATES.

1.

OUR 1father lives in Washington,/

Parent.2

And 1has a world of cares,\

Sees.

But gives his 1children each a farm,/

Offspring.

Enough for them and 1theirs;\

Heirs.

2.

Full thirty-one grown 1boys has he,/

Lads.

A numerous 1race indeed,\

Clan.

Married and settled, 1all, d'ye see,/

Each.

With boys and 1girls to feed.\

Maids.

3.

And if we 1wisely till our lands,

Sagely.

We're sure to 1earn a living,/

Get. Some

And have 1a penny, too, to spare,\

money.

For 1spending or for giving.\

Laying out or

4.

A 1thriving family are we,\

Thrifty.

No 1lordling need deride us,\

Nabob.

For we know 1how to use our hands,\

When.2

And in our 1wits we pride us;\

Tact.

1Hail./ brothers,/ hail!\

Joy.

Let nought/ on earth 1divide us.\

Sunder.

THE THRIVING FAMILY; THE STATES. 307

5.

Some of us dare the 1sharp north-east,\

Keen.

Some, clover-fields are 1mowing;\

Sowing.2

And others 1tend the cotton-plants/

Watch.2

1That keep the looms a-going.\

Which.

6.

Some build/ and steer/ the white-winged 1ships,\

Barks.

And few in speed can 1mate them;\

Match.

While others 1rear the corn/ and wheat,\

Raise.

Or grind the flour,\ to 1freight them.\

Load.

7.

And if 1our neighbors o'er the sea/

Good 2

Have e'er 1an empty larder,

A scanty .2

To 1send a loaf their babes to cheer,\

Give.2

We'll 1work a little harder.

Toil.

8.

No old 1nobility/ have we,\

Aristocrats

No 1tyrant-king to ride us:\

Ruthlees.2

Our 1sages in the Capitol/

Congress.2

Enact the 1laws that guide us.\

Rules.

Hail,/ 1brothers,/ hail!\

Brethren.

Let nought on earth 1divide us.\

Sever.

9.

Some 1faults we have,/ we can't deny;

Sins.

A 1foible here and there;\

Weakness.

But 1other households/ have the same,\

Many.

And so, we'1ll not despair.\

Won't.

10.

'Twill do no good to 1fume and frown,\

Fret,

And call 1hard names, you see,\

Bad.

And 't were a 1burning shame to part/

Lasting.

So 1fine a family.\

Fair.

11.

'T is but a 1waste/ of time to fret,/

Loss.

Since nature 1made us one,\

Formed.

For every quarrel 1cuts a thread/

Parts.

That 1healthful love has spun.\

Truthful.

12.

So draw the 1cords/ of union fast,\

Bonds.

Whatever may 1betide us,\

Befall.

And closer 1cling/ through every blast,/

Hold.

For many a 1storm has tried us.\

Gale.

Hail,/ 1brothers,/ hail!\

Partners.

Let nought on earth\ 1divide us.\ [Mrs. Sigourney.

Destroy.

Give the reverse of some of the marginal words.


308 WOODMAN SPARE THAT TREE.

LESSON LVI.

WOODMAN SPARE THAT TREE.

1.

WOODMAN/ 1spare that tree?\

Save.

1Touch not/ a single bough!\

Move.

In youth/ it 1sheltered me,/

Shaded.

And I'll/ 1protect it now.\

Defend.

'Twas/ my 1forefather's hand/

Ancestor's.

That placed it/ 1near his cot;\

By.

There 1woodman/ let it stand,

Good man2

Thy axe/ shall 1harm it not!\

Hurt.

2.

That old/ 1familiar tree,/

Beloved. 2

Whose 1glory/ and renown/

Honor.

Are 1spread/ o'er land and sea,\

Passed.2

And would'st/ thou 1hack it down?

Hew.

Woodman,/ 1forbear thy stroke!\

O spare.

1Cut not/ its earth-bound ties;\

Break.2

Oh! spare/ that 1aged oak,/

Ancient.

Now 1towering/ to the skies!\

Beaching.

2.

When/ but 1an idle boy,/

A lazy.2

I sought/ its 1graceful shade/

Grateful.2

In all/ my 1gushing joy;\

Heartfelt.

Here too/ my sisters 1played.\

Strayed.2

My mother 1kissed me here;\

Hugged.

My father/ 1pressed my hand � \

Took.2

1Forgive/ this foolish tear,\

Excuse.

But let/ that 1old oak stand.\

Brave.2

4.

My heart-strings/ 1round thee cling,

On.

Close as thy bark,/ 1old friend!\

Dear.

Here/ shall the 1wild bird sing,

Spring.2

And still/ thy branches 1bend.\

Tend.2

Old tree! the 1storm/ still brave!\

Wind.

1And,/ woodman,/ leave the spot;\

Then.2

While 1I've a hand to save,\

I have strength.2

Thy axe/ shall 1harm it not.\

Cut.

SPORTSMAN SPARE THE BIRD. 309

LESSON LVII.

SPORTSMAN SPARE THE BIRD.

1.

1SPARE/ the gentle bird,

Save.

Nor do/ the 1warbler wrong;\

Singer.

In the green 1wood/ is heard/

Tree.2

Its sweet/ and 1happy song;\

Blissful.

Its song/ so 1clear and glad,/

Pure.2

Each list'ner's 1heart/ hath stirred,\

Breast.

And none,/ however 1sad,/

Bad.2

But bless'd/ that 1happy-bird.\

Peaceful.2

2.

And 1when,/ at early day,/

If.

The 1farmer/ trod the dew,

Plougman.

It 1met him/ on the way/

Greets.

With 1welcome,/ blithe and true.\

Singing.

So,/ when,/ at 1weary eve,/

Lonely.

He homeward/ 1wends again,

Goes.

Full 1sorely/ would he grieve/

Sadly.

To 1miss/ the well-loved strain.\

Want.2

3.

The 1mother,/ who had kept/

Parent.2

1Watch/ o'er her wakeful child,

Guard.

1Smiled\ as the baby slept,/

Langhed.2

1Soothed/ by its wood-notes wild;\

Lulled.

And gladly/ had she 1flung/

Swung.

The 1casement/ open free,\

Window.

As the 1deal/ warbler sung/

Prized.

From out/ the "household tree.\

Homestead

4.

The 1sick one/ on his bed/

Poor.2

Forgets his 1weariness,/

Tiredness.

And 1turns/ his feeble head/

Bends.

To 1list its songs,/ that bless/

Hear.

His spirit,/ 1like a stream/

As.

Of 1mercy/ from on high,\

Kindness.

Or 1music/ in the dream/

Gladness.

1That seals/ the prophet's eye.\

Which.


310 ALL'S FOR THE BEST.

5.

O! 1laugh not/ at my words,/

Smile.

To warm/ your 1childhood's hours,\

Youthful.

1Cherish/ the gentle birds,/

Nourish.

1Cherish/ the fragile flowers;\

Prize well.

1For since man was bereft/

And.

Of Paradise/ in 1tears,

Fears.2

God/ these 1sweet things/ hath left/

Dear.

To 1cheer/ our eyes and ears. BETHUNE.

Greet.2

LESSON LVIII.

ALL'S FOR THE BEST.

1.

ALL'S for the best;\ be 1sanguine and cheerful;\

Hopeful.

Troubles/ and 1sorrows/ are friends in disguise;\

Mourning.

Nothing/ 1but folly\ goes faithless/ and fearful;\

Save.

1Courage for ever/ is happy and wise:\

Bravery.

All's for the best/ � if 1man would but know it;\

We.2

Providence/ wishes 1us all to be blest;\

Each one.2

1This is no dream/ of the pundit/ or poet;\

It.

Heaven is 1gracious, and/ � All's for the best!\

Friendly.

2.

All's for the best!\ 1set this on your standard,/

Put.

Soldier of 1sadness,/ or pilgrim of love,\

Sorrow.

Who/ to the 1shores of Despair/ may have wandered,

Beach.

A 1way-wearied swallow,/ or heart-stricken dove:\

Sorrowing.

All's for the best!\ � be a man, 1but confiding,\

Be.2

Providence/ 1tenderly governs the rest,\

Righteously.

And the 1frail bark/ of his creature/ is guiding,

Weak.

1Wisely/ and warily,\ all for the best.\

Rightly.

3.

All's for the best!\ � then 1fling away terrors,

Throw.

1Meet all your fears/ and your foes in the van,\

Get.2

And/ in the midst of 1your dangers/ or errors,\

Thy.

1Trust like a child,/ while you strive like a man:\ All's for the best!\1unbiassed,/ unbounded,/ Providence/ 1reigns from the east/ to the west;\

Hope. Unsullied. Rules.

And by both wisdom/ and 1mercy surrounded,\ 1Hope/ and be happy that/ � All's for the best.\

Goodness.

Trust.

TUPPER.

Give the reverse of some of the marginal words.

THE REAPER AND THE FLOWERS. 311

LESSON LIX.

THE REAPER AND THE FLOWERS.

1.

THERE is a 1Reaper/ whose name is Death\,

Cradler.2

And/, with his 1sickle keen/,

Cradle.

He 1reaps/ the bearded grain/ at a breath\,

Cuts.

And the 1flowers/ that grow between\.

Blossoms.

2.

"Shall I/ have nought/ that is fair?" 1saith he\;

Quoth.

"Have nought/ but the 1bearded grain?

Headed.

Though the 1breath of these flowers/ is sweet to me\,

Life.

I will 1give them/ all back again\."

Return them all.

3.

He gazed at the flowers/ with 1tearful eyes,

Wishful.

He kissed/ their 1drooping leaves\;

With'ring.

It was for the 1Lord/ of Paradise\,

God.

He 1bound them/ in his sheaves\,

Tied.

4.

"My Lord/ 1has need of these flowerets gay",

Hath.

1The Reaper said/, and smiled\;

This.

"1Dear tokens/ of the earth/ are they,

Fine.

Where he\ 1was once/ a child\.

Hath been.

5.

"They 1shall all bloom/ in fields of light,

Will.

1Transplanted/ by my care\,

Removed.

And saints/, upon their 1garments white,

Vestments.

These sacred 1blossoms/ wear\."

Leaflets.2

6.

And the 1mother gave/, in tears and pain,

Parent.2

The 1flowers/ she most did love\;

Treasures.

She 1knew/ she should find them all again/,

Saw.

In the 1fields/ of light above\.

Land.2

7.

O, not in cruelty/, 1not in wrath\,

Nor.2

The Reaper/ came 1that day\;

This.2

'Twas an angel 1visited the green earth/,

Came to.

And took/ the 1flowers away\. Longfellow.

Children.2


312 THE WASTE OF WAR.

LESSON LX.

THE WASTE OF WAR.

1.

Give me the 1gold/ that war has cost,/

Sum.

1Before this peace-expanding day;\

Afore.

The 1wasted skill/ the labor lost/

Ruined.

The mental treasure/ 1thrown away;\

Cast.

And I will 1buy each food of soil/

Purchase all the.

In every 1yet discovered land,\

Now.

Where hunters roam,/ where 1peasants toil,/

Farmers.

Where 1many peopled/ cities stand.\

All the.2

2.

I'll 1clothe each shivering wretch/ on earth\

Drape.

In needful,/ nay,/ in 1brave attire;\

Fine.

1Vesture befitting banquet mirth/

Garments.

Which 1kings/ might envy and admire.\

Chiefs.

In every vale,/ on every 1plain,/

Main.2

A school/ shall glad the 1gazer's sight,

Looker's.2

Where every 1poor man's child/ may gain/

Low.2

Pure 1knowledge,/ free as air and light.\

Power.

3.

I'll 1build asylums/ for the poor,/

Rear.

By age or 1ailment/ made forlorn;

Sickness.

And none/ shall 1thrust them from the door,\

Push.

Or/ sting with 1looks/ and words of scorn.\

Taunt.

I'll 1link/ each alien hemisphere;\

Bind.

Help 1honest men/ to conquer wrong;\

Upright.

Art,/ Science,/ Labor,/ 1nerve and cheer;

Aid.

1Reward the poet for his song.\

And pay.

4.

In every/ 1free and peopled clime,/

Nobly.2

A 1vast Walhalla* hall/ shall stand?

Great.

A marble 1edifice sublime,/

Museum.2

For 1the illustrious/ of the land;\

Each inhabitant.

A Pantheon/� for the 1truly great,/

Really.

The 1wise, beneficent and just;\

Pure.

A place/ of wide and 1lofty state,/

Swelling.

To honor/ or to 1hold their dust.\

Keep.

Give the reverse of some of the marginal words. [See the Practical Spelling Book, pages 46, 81, 82, and 83, by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh.]

* The name of a large marble hall or museum in the kingdom of Bavaria, which contains marble busts of the most celebrated personages of ancient and modern times.

� The most celebrated of all the Grecian temples.

LESSON LXI.

ARMY OF THE ALLIED POWERS AT PARIS, 1815.

*1. They met/ upon the banks of Seine,/

A stern/ and haughty baud;\

Proud leaders/ in the battle's van,/

The flower of all the laud;\

Whose fiery hearts/ had fearless pressed\

Whose ringing arms/ had gleamed/

Where loudest/ hissed the iron hail,\

And woful/ pennons streamed.\

INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION AT LONDON, 1851.

� 1. Where England/ by the Thames is washed/

Behold/ a noble palace stand;\

As fragile/ as the human heart,/

The crystal wonder/ of the land.\

2. And gathered there/ are Jews and Greeks,/

Americans,/ and Hindoos too,\

Who come,/ the triumphs of the world,/

In arts and sciences,/ to view.

� 3. The Spaniard/ and the Frenchman here,/

Forget/ they once were foes,\

And here/ in amity\ have met/

The Shamrock/ and the Rose.\

4. Italia's sons,/ and farther north,/

The children/ of the Dane,/

Have left their happy homes,/ and sought/

Brittania's/ busy plain.\

§ 5. They come,/ as votaries to the shrine/

Of hallowed intellect divine;\

And bring their gifts/ from land and sea,\

Where'er the bright and glorious be.\

6. Oh! may they also/ tribute bring/

TO THEE,/ thou great and glorious King,\

And praise THEE/ for the holy tie/

That binds the world/ in unity.\

* Composed by Miss V. F. W.� � Miss J. E. T._ � Miss M. A.� § Miss M. A. W� pupils of the Normal School, Philadelphia.


amer_man-13.jpg

314 CLEON AND I.

LESSON LXII.

CLEON AND I.

1.

CLEON/ 1hath a million acres/

Has.

Ne'er 1a one/ have I;\

Any.

Cleon/ 1dwelleth in a palace/

Liveth.

In a 1cottage,/ I;\

Cabin.2

Cleon/ 1hath a dozen fortunes/

Owns.2

Not a penny,/ 1I;\

We.2

But the poorer of the 1twain/ is

Two.

Cleon,/ and not 1I.\

Me.2

2.

Cleon,/ true, 1possesseth acres,/

Owneth.

But the 1landscape,/ I;\

All nature.

Half the charms/ to me it 1yieldeth

Giveth.

1Money/ cannot buy;\

Wealth.

Cleon/ 1harbors sloth and dulness,/

Shelters.

1Fresh'ning vigor,/ I;\

Livening.

He in 1velvet,/ I in fustian �

Purple.2

1Richer man/ am I.\

Wealthier.

3.

Cleon/ is a 1slave to grandeur/

Tool.2

Free as 1thought/ am I;\

Mind.

Cleon/ 1fees a score of doctors/

Pays.

1Need of none/ have I;\

Want.

Wealth-1surrounded,/ care-environed,/

Encompassed.

Cleon 1fears to die;\

Dreads.

Death 1may come,/ he'll find me ready/

Can.2

Happier 1man/ am I.\

One.2

4

Cleon/ sees no 1charms in nature/

Bliss.

In a 1daisy,/ I;\

Flower.2

Cleon/ hears no anthem 1ringing/

Singing.2

In 1the sea/ and sky;\

Ocean.

1Nature/ sings to me forever/

The world.

1Earnest listener,/ I;\

Zealous.

1State for state,/ with all attendants,/

Condition.

Who would 1change?/� Not I.\

Barter.2

MACKAY.

Give the reverse of some of the marginal words.

IMPORTANCE OF TRIFLES. 315

LESSON LXIII.

IMPORTANCE OF TRIFLES.

SINCE trifles/ make the 1sum of human things,/ And half our misery from our 1foibles springs;

Since life's/ 1best joys consist in peace and ease,

5.

And tho' but 1few can serve,/ yet all may please;

O let th' ungentle 1spirit learn from hence,/

A small 1unkindness is a great offence!\

To spread large bounties,/ tho' we 1wish in vain,/

Yet all may 1shun the guilt of giving pain,\

To bless mankind with 1tides of flowing wealth,/

10.

With rank to 1grace them, or to crown with health,/

Our little 1lot denies; yet,/ liberal still,/

God gives its 1counterpoise to every ill;\

Nor let us murmur at our 1stinted powers,/

When 1kindness,/ love,/ and concord may be ours.

15.

The 1gift of minist'ring to others' ease,/

To all her sons 1impartial Heaven decrees;\

The gentle 1offices of patient love,/

Beyond all 1flattery,/ and all price above;\

The 1mild forbearance at a brother's fault,/

20.

The 1angry word suppress'd,/ the taunting thought;

Subduing and 1subdued the petty strife

Which clouds the 1color of domestic life;\

The 1sober comfort,/ all the peace which springs

From the large 1aggregate of little things;\

25.

On these small 1cares of daughter,/ wife,/ or friend, \

The almost 1sacred joys of Home depend:\

There,/ Sensibility thou 1best may'st reign;\

Home/ is thy true 1legitimate domain.

"Drop pleasant 1words/ where'er you go,/

In cot/ or 1crowded mart,\

And light/ and peace/ and 1love will glow/

In many a wretched 1heart.\"


316 THE UNION.


LESSON LXIV.


THE UNION.

1.

1Giant aggregate of nations,

Noble.


Glorious 1Whole of glorious parts,\

One.


Unto 1endless generations/

Countless.


Live United 1hands and hearts\!

Heads.

2.

Bo it storm or 1summer weather,

Pleasant.


Peaceful 1calm or battle jar\.

Bliss.2


Stand in beauteous 1strength together/

Union.


1Sister States as Now ye are

Brother.2

3.

Every 1petty class dissension

Little.


1Heal it up as quick as thought\;

Bind.


Every 1paltry place-pretension/,

Knavery.2


1 Crush it, as a thing of nought\:

Destroy.

4.

Let no narrow 1private treason/

Sordid.


Your 1great onward progress bar\,

Vast.


1But remain, in right and reason/,

Only be.2


1Sister States, as Now ye are\!

United .2

5.

1Fling away absurd ambition\,

Cast.


People leave that toy 1to Kings\;

For.2


1Envy, jealousy, suspicion\,

Hatred.


1Be above such grovelling things\!

Soar.2

6.

In each other's 1joys delighted/,

Good.2


All your 1hate be/ � joys of war,\

Fret.2


And by all means 1keep United,/

Stay.


1Sister States, as Now you are\!

Union.2

7.

Were I but some 1scornful stranger,

Vengeful.2


Still my 1counsel would be just\;

Advice.


1Break tho band/, and all is danger,

Rend.


Mutual fear and 1dark distrust\:

Sad.

8.

But, you know me 1as a brother

Like.2


And a friend who 1speaks from far\,

Talks.


Be 1as one then with each other/,

United.


1Sister States, as Now ye are\!

Noble.2

BROTHER, COME HOME. 317

amer_man-14.jpg

AN OCEAN STEAMSHIP.

LESSON LXV.*

BROTHER, COME HOME.

1COME home,

R .....

Would/ I could send my spirit/ o'er the 1deep\

S..

Would/ I could 1wing it/ like a bird to thee,

F ....

To 1commune/ with thy thoughts,/ to fill thy sleep

M .....

With these 1unwearying words/ of melody;\

U .......

Brother,/ 1come home.\

R .....

1Come home,

R .....

Come/ to the hearts/ that 1love thee,\ to the eyes/

P....

That 1beam in brightness/ but to gladden thine,\

G....

Come/ where 1fond thoughts/ like holiest incense rise,\

K...

Where cherished memory/ 1rears her altar's shrine;

B .....

Brother,/ 1come home.\

R .....

* See the THINKER, by Joseph Bartlett Burleigh, pages 21, 24, 38, 87, 110, and 141. Also, the 88th, 89th, 90th, 91st, 92d, and 93d pages of Burleigh's Practical Spelling Book.


318 THE BROTHER'S ANSWER.

1Come home,

R .....

Come/ to the hearth-stone/ of thy 1earlier days,\

Y .......

Come/ to the ark,/ 1like the o/er-wearied dove,\

A.

Come/ with the 1sunlight of thy heart's warm rays,\

S .......

Come/ to tho 1fire-side circle/ of thy love;\

S .....

Brother,/ 1come home.\

R .....

1Come home,

R .....

It is 1not home/ without thee;\ the lone seat/

N.

Is still unclaimed/ where thou 1wert wont to be.\

O .......

In every 1echo of returning feet

S....

In 1vain/ we list/ for what should herald thee;\

W.2

Brother,/ 1come home.\

R .....

1Come home,

R .....

We've nursed/ for thee/ the sunny 1buds of spring,\

G....

Watched every 1germ/ the full-blown flowers rear,\

B...

Seen/ 1o'er their bloom/ the chilly winter bring/

O.2

Its 1icy garlands,\ and/ thou art not here;/

S....

Brother,/ 1come home.\

R .....

1Come home,

R .....

Would/ I could 1send my spirit/ o'er the deep,\

W...

Would/ I could wing it/ like a 1bird to thee,\

D...

To commune with thy thoughts,/ to fill thy 1sleep\

R...

With these 1unwearying words/ of melody;\

U ........

Brother, 1come home./

R .....

MRS. ESLING.

THE BROTHER'S ANSWER.

I've 1roved/ through many a weary round,/

L...

I've 1wandered/ east and west;\

T ........

Pleasure/ in every 1clime I've found,/

P....2

But/ 1sought in vain/ for rest.\

L ..... 2

While glory 1sighs/ for other spheres,/

L....

I 1feel that one's too wide;\

T....

And 1think the home/ that love endears,/

F...

Is worth 1the world/ beside.

A ......

I MISS THEE, MY MOTHER. 319


LESSON LXVI.


I MISS THEE, MY MOTHER.

1.

I MISS thee,/ my 1Mother!\ Thy image is still/

Father.2


The deepest 1impressed on my heart,

Engraved .2


And the 1tablet/ so faithful in death/ must be chill/

Feeling.


Ere a 1line of that image depart.\

Trace.


Thou wert torn from my side/ when I 1 ......... thee most/

Treasured.


When my reason/ could 1measure thy worth;\

Compass.


When I knew but too well/ that the 1idol I'd lost/

Treasure.


1Could be never replaced/ upon earth.\

Would.2

2.

I miss thee,/ my 1Mother,\ in circles of joy,/

Father.2


Where I've mingled with rapturous 1zest;\

Glee.


For how 1slight is the touch/ that will serve to destroy/

Light.


All the fairy web 1spun in my breast!\

Wove.2


Some melody sweet/ may be 1floating around/

Flitting.


'Tis a ballad/ I 1learnt at thy knee;\

Heard.2


Some strain maybe played,/ and I 1 ...... from the sound,\

Shrink.


For my fingers/ oft 1woke it for thee.\

Tuned.

3.

I miss thee,/ my 1 ...... ,\ when young health has fled,/

Mother.


And I 1sink/ in the languor of pain,/

Pine.2


Where,/ where is the arm/ that once 1 ........ my head,/

Pillowed.


1And the ear/ that once heard me complain?\

With.2


Other 1hands may support,/ gentle accents may fall/

Arms.


For the fond/ and the true/ are 1yet mine:\

Still.


I've a blessing for each;/ I am 1grateful to all/

Mindful of.2


But whose care/ can be 1soothing as thine?\

Lulling.

4.

I miss thee,/ my Mother,\ in summer's 1fair day,/

Bright.


When I rest in the ivy-wreathed 1bower,\

Tower.2


When I 1hang thy pet linnet's cage/ high on the spray,\

Swing.2


Or 1gaze/ on thy favorite flower.\

Glance at.


There's the bright 1 .......... / where I played by thy side,/

Gravelpath.


When time/ had scarce 1wrinkled thy brow,\

Furrowed.


Where I 1carefully led thee with worshipping pride/

Cautiously


When thy 1scanty locks/ gathered the snow,\

Hoary.


320 WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE?

5.

I 1miss thee,/ my Mother,\ in winter's long night:\

Mourn.

I remember/ the tales thou 1wouldst tell/

Didst.

The romance of wild fancy,/ the 1legend of fright/

Story .2

Oh!/ who could 1e'er tell them so well?\

Rehearse.

Thy 1corner is vacant:\ thy chair is removed:\

Parlor.2

It was kind/ to take 1that from my eye:\

It.

Yet relics are round me\ � the 1sacred and loved/

Holy.

To 1call up/ the pure sorrow-fed sigh.\

Summon.

6.

I miss thee,/ my Mother!\ Oh, when 1do I not?\

Shall.

Though I know/ 'twas the 1wisdom of Heaven/

Kindness. 2

That the 1deepest shade/ fell on my sunniest spot,/

Darkest.

And 1such tie/ of devotion/ was riven;\

The.

For when thou wert 1with me/ my soul was below, \

Here.

I was chained/ to the 1world/ I then trod;\

Earth.2

My affections,/ my thoughts,/ were 1 ............., \but now/

All earth-bound.

They have 1followed thy spirit/ to GOD!\

Traced.

ELIZA COOK.

LESSON LXVII.

WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE?

WHAT 1constitutes a State?/

Does compose.

Not high-1raised battlements/ or labored mound,\

Reared.

1Thick wall,/ or moated gate;\

Huge.

Not bays/ and 1broad-armed ports,/

Wide.

Where,/ laughing at the storm,/ rich 1navies ride;\

Vessels.2

Not 1starred/ and spangled courts,/

Gemmed.

Where low-bound 1baseness/ wafts perfume to pride.\

Meanness.

No:\ � men, high-1minded men,

Souled.

With powers/ as far above 1dull brutes/ endued

Dumb.

In forest,/ 1brake,/ or den,\

Fern.

As beasts 1excel cold rocks/ and brambles rude:\

Surpass.

Men,/ who 1their duties know,\

All .2

But know their 1rights,/ and, knowing,/ dare maintain;

Weal.2

1Prevent the long-aimed blow,

Hinder.

And crush the tyrant/ while they 1rend the chain:\

Break.

These/ 1constitute a State;\

Only form.

And sovereign law,/ that State's 1collected will,/

United.

O'er thrones/ and 1globes elate,/

Worlds.

1Sits empress,/ crowning good,/ repressing ill.\

Rides.

LIVE TO DO GOOD. 321

LESSON LXVIII.

LIVE TO DO GOOD.

"Not 1to myself alone,"

F..

The little opening flower 1transported cries;

D .......

"Not to myself alone I 1bud and bloom �

G...

With 1fragrant breath the breezes I perfume,

S .......

And 1gladden all things with my rainbow dyes;

S ......

The bee 1comes sipping, every eventide,

P....

His 1dainty fill;

T....

The butterfly 1within my cup doth hide

I .....

From 1threatening ill."

I ........

"Not 1to myself alone,"

F. .2

The 1circling star with honest pride doth boast �

T ........

"Not to myself alone 1I rise and set;

W.2

I write upon night's 1coronal of jet

D ..........

His power and skill who formed our 1myriad host;

C ........

A friendly 1beacon at heaven's open gate,

S .....

I 1gem the sky,

D...

That man 1might ne'er forget, in every fate,

M..

His 1home on high."

P....

"Not 1to myself alone,"

F..

The 1heavy-laden bee doth murmuring hum �

W....

"Not to myself alone from 1flower to 1flower

B ......

I rove the wood, the 1garden, and the bower,

O ...... 2

And to the hive at 1evening weary come;

N ........

For man, for man the 1luscious food I pile

S .......

With 1busy care,

C ........

Content if this repay my 1ceaseless toil �

C .......

A 1scanty share,"

M .....

"Not 1to myself alone,"

P..

The 1soaring bird with lusty pinion sings �

T .......

"Not to myself alone I 1raise my song;

T...

I 1cheer tho drooping with my warbling tongue,

G....

And bear the mourner on my 1viewless wings;

L ........

I bid the hymnless 1churl my anthem learn,

C....

1And God adore;

T ......

I call the worldling from his 1dross to turn,

G...2

And 1sing and soar."

P .....


322 THE CONSTITUTION.

"Not 1to myself alone,\"

F..

The streamlet/ whispers on its 1pebbly way\

R....

"Not to myself alone/ I 1sparkling glide;\

G .....

I scatter 1health/ and life/ on every side,/

L .......

And strew the 1fields/ with herb and flow'ret gay.\

P .....

I sing unto the common,/ 1bleak and bare,/

D....

My 1gladsome tune;\

J .....

I sweeten/ and refresh/ the 1languid air/

S .....

In 1droughty June."\

T .....

"Not 1to myself alone:"\

F..

O man,/ forget not thou earth's 1honored priest!\

P .......

Its 1tongue, its soul, its life, its pulse, its heart �

V....

In earth's great chorus to 1sustain thy part;

U .....

1Chiefest of guests at love's ungrudging feast,

G .......

1Play not the niggard, spurn thy native clod,

A..

And self 1disown;

A....

Live 1to thy neighbor, live unto thy God,

F ..........

Not 1to thyself alone.

F..

LESSON LXIX.

THE CONSTITUTION.

1.

THOSE 1names/ shall long remembered be,/

Men.

Who made 1the declaration;\

This.2

That blest by 1Providence/ they'd be/

Smiling Heaven.

A free/ and 1happy nation.\

Peaceful.2

Let each 1young heart be glad that hears/

Youth's.

About our 1nation's glory;\

Country's.

And every one/ in 1infant years/

Tender.

Be taught/ the 1joyful story.\

Glad'ning.

2.

The eagle/ o'er our 1banner flew,

Pennon.

1An emblem/ proud of freemen;\

A symbol.

To guard 1Columbia's gallant few

America's.

Of 1landsmen/ and of seamen.\

Farmers.

And 1now secure/ in peace we rest,

When.

1Let's join the resolution,/

We'll.

While 1still by Providence/ we're blest,/

By our Creator.


To 1guard/ the Constitution.\ SETON.

Shield.

DO A GOOD TURN WHEN YOU CAN. 323


LESSON LXX.


THE RAINY DAY.

THE day is cold,/ and dark,/ and 1dreary;\

It rains,/ and the wind is never 1weary;

The vine/ still clings to the 1mouldering wall,\

But at every 1gust the dead leaves fall,/

And the day/ is 1dark and dreary.\

My 1life is cold,/ and dark,/ and dreary;\

It rains,/ and the wind is 1never weary;\

My 1thoughts/ still cling to the mouldering past,\

But the 1hopes of youth/ fall thick in the blast,/

And the 1days/ are dark and dreary. \

Be still, sad heart,/ and cease 1repining;\

Behind the clouds/ is the sun still 1shining;\

Thy fate/ is the 1common fate of all:\

1Into each life/ some rain must fall,\

1Some days/ must be dark and dreary.\

DO A GOOD TURN WHEN YOU CAN.

IT 1needs not great wealth/ a kind heart to display;\

If the hand/ be but 1willing/ it soon finds a way;\

And the poorest one yet,/ in the 1humblest abode,/

May help/ a poor 1brother/ a step on his road.\

Oh!/ whatever the 1fortune/ a man may have won,/

A kindness 1depends/ on the way it is done;\

And though poor be our purse,/ and though 1narrow our span,/

Let us all try/ to do a 1good turn when we can.\

The fair bloom of 1pleasure/ may charm for a while,/

But its 1beauty is frail,/ and inconstant its smile;\

Whilst the beauty of 1kindness,/ immortal in bloom,/

Sheds a 1sweetness o'er life,/ and a grace o'er our tomb.\

Then if we 1enjoy life,/ why the next thing to do/

Is to see/ that 1another enjoys his life too;\

And 1though poor be our purse,/ and though narrow our span,/

Let us all/ try to do a good 1turn when we can.\


324 THE SPARKLING BOWL.

LESSON LXXI.

THE SPARKLING BOWL.

1.

THOU 1sparkling bowl! thou sparkling bowl!/

Though lips of 1bards/ thy brim may press,/

And eyes of 1beauty/ o'er thee roll,/

And song/ and dance/ thy 1power confess,/

I will not 1touch thee;\ for there clings/

A 1scorpion/ to thy side/ that stings!\

2.

Thou crystal glass!/ like 1Eden's tree,/

Thy 1melted ruby/ tempts the eye,/

And,/ as from that,/ there 1comes from thee/

The voice,/ "Thou 1shalt not surely die."

I dare not lift/ thy 1liquid gem;\

A snake/ is 1twisted round thy stem!\

3.

Thou 1liquid fire! like that which glowed/

On 1Melita's surf-beaten shore.\

Thou'st been upon my 1guests bestowed,

But thou/ shalt 1warm my house/ no more.\

For,/ wherosoe'er thy 1radiance falls,

Forth,/ from thy heat,/ a 1viper crawls!\

4.

What,/ though of gold the 1goblet be,/

Embossed/ with 1branches of the vine,

Beneath/ whose 1burnished leaves/ we see/

Such 1clusters/ as poured out the wine?\

Among those 1leaves/ an adder hangs!\

I fear him;\ � for I've felt his 1fangs,\

5.

The 1Hebrew,/ who the desert trod,/

And felt the fiery 1serpent's bite,/

Looked up/ to that 1ordained of GOD,

And 1found/ that life was in the sight.\

So,/ the 1worm-bitten's fiery veins/

Cool,/ when he 1drinks what GOD ordains.\

TO FREEDOM. 325

6.

. Ye 1gracious clouds!/ ye deep, cold wells!/

Ye gems,/ from 1mossy rocks that drip!/

Springs,/ that from earth's 1mysterious cells/

Gush o'er your 1granite basin's lip!/

To you/ I look;\ � your 1largess give,/

And I will 1drink of you,/ and live.\ PIERPONT.

LESSON LXXII.

TO FREEDOM.

SUN of the moral world!/ 1effulgent source/

Of man's best wisdom and his 1steadiest force,\

Soul-searching 1Freedom!/ here assume thy stand,/

And 1radiate/ hence to every distant land;\

5.

Point out/ and 1prove how all the scenes of strife,/

The shock of states,/ the 1impassioned broils of life,/

Spring from unequal 1sway;\ and how they fly/

Before the 1splendor/ of thy peaceful eye;\

Unfold/ at last/ the 1genuine social plan,/

10.

The mind's full 1scope,/ the dignity of man,/

Bold nature/ 1bursting through her long disguise,\

And nations/ daring to be 1just and wise.\

Yes!/ righteous 1Freedom,/ heaven and earth and sea/

Yield/ or 1withhold\ their various gifts for thee;\

15.

Protected Industry/ beneath thy 1reign/

Leads all the 1virtues in her filial train;\

Courageous Probity,/ with 1brow serene,/

And Temperance calm presents her 1placid mien;

Contentment,/ 1Moderation,/ Labor,/ Art,/

20.

Mould the new man/ and 1humanize his heart;\

To public 1plenty private ease dilates,/

Domestic peace to 1harmony of states.\

Protected Industry, 1careering far,/

Detects the cause/ and cures the 1rage of war,

And sweeps,/ with 1forceful arm,/ to their last graves,/

Kings from the earth/ and 1pirates/ from the waves.\


326 THE BUCKET.

LESSON LXXIII.

THE BUCKET.

1.

How dear to this heart/ are the scenes of my 1childhood,/

When fond 1recollection/ presents them to view!\

The orchard,/ the meadow,/ the deep-tangled 1wildwood,/

And every loved spot/ which my 1infancy knew!\

The 1wide-spreading pond,/ and the mill that stood by it,/

The bridge,/ and the rock where the 1cataract fell,/

The cot of my father,/ the 1dairy-house nigh it,/

And e'en the rude 1bucket/ that hung in the well\

The old oaken bucket,/ the 1iron-bound bucket,/

The 1moss-covered bucket/ which hung in the well.\

2.

That moss-covered 1vessel/ I hailed as a treasure,\

For often at noon,/ when 1returned from the field,/

I found it the source of an 1exquisite pleasure,/

The purest/ and 1sweetest/ that nature can yield.\

How 1ardent I seized it,/ with hands that were glowing,/

And quick/ to the 1white-pebbled bottom it fell;\

Then soon,/ with the 1emblem of truth overflowing,/

And 1dripping with coolness,/ it rose from the well\

The old 1oaken bucket,/ the iron-bound bucket,/

The moss-covered 1bucket,/ arose from the well.\

3.

How sweet/ from the green 1mossy brim/ to receive it,/

As 1poised/ on the curb it inclined to my lips!\

Not a full blushing 1goblet could tempt me to leave it,/

The 1brightest that beauty/ or revelry sips.\

And now,/ far removed from the loved 1habitation,/

The tear of regret/ will 1intrusively swell,

As fancy/ reverts to my father's 1plantation,/

And 1sighs/ for the bucket/ that hangs in the well\

The old oaken bucket,/ the 1iron-bound bucket,/

The 1moss-covered bucket/ that hangs in the well!

SUCCESS ALONE SEEN. 327

LESSON LXXIV.

WOMAN'S FORTITUDE.

Warriors/ and 1statesmen/ have their meed of praise,/

And what they do,/ or 1suffer, men record;\

But the long 1sacrifice/ of woman's days

Passes 1without a thought,/ without a word;\

And many a lofty 1struggle for the sake

Of duties 1sternly,/ faithfully fulfill'd�

For which the 1anxious mind must watch and wake,/

And the 1strong feelings of the heart be still'd � /

Goes by 1unheeded/ as the summer wind,/

And leaves/ no memory and no 1trace behind!\

Yet it may be,/ more lofty 1courage dwells

In one meek heart which braves an 1adverse fate,/

Than his whose 1ardent soul indignant swells

Warm'd by the fight/, or cheer'd 1through high debate:\

The soldier dies 1surrounded: could he live

Alone to 1suffer/, and alone to strive?/

SUCCESS ALONE SEEN.

Few know of life's 1beginnings/ � men behold

The goal achieved;\the warrior,/ when his sword

Flashes red 1triumph in the noonday sun;\

The poet/, when his 1lyre hangs on the palm;\

The 1statesman,/ when the crowd proclaim his voice,/

And 1mould opinion, on his gifted tongue:

They count not 1life's first steps,/ and never think

Upon the many 1miserable hours

When hope deferr'd/ was 1sickness to the heart.\

They 1reckon not the battle and the march,/

The long 1privations of a wasted youth;\

They never see/ the 1banner till unfurl'd.\

What are to them the 1solitary nights

Passed pale and 1anxious by the sickly lamp,/

Till the young 1poet wins the world at last

To 1listen to the music long his own?\


328 WAR.


The 1crowd attend/ the statesman's fiery mind

That 1makes their destiny;\ but they do not trace

Its 1struggle,/ or its long expectancy.\

Hard are 1life's early steps; and,/ but that youth

Is 1buoyant,/ confident,/ and strong in hope,/

Men would 1behold its threshold, and despair.\

LESSON LXXV.

WAR.

O war,/ 1what art thou?

After the 1brightest conquest,/ what remains

Of all thy 1glories?\ For the vanquish'd,/ chains;\

For the 1proud victor � what?/ Alas!\ to reign

O'er 1desolated nations � a drear waste,

By one man's 1crime, by one man's lust of power,/

Unpeopled!\ Naked 1plains and ravaged fields

Succeed to 1smiling harvests and the fruits

Of peaceful olive\ � luscious 1fig and vine!\

Here/ � rifled temples are the 1cavern'd dens

Of savage beasts,/ or 1haunt of birds obscene;\

There � populous cities blacken in the 1sun,

And in the 1general wreck proud palaces

Lie undistinguish'd, 1save by the dull smoke

Of recent 1conflagration!\ When the song

Of dear-bought 1joy, with many a triumph swell'd,

Salutes the victor's 1ear,/ and soothes his pride,/

How is the 1grateful harmony profan'd

With the sad 1dissonance of virgin's cries,/

Who 1mourn their brothers slain!\ Of matrons hoar,

Who clasp their wither'd 1hands/ and foudly ask,/

With 1iteration shrill/ � their slaughter'd sons!\

How is the laurel's 1verdure stain'd with blood,/

And soiled with 1widow's tears.\

HUMAN LIFE. 329

LESSON LXXVI.

HUMAN LIFE.

In the morning it flourisheth, and groweth up; in the evening it is cut

down and withereth." � P8. XC. 6.

1.

I walked the fields at morning's 1prime,/

The grass was 1ripe for mowing;\

The 1skylark sang his matin chime,/

And all was 1brightly glowing.\

2.

"And 1thus," I cried,/ "the ardent boy,

His 1pulse with rapture beating,/

Deems life's 1inheritance is joy � /

The 1future proudly greeting."\

3.

I wandered 1forth at noon:\ � Alas!\

On earth's 1maternal bosom

The scythe/ had left the 1withering grass/

And 1stretched the fading blossom.\

4.

And thus I thought,/ with many a 1sigh,

The hopes we 1fondly cherish,/

Like 1flowers which blossom but to die,

Seem only 1born to perish.\

5.

Once 1more at eve,/ abroad I strayed,/

Through 1lonely hay-fields musing,/

While every 1breeze/ that round me played

Rich 1fragrance was diffusing.\

6.

The 1perfumed air,/ the hush of eve,/

To purer 1hopes appealing,

O'er thoughts/ 1perchance too prone to grieve,

Scattered the 1balm of healing.

7.

For thus "the 1actions of the just,"

When 1memory hath enshrined them,/

E'en from the 1dark and silent dust

Their 1odor leave behind them.


330 FATHER. MOTHER, BROTHER, SISTER.

1.

2. 3. 4.

LESSON LXXVII. FATHER, MOTHER, BROTHER, SISTER.

Be 1kind/ to thy father\ � for when/ thou wert young,/ Who loved/ thee so 1fondly as he?\ He caught the first 1accents that fell from thy tongue,/ And joined in thine 1innocent glee.\ Be 1kind to thy father,/ for now he is old, His 1looks/ intermingled with gray,\ His 1footsteps/ are feeble,/ once fearless and bold;\ Thy 1father/ is passing away.\

Be kind to thy 1mother\ � for lo!/ on her brow May traces of 1sorrow be seen;\ O well may'st thou comfort and 1cherish her now,/ For 1loving and kind hath she been.\ 1Remember thy mother\ � for thee/ will she pray,/ 1As long as God gives her breath;\ With 1accents of kindness,/ then cheer her lone way,/ E'en to the dark 1valley of death.\

Be kind to thy brother\ � his 1heart will have dearth,/ If the smile of thy 1love be withdrawn;\ The flowers of feeling will 1fade at their birth,/ If the 1dew of affection be gone.\ Be kind to thy brother, \ 1wherever you are/ � The love of a brother 1shall be/ An ornament 1purer and richer by far,/ Than 1pearls from the depths of the sea.\

Be kind to thy sister\ � not 1many may know The 1depth of true sisterly love;\ The wealth of the Ocean lies 1fathoms below/ The surface that 1sparkles above.\ Thy 1kindness shall bring to thee many sweet hours,/ And 1blessings thy pathway to crown,\ Affection shall 1weave thee a garland of flowers/ More precious than 1wealth or renown.\

amer_man-15.jpg

1.

2. 3.

LESSON LXXVIII.

WASHINGTON.

TO THEE,/ beneath whose eye\ Each circling century Obedient/ rolls,\ Our nation,/ in its prime,\ Looked/ with a faith sublime,\ And trusted,/ in "the time That tried men's souls.\"

Nor was/ our fathers' trust,/ Thou/ mighty one/ and just, Then put to shame:\ "Up/ to the hills"/ for light/ Looked/ they in peril's night,/ And,/ from yon guardian height,/* Deliverance came.\

God of our sires/ and sons, Let other Washingtons/ Our country/ bless,\ And,/ like the brave and wise/ Of by-gone centuries,\ Show/ that true greatness lies/ In righteousness.\

* From Dorchester heights Washington, forced the British army to quit Boston.


332 STATISTICAL TABLES.

TABLE I. Exhibiting the term of Office, the Salary and the Qualifications for Governor in each of the different States in the Union; also, the requisite Qualifications of a Citizen to Vote for any political purpose whatever within the Jurisdiction of the several States.

Stales

Gov's. term of years.

Governor's Salary per Year.

Qualifications of the Governors.

Qualifications of Voters.

Maine.

1

1,500

5 years a resident, 30 years of age.

21 years of age, 1 year a resident.

N.H.

1

1,000

30 years of age, 7 years resident in the state, 300l property.

21 ys. of age, a tax-payer, 6 mo. in the state, 3 mo. a res. of the place.

Vt.

1

750

4 years a resident.

21 ys. of age, 1 y. res., of good behav'r

Mass.

1

2,500

7 years a resident in the state.

21 ys. of age, 1 res. state, 6 in. of place

R.I.

1

400

Those of a voter.

21 ys. of age, 2 ys. a res , a tax-payer.

Conn.

1

1,100

30 years of age, 6 months resident, $7 yearly income.

21 ys. of age, 6 mo a res., $7 freeh. or a tax-payer, subj. to military duty

N.Y.

2

4,000

30 years of age, 5 years a resident, a freeholder.

21 ys. of age, 1 y. res. state, 4 in place tax-payer, subject to milit'y duty Negroes, 3 ys. res., $250 freehold

1N.J.

3

1.600

30 ys. of age, 20 ys. in U. S., 7 in state.

21 ys. of age, 1 in state, 5 m. in place.

2Pa.

3

3,000

30 years of age, 7 years a resident.

21 ys. of age, 1 y. r., tax-payer, 10 ds. p

Del.

3

1,333

30 years of age, 12 years res. in the U. S., of which 6 shall be in Del.

21 years of age, 1 year a resident, a tax-payer, 1 m. res. in the place.

1Md.

4

3,600

30 years of age, 5 years a resident.

21 ys. of age, 1 y. st., 6 m. pl.

3Va.*

3

3,333

30 years of age, 5 years a resident.

21 years of age, a freeholder, householder, and tax-payer.

4N.C.

2

2,000

30 years of age, 5 years a resident,

21 ys. of age, 1 y. a res., a tax-payer

5S.C.*

2

3,500

30 ys. of age, 10 ys. a res., 1,500l. freeh.

21 ys. of age, 2 ys. res., freeh. & tax-p'r

Ga.

2

3,000

30 ys of age, 6 res. in the state, 12 in the U. S., $4,000 prop'y or 500 ac. land.

6 months a resident, a tax-payer.

5Fa.

4

1,500

30 years of age, 10 years res. in the U. S., of which 5 shall be in Florida.

21 ys. of age, 2 ys. res. in the state, 6 mo. in the county, subj. to mil d'y

4Ala.

2

$2,580

30 ys. of age, 4 ys. resident in the state.

21 ys. of age, 1 year res., 3m. in place

4Miss.

2

3,000

30 years of age, 20 in U. S , 5 in state.

21 ys. of age, 1 year res , 4 m. in place

5 La.

4

6,000

35 ys. of age, 15 in U. S., 15 in the state.

21 ys of age, tax-payer, 2 vs. St., 1 y. pl.

4Tex.

2

2,000

30 years of age, 3 years a resident.

21 ys. of age, 1 y. in state, 6 m. in place

6Ark.

4

1,800

30 years of age, born in the U. S., 4 years resident in the state.

21 years of age, 6 months a resident.

Ten.

2

2,000

30 years of age, 7 years a resident.

21 years of age, 6 months a resident.

8Ky.

4

2.500

35 years of age, 6 years residence.

21 ys. of age, 2 ys. in state, 1 y. in place.

Ohio.

2

1,200

30 ys. of age, 12 in the U. S.,4 in the st.

21 ys. of age, 1 y. res., liable to pay tax

2Ind.

3

1,300

30 ys. of age, 10 in U. S., 5 in the state.

21 years of age. 1 year a resident.

9Ill.

4

1,500

30 years of age, 5 ys. res. in the state.

21 years of age, 6 months residence.

5Mo.

4

2,000


21 ys. of age, 1 y. in state, 3 m. in place

Iowa.

4

1,000

30 years of age, 2 ys. res. of the state.

21 ys. of age (idiots, insane or infamous

Cal.

2

10,000


persons excepted,) a resident of the state 6 mo., of the co. 20 days

Wis.

2

1,250



Mich.

2

1,500

30 ys. of age, 5 in the U. S., 2 in the st.

21 years of age, 6 months a resident.

Or. T.

4

3,000



Min.T.

4

2,500



N.Mex.

4

2.500



1 Not eligible for the next 3 years.

2 Not elig'ble for more than 6 years in 9.

3 Not eligible for two consecutive terms.

4 Not eligible for more than 4 years in 6.

5 Not eligible for the next 4 years.

6 Not eligible for more than 8 years in 12.

7 Not eligible for more than 6 years in 8.

8 Not eligible for the next 7 years.

9 Not eligible more than 4 years in 8.

The District of Columbia is under the immediate government of Congress, and, by an act of Congress in 1816, now includes only Georgetown and Washington, which lie on the Maryland side of the Potomac river.

1 For how long a term is the governor of this State elected? 2. What qualifications are required by the constitution of this State? 3. By whom is the governor of this State elected? 4 What is, in every Stale, the legal age for voting? 5. What is the salary of the governor of this State? 6. What is the meaning of the word freehold? 7. What does the figure at the left of N. J., and several of the following States, denote? 8. What peculiarity exists in each of those States in reference to the office of governor? 9 In what States is the governor elected for 4 years�3 years�2 years�1 year? Note.� Should the class be advanced, similar questions may be asked in reference to every State in the Union.

* Elected by the Legislature. In all the other States, the citizens vote for the governors. Whenever there are several candidates, and no one has a sufficient number of votes to secure his election, the legislatures then elect some one of the prominent candidates.

STATISTICAL TABLES. 333

TABLE II. A Synopsis of the Constitutions of the several States, arranged in Geographical Order, exhibiting the number of State Senators and Representatives, their respective Terms of Office, and requisite Qualifications.

States

No. of Sen's

! Term of Ys.

No. of Reps.

Term of Ys.

| Years of age.

Qualifications of Senators.

Years of age.

Qualifications of Representatives.

Me.,

31

1

51

1

25

5 years citizen of U. S., 1 year in the state, and 3 months in the town.

21

5 years citizen of U. S., 1 year in the state, 3 months in the town

N.H.,

12

1

286

1

30

7 ys. res., freehold in the state of 200l

21

2 ys res., 100l. half freeh. in dist.

Vt.,

30

1

230

1

30

2 ys. resident of the state, 1 y. town.

21

2 ys res. in the state, 1 y. town.

Mass.,

40

1

356

1

30

5 ys res of st., dwelling in dist. rep.

21

1 y. res. of the town represented.

R. I.,

*31

1

69

1

35

6 years resident of the state.

24

2 years resident of the state.

Conn.,

21

1

215

1

21

Resident of the state, freehold of 40 shillings, or 40l. personal estate.

21

Resident of the state, freeh. of 40 shillings, or 40l. personal estate.

N. Y.,

32

2

128

1

35

6 years resident of the state.

24

2 years resident of the state.

N. J.,

18

3

58

1

30

4 ys. citizen of state, 1 y. of county.

21

2 ys. cit. of the state, 1 y. of no'ty.

Pa.,

33

3

100

1

25

4 ys. citizen of state, 1 y. of district.

21

3 ys. cit. of state, 1 y. of district.

Del.,

9

4

21

2

27

3 ys cit. of state, 1 y. of county, 200 acres freeh., or any estate of 1000l.

24

3 years citizen of the state, 1 year of the county.

Md.,

22

4

74

2

25

3 ys. resident of the state or county.

21

1 year in the state and county.

Va

50

4

152

2

30

Res. freeholder of dist represented.

25

Res. freeh. of place represented.

N.C.,

50

2

120

2

21

1 y. res., 300 acres in fee in dist. rep.

21

1 y. res., 100 acres freehold �

S.C.,

45

4

124

2

30

5 ys res. of the state, 300l. freeh.� if non-resident, 1000l.

21

3 ys. res. st., freeh. est. in dist. of 500 acres and 10 negroes� nonresidents, freehold of 500l.

Ga.,

47


130

1

25

9 vs. cit. U. S., 3 ys. state, 1 y. county.

21

7 ys. cit. U. S., 3 ys. state, 1 y. co'ty.

Fa.,

19


40

2

25

2 ys. res. of the state, 1 y. of county.

21

2 years res. of state, 1 y. county.

Ala.,

33


100

2

27

2 ys. res. of state 1 y. of the district.


2 years res. of state, 1 y. district.

Miss.,

32


92

2

30

4 ys. cit. of U. S., res. 1 y. in district


Res. 2 ys. of st., 1 y. of place rep.:

La.,

32


97

2

27

10 ys. cit. U.S., res inst. 4 y., dist. 1 y.

21

3 ys. cit. U.S. , state 3 ys. . parish 1 y.

Texas

21

4

66

2

30

Voter; res. 3 ys. in state, 1 y. district.

21

Voter; res. 2 ys. of St., 1 y. district.

Ark.,

25

4

75

2

30

Res. of st. 1 y., of dist. at election.

25

Resident of the county.

Tenn.

25

2

75

2

30

Voter; res. of state 3 ys., county 1 y.

21

Voter; res. of st. 2 ys , county 1 y.

Ky.,

38

1

100

2

30

6 ys. res. of the state, 1 y. of district.

24

2 ys. res. of state, 1 y. of county

Ohio,

35

2

100

2

30

Citizen of the U. S., resident of the county or district 2 years.

25

Cit. of state and U. S , 1 y. res. of the county, and a tax-payer.

Ind.,

50

3

100

2

25

Cit. of U. S., 2 ys. res. st., 1 y. in dist

21

Cit. U.S , 1 y. state and co. , tax-p'r.

Ill.,

25

4

75

2

25

Cit. U. S., 1. y. res. st. & dist., tax-p'r.

21

Cit. U.S., 1 y. state and co , tax-p'r.

Mo.,

18

4

49

2

30

Cit. U. S , 4 ys res st., 1 y. dist., tax-p.

24

Cit. U.S., 2 ys. st., 1 y co , tax-p'r.

Iowa,

19

4

39

2

25

1 y. res. of state, 30 days of district.

21

1 y. res. of state, 30 days of dist.

Wis.,

18

2

54

1





Mich.,

22

2

66

1

21

Qualified elector, res. of the district.

21

Qualified elector, res. of county.

0. T.









M. T.









N. T.









1. How many Senators has this State? 2. How many Representatives? 3. What is the term of office of a Senator of this State? 4. What is the term of office of a Representative? 5. How old must a Senator be? 6. How long a resident of the State? 7. Of his district? 8. How much property must he own? 9. How old must a Representative be? 10. A resident of the State how long? 11. Of his town, (or township,) county, or district, how long? 12. What amount of property must he own? 13. What is the proportion of Senators to Representatives in this State? 14. What is the excess of Representatives over Senators in this State? 15. Are these numbers always the same? 16. What is the reason of this? 17. Which State has the greatest number of Senators? 18. Which State has the least number of Senators? 19. Which State has the greatest number of Representatives? 20 Which State has the least number of Representatives? 21. In which State, or States, is the Senators' term of years the longest? 22. In which State, or States, is the Senators' term of years the shortest? 23. In which State is the Representatives' term of office the longest? 24. In which State is their term shortest? 25 In your opinion, which State has the most advantageous representation with regard to proportional number? 26 Which State has the most advantageous term of service for legislative purposes?

* This is increased to 33 by the governor of the State, who is presiding officer, and by the lieutenant-governor, who presides in the governor's absence.

� Representatives are called 'Commons' in this State.

The largest number of State Senators and Representatives allowed by the respective Constitutions is here given. The State Legislatures are liable to variation on account of peculiar municipal regulations, and contingent circumstances.


Table 3. exhibiting the Seats of Government, the Times of the Election of State Officers, and the Meeting of the Legislatures of Each State.

States.

Seats of Government.

Times of Holding Elections.

Times of the Meeting of the Legislatures.

Maine,

Augusta,

2d Monday in September

2d Wednesday in Jan.

N. H.,

Concord,

2d Tuesday in March,

1st Wednesday in June.

Vt.,

Montpelier,

1st Tuesday in Sept.,

2d Thursday in Oct.

Mass.,

Boston,

2d Monday in November,

1st Wednesday in Jan.

R.I.,

Prv. & Newp't

1st Wednesday in April,

lst Tu. in May, last M. Oc.

Conn.,

Hart. & N. II.

1st Monday in April,

1st Wednesday in May.

N.Y.,

Albany,

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.

1st Tuesday in January.

N. J.,

Trenton,

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.

2d Tuesday in January.

Pa.,

Harrisburg,

2d Tuesday in October,

1st Tuesday in January.

Del.,

Dover,

2d Tuesday in Nov.,

1st Tues. in Jan., bienn.*

Md.,

Annapolis,

1st Wednesday in Nov.,

1st Wed. in Jan., bienn.

Va.,

Richmond,

4th Thursday in April,

1st Mon. in Dec., bienn.

N. C.,

Raleigh,

1st Thursday in August,

3d Mon. in Nov., bienn.

S. C.,

Columbia,

2d Monday in October,

4th Monday in Nov.

Ga.,

Milledgeville,

1st Monday in October,

1st Mon. in Nov., bienn.

Fla.,

Tallahassee,

1st Monday in October,

1st Mon. in Nov., bienn.

Ala.,

Montgomery,

1st Monday in August,

2d Mon. in Nov., bienn.

Miss.,

Jackson,

1st Mon. and Tu. in Nov.,

1st Mon. in Jan., bienn.

La.,

Baton Rouge,

1st Monday in November,

3d Mon. in Jan., bienn.

Texas,

Austin,

1st Monday in August,

December, bienn.

Ark.,

Little Rock,

1st Monday in August,

1st Mon. in Nov., bienn.

Mo.,

Jefferson City,

1st Monday in August,

Last Mon. in Dec., bienn.

Iowa,

Iowa City,

1st Monday in August,

1st Mon. in Dec., bienn.

Tenn.,

Nashville,

1st Thursday in August,

1st Mon. in Oct., bienn.

Ky.,

Frankfort,

1st Monday in August,

1st Monday in Dec.

Ohio,

Columbus,

2d Tuesday in October,

1st Mon, in Jan., bienn.

Ind.,

Indianapolis,

1st Monday in August,

Th. af. 1st Mon. in Jan. , bi.

Ill.,

Springfield,

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.

2d Mon. in Jan., bienn.

Wis.,

Madison,

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.

1st Monday in January.

Mich.,

Lansing,

1st Tuesday in November,

1st Monday in January.

Cal.,

San Jos�,

Tu. after 1st Mon. in Nov.

1st Monday in January.

* Biennially, that is, every other year, or once in two years.

TABLE IV.

Populat'n of cities over 8000 in the U. S., with their decennial increase per ct. from 1830 to 1850.

Pop. of 1830.

Pop. of 1840.

Ratio of increase.

Pop. of

1840.

Pop. of

1850.

Ratio of increase.

Bangor (Me.) ...............

2,867

8,627

200.9

8,627

14,432

67.28

Portland ....................

12,598

15,218

20.79

15,218

20,815

36.77

Augusta .....................

3,980

5,314

33.51

5,314

8,225

54.77

Bath ..........................

3,773

5,141

36.25

5,141

8,020

56.

Manchester (N. H.) ......

877

3,235

268.87

3,235

13,932

330.67

Boston (Mass.) ............

61,392

93,383

62.1

93,383

136,871

46.56

Lowell .......................

6,474

20,796

221.22

20,796

33,383

60.52

Salem ........................

13,895

15,082

8.64

15,082

20,264

34.35

Roxbury ....................

5,247

9,089

73.22

9,089

18,364

102.04

Charlestown ...............

8,783

11,484

30.75

11,484

17,216

49.91

Worcester ..................

4,173

7,497

79.65

7,497

17,049

127.41

New Bedford ...............

7,592

12,087

69.2

12,087

16,443

36.03


6.072

8,409

38.48

8,409

15,215

80.93

Lynn .........................

6,138

9,367

52.6

9,367

14.257

62.2

Springfield ..................

6,784

10,985

61.92

10,985

11,766

7.1

Taunton .................... .

6,042

7,645

26.53

7,645

10,441

36.57

Providence (R. I.) ........

16,833

23,171

37.65

23,171

41,512

79.15

New Haven (Conn.) .....

10,678

12,960

21.37

12,960

20,345

56.98

Norwich ....................

5,161

7,239

40.26

7,239

10,265

41.8

Hartford ....................

7,074

9,468

33.84

9,468

13,555

43.16

New York city (N.Y.) ...

197,112

312,710

58.64

312,710

515,507

64.85

Brooklyn ...................

15,394

36,233

35.37

36.233

96,838

167.26


24,209

33,721

39.29

33.721

50,763

50.53

Buffalo ......................

8,668

18,213

110.11

18,213

42.261

132.03

Rochester ...................

9,207

20,191

119.3

20,191

36,403

80.29

Williamshurg ..............

1,117

5,094

356.04

5,094

30,780

504.24

Troy ..........................

11,556

19,334

67.3

19,334

28,785

48.88

Syracuse ....................

2,565

6,500

153.

6,500

22,271

242.63

Utica .........................

8,323

12,782

53.57

12,782

17,565

37.41

Poughkeepsie ..............

7,222

10,006

38.54

10,006

13,944

39.35

Lockport .....................

3,823

9,125

138.68

9,125

12,323

35.04


2,703

4,665

72.58

4,665

12,205

161.62

Newburgh ..................

6,424

8,933

39.05

8,933

11,415

27.78

Kingston ....................

4,170

5,824

39.66

5,824

10,233

75.7

Newark (N. J.) ............

10,953

17,290

57.85

17.290

38,894

124.95

Paterson ....................


7,596


7,596

11,338

49.26

New Brunswick ...........

7.831

8,663

10.62

8,663

13,387

54.53

Phila. city and co. (Pa.)

188,797

258,037

36.67

258,037

408,762

58.41

Pittsburg ....................

12,568

21,115

68.

21,115

46,601

120.7

Alleghany ..................

2,801

10,089

260.19

10,089

21,261

110.73

Reading .....................

5,856

8,410

43.61

8,410

15,748

87.25

Lancaster ...................

7.701

8,417

9.25

8,417

12,365

46.9

Wilmington (Del.) .......

6,628

8,367

26.

8,367

13,979

67.7

Baltimore (Md.) .........

80,620

102,313

26.9

102,313

169,054

65.23

Washington (D. C.) ......

18.826

23,364

24.1

23,364

40,001

71.2

Richmond (Vn.) .........

6,055

20,153

232.83

20,153

27,482

36.36

Norfolk ......................

9,814

10,920

11.26

10.920

14,326

31.19

Petersburg .................

8,322

11.136

33.81

11,136

14,010

25.8

Wheeling ...................

5,276

7,885

49.45

7,885

11,391

44.46

Charleston (S.C.) .........

30,289

29,261

dec. 3.39

29,261

42,985

46.9

Savannah (Ga.) ............

7,302

11,214

53.57

11,214

16,060

43.21

Mobile (Ala.) ...............

3,194

12,672

296.74

12,672

20,513

61.87

New Orleans (La.) ........

49,826

102.193

105.09

102,193

119.461

16.89

Lafayette ..................


3,207


3,207

14,190

342.46

Memphis (Tenn.) .........


2,026


2,026

8,839

336.27

Nashville ...................

5.566

6,929

24.48

6,929

10,478

51.21

Louisville (Ky.) ..........

10,341

21,210

105.1

21,210

43,196

103.65

Cincinnati (Ohio) .........

24,831

46,338

86.61

46,338

115,436

149.11

Columbus ..................

2,435

6,048

148.37

6,048

17,883

195.68

Cleveland ...................

1,076

6,071

464.21

6,071

17,034

180.57

Dayton ......................

2,950

6,067

105.66

6,067

10,977

80.92

Madison (Ind.) ............

2,500

3,798

51.68

3,798

8,005

110.76

Chicago (Ill.) ...............

None

4,470


4,470

29.963

570.31

Detroit (Mich.) ............

2,222

9,102

309.63

9,102

21,019

130.92

St. Louis (Mo.) ............

4,977

16,469

230.9

16,469

77,860

372.76

Milwaukee (Wis.) .........


1,712


1,712

20,061

1071.78


336 STATISTICAL TABLES.

TABLE V. Exhibiting the number of Dwellings, Families, White Males, Slaves, Deaths, Farms, Manufacturing Establishments, Federal Re-

STATES.

Dwellings.

Families.

White males.

White Females.

Colored Males.

Colored

Females.

Maine,

95,797

103,787

296,635

285,128

705

620

N. H.

57,389

62,287

155,902

161,487

243

232

Vt.

56,327

58,475

159,374

153,528

366

343

Mass.

152,835

192,679

484,284

501,420

4,314

4,481

R I.

22,379

28,216

70,417

73,583

1,660

1,884

Conn.

64,013

73,448

180,001

183,304

3,749

3,737

N. Y.

473,956

566,862

1,545,052

1,504,405

22,998

24,939

N. J.

81,064

89,080

233,746

232,494

11,542

11,551

Pa.

386,292

408,421

1,142,863

1,115,600

25,057

28,266

Del.

15,209

15,439

35,771

35,518

8,989

8,968

Md.

81,708

87,384

211,495

207,095

34,914

39,163

D. of C.

7,917

8,292

18,548

19,479

4,210

5,763

Va.

165,797

167,512

451,510

443,726

25,843

27,986

N. C.

105,542

106,023

272,789

280,506

13,226

13,970

S. C.

52,642

52,937

137,773

136,850

4,110

4,790

Ga.

91,011

91,471

266,096

255,342

1,368

1,512

Florida,

9,022

9,107

25,674

21,493

420

505

Ala.

73,070

73,786

219,728

206,779

1,047

1,225

Miss.*

77,699

78,103

145,775

145,761

491

407

La.

49,101

54,112

141,059

114,357

7,598

9,939

Texas,

27,998

28,377

84,863

69,237

171

160

Ark.

28,252

28,416

85,699

76,369

318

271

Tenn.

129,420

130,005

382,270

37,427

3,072

3,191

Ky.

130,769

132,920

392,840

368,848

4,771

4,965

Ohio,

336,098

348,523

1,004,111

951,997

12,239

12,061

Indiana

170,185

171,564

506,400

471,205

5,472

5,316

Illinois,

146,544

149,153

445,644

400,460

2,756

2,610

Mo.

96,849

100,890

312,986

279,091

1,338

1,206

Iowa,

32,962

33,517

100,885

90,994

168

167

Wis.

56,117

57,319

163,806

139,794

365

261

Mich.

71,616

72,611

208,471

186,626

1,412

1,145

Cal.*

25,000

47,987

158,000

41,000

800

200

Min. T.

1,102

1,016

3,695

2,343

21

18

N. Mex

13,453

13,502

31,706

29,782

14

3

U. T.*

2,000

3,000

16,000

8,500

300

200

Or.

2,374

2,374

8,142

4,945

119

87

* Estimated. The returns at the Census Office being incomplete.�The above tables script at the Census Bureau, and are probably published six or eight months in ad-


STATISTICAL TABLES. 337

White Females, Colored Males, Colored Females, Total Free Population, presentative Population, Total Population.

Total Free Population.

Slaves,

Deaths.

Farms.

Manuf. Estab.

Federal Rep, Population.

Total Pop.

583,088

000,000

7,545

46,760

1,682

583,088

583,088

317,864

000,000

4,268

29,229

3,301

317,864

317,864

313,611

000,000

3,130

29,687

1,835

313,611

313,611

994,499

000,000

19,414

34,235

9,637

994,499

994,499

147,544

000,000

2,241

5,385

1,144

147,544

147,544

370,791

000,000

5,781

22,445

3,913

370,791

370,791

3,097,394

000,000

44,339

170,621

23,823

3,097,394

3,097,394

489,333

222

6,467

23,905

4,374

489,466

489,555

2,311,786

000,000

28,318

127,577

22,036

2,311,786

2,311,786

89,246

2,289

1,209

6,063

513

90,619

89,246

492,667

90,368

9,594

21,860

3,863

546,887

583,035

48,000

3,687

846

264

427

No Delegate.

51,687

949,065

472,461

19,053

77,013

4,433

1,234,541

1,421,526

580,491

.288,412

10,207

56,916

2,523

753,538

868,903

293,523

384,984

7,997

29,969

1,473

514,513

668,507

524,318

381,681

9,920

51,759

1,407

753,326

905,999

48,092

39,309

933

4,304

121

76,947

87,401

428,779

342,892

9,804

41,964

1,022

634,514

771,671

282,434

300,419

10,016

27,897

1,389

472,685

592,853

272,953

239,021

11,948

13,424

1,021

416,365

511,974

154,431

58,161

3,046

12,198

307

189,327

212,592

162,657

46,982

2,987

17,758

271

190,846

209,639

763,164

239,461

11,759

72,710

2,789

906,840

992,625

771,424

210,981

15,206

74,777

3,471

898,012

982,405

1,980,408

000,000

28,949

143,887

10,550

1,980,408

1,980,408

988,416

000,000

12,728

93,865

4,326

988,416

988,416

851,470

000,000

11,619

76,208

3,099

851,470

851,470

594,621

87,422

12,211

54,458

3,030

647,074

672,043

192,214

000,000

2,044

14,085

482

192,214

192,214

304,226

000,000

2,884

20,177

1,273

304,226

304,226

397,654

000,000

4,520 15',000

34,089

1,979

397,654

397,654

200,000

000,000

3,000

50

200,000

200,000

6,077

000,000

30

157

5

6,077

6,077

61,505

000,000

1,157

3,750

20

61,505

61,505

25,000

500

1,000

4,000

30

25,300

25,500

13,293

000,000

47

1,164

51

13,293

13,293

have cost much labor and expense. They have been copied from the original manu-vance of the Government.


338 STATISTICAL TABLES.

TABLE VI. Official Synopsis of the Census of Great Britain. [Taken March 31st, 1851.]



HOUSES


PO

PULAT1

ON


Inhabited

Uninhabited

Building

Males

Females

Total

England and Wales

3,280,961

152 898

26,534

8,762,588

9,160,1 SO

17,922,768

Scotland

366,650

11,956

2,378

1,363,622

1,507,162

2,870,784

Isles in British seas

21,826

1,077

202

6,651

76,400

142,916

Total .........

3,669,437

165,931

29,114

10,192,721

10,743,747

20,936,468*

Ireland (1851)

1,047,739

65,159

2,113

3,176,727

3,339,067

6,515 794

" (1841)

1,328,839

52,208

3,313

4,019,576

4,155,548

8,176,727

Decrease in 10 y'rs

281,900

12,951�

1,200

842,849

816,481

1,660,933

POPULATION AT VARIOUS PERIODS


1801

1811

1821

1831

1841

1851

England, Scotl'd and Wales

10,567,893

12,047,455

14,180,351

16,364,893

18,658,372

20,936,468

Inc for 10 years


1,479,562

2,132,896

2,184 542

2,260,749

2,227,438

Per ct for 10 years


14

18

15

14

12

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AT SIMILAR PERIODS

1790

1800

1810

1820

18GO

1840

3,920,827

5,305,940

7,239 814

9,638,191

12,806,020

17,068,666

Inc per ct in 10 years

35

36�

33

33�

32

THE PROMINENT POWERS OF EUROPE CONTRASTED.


Population

No of men in army

Debt�

Taxes paid to support army &c

Yearly income of all the people

Av tax for each

Gr Brit & Irel'd

27,452 262

129,000

$3,333,333,333

250,000,000

2,750,000 000

$9

France

36,000,000

265,000

886,666,666

335,000,000

1,600 000,000

9�

Russia

70 000 000

700,000

4S8 666,666

550,000,000

Unknown

6�

Austria

37,000 000

500 000

733,333 333

500 000,000

"

13

Turkey.

12 500,000

220,000

266,666,666

75,000 000

"

6

Spam .......

13,000,000

160 000

866,666,666

400,000,000

"

30

* Persons in the army, the navy, and the merchant vessels, and out of the country when the census was taken, 167,604 � Increase of uninhabited houses

� The whole debt of all the powers of Europe is about ten billions of dollars, (which has been incurred to sustain the wars of kings and emperors.) This gives an average for each family of five persons, of nearly $200 [See page 312 ]

§ The amounts in this column go to the annual support of the army and government and not to pay the national debt The Englishman pays an annual tax to support the army &c , to the amount of one eleventh of all his income , while the Frenchman for the same purposes, pays one fifth The yearly income from the productive industry of the 36,000,000 of people in France is but little more than half that of the 27,000,000 in Great Britain In England there are 630,721 voters, in Wales 37,924, in Scotland 72,720, and in Ireland 98,006. In France there are only 250,000 voters. In England one person out of every 26 is a voter in Wales, 1 to 23 , in Scotland 1 to 38 and in Ireland 1 to 81. In France, there is only 1 voter to 137 persons. In the United States there is 1 voter to 7 persons [This subject is illustrated at length in BURLEIGH'S LEGISLATIVE GUIDE.]


BIOGRAPHICAL TABLE OF SOME OF THE DISTINGUISHED DECEASED AMERICANS

STATESMEN AND JURISTS

Died A. D.

MISCELLANEOUS

Died

A. D.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Died A. D.

John Carver- - -

1621

John Robinson - - - -

1625

John Ledyard - - - -

1789

John Smith - - -

1632

Francis Higginson - - -

1630

Israel Putnam - - - -

1790

George Calvert- -

1632

John Harvard - - -

1638

Joseph Bellamy - - -

1790

John Winthrop- -

1649

William Brewster - -

1644

Frederick Wm Steuben

1794

Edward Winslow -

1655

Thomas Hooker - - -

1617

John Witherspoon - -

l794

William Bradford -

1657

Thomas Shepard - - -

1649

Ezra Stiles - - - -

1795

Theophilus Eaton

1657

John Cotton - - - -

1652

John Sullivan - - - -

1795

John Endicott - -

1665

Nathaniel Ward - - -

1653

Francis Marion - - -

1795

Leonard Calvert -

1676

Miles Standish - - - -

1656

Anthony Wayne - - -

1796

William Coddington

1678

John Norton - - - -

1663

David Rittenhouse -

1796

William Phipps- -

1695

Richard Mather - - -

1669

Jeremiah Belknap - -

1798

William Penn - -

1718

John Davenport - - -

1670

John Clarke - - - -

1798

William Burnet - -

1729

Charles Chauncy - - -

1672

Patrick Henry - - - -

1799

1 Elisha Williams -

1755

Edward Johnson - - -

1672

Artemis Ward - - - -

l800

1 James Delancy - -

1760

John Mason .....

1673

George R. Minot - - -

1802

1 John Chambers- -

1765

Joseph Winslow - - -

1680

John Ewing - - - -

1802

1 Roger Wolcott - -

1767

Urian Oakes - - - -

1681

Samuel Hopkins - - -

1803

William Shirley -

1771

Roger Williams - - -

1683

Philip Schuyler - - -

1804

1 William Johnson -

1774

Nathaniel Morton - -

1685

William Moultrie - - -

1805

1 Richard Peters - -

1775

Samuel Gorton - - -

1687

Henry Knox - - - -

1806

John Quincy - - -

1775

Daniel Gookin - - - -

1687

Horatio Gates - - - -

1806

Peyton Randolph -

1775

John Eliot ��

1690

Edward Preble - - -

1807

1 Robert Livingston -

1775

William Hubbard- - -

1704

William Eaton - - - -

1807

1 Joseph Murray � -

��

Samuel Willard - - -

1707

Oliver Ellsworth - - -

1807

1 William Smith - -

��

Robert Beverly - - -

1716

Fisher Ames - - - -

1808

1 John Penn - - -

��

Benjamin Church - - -

1718

Charles B. Brown -

1809

1 Samuel Welles - -

��

Increase Mather - - -

1723

Benjamin Lincoln - -

1810

1 John Chandler - -

��

Cotton Mather - - - -

1798

Joseph Dennie - - - -

1812

l 2 Oliver Partridge -

��

Jonathan Dickinson - -

1747

James Clinton - - - -

1812

1 Richard Wibird - -

��

Benjamin Colman - -

1747

Joel Barlow - - - -

1812

1 Mesheck Weare -

��

David Brainerd - - -

1747

Joseph Buckminster - -

1812

1 Henry Sherburne -

��

John Callcnder - - -

1748

Theophilus Parsons - -

1813

1 William Pitkin - -

��

Thomas Godfrey - - -

1749

Zebulon M. Pike - - -

1813

1 Martin Howard - -

��

William Stith - - - -

1750

James Lawrence - - -

1813

1 Isaac Norris - - -

��

James Logan - - - -

1751

William Heath - - -

1814

1 Benjamin Tasker -

��

Jonathan Edwards - -

1758

Samuel Dexter - - -

1815

1 Abraham Barnes -

��

Thomas Prince - - -

1758

Robert Fulton - - - -

1815

3 Button Gwinnet -

1777

William Pepperell - -

1759

David Ramsey - - - -

1815

2 3 John Morton - -

1777

Samuel Davies - - - -

1761

John S. Copely - - - -

1815

2 3 Philip Livingston -

1778

Gilbert Tennent - - -

1764

John Carroll - - - -

1815

3 Joseph Hewes - -

1779

Jonathan Mayhew - -

1766

Benjamin S. Barton - -

1815

2 3 George Ross - - -

1779

Zabdiel Boylston - - -

1766

Henry E. Muhlenberg -

1815

1 Theodore Atkinson

1779

Thomas Clap - - - -

1767

James A Bayard - - -

1815

3 Thomas Lynch, jr -

1779

Samuel Johnson - - -

1772

Theodore Dehon - - -

1817

3 John Hart - - -

1780

John Mitchell - - - -

1772

Timothy Dwight - - -

1817

3 Richard Stockton -

1781

John Clayton - - - -

1773

Arthur St. Clair - - -

1818

3 George Taylor - -

1781

Joseph Warren - - -

1775

Caspar Wistar - - - -

1818

2 James Otis - - -

1783

Richard Montgomery -

1775

Samuel S. Smith - - -

1819

2 3 C�sar Rodney - -

1783

John Thomas - - - -

1776

Jesse Appleton - - -

1819

4 Joseph Reed * - -

1785

Cadwallader Golden - -

1776

Joseph Lathrop - - -

1820

1 3 Stephen Hopkins -

1785

Hugh Mercer - - - -

1777

Benjamin Trumbull - -

1820

3 William Whipple -

1785

David Wooster- - - -

1777

Oliver H. Perry - - -

1820

3 Arthur Middleton -

1787

John Bartram - - - -

1777

Stephen Decatur - - -

1820

3 Thomas Stone - -

1787

Eleazar Wheelock - -

1779

Benjamin West - - -

1820

3 4 John Penn - - -

1788

Count Pulaski - - - -

1779

Samuel Worcester - -

1821

1 Thos Hutchinson -

1789

Thomas Hutchinson - -

1780

John Stark - - - -

1822

3 Thos Nelson jr -

1789

Jonathan Carver - - -

1780

Thomas Truxton - - -

1822

1 3 4 Benjamin Franklin -

1790

Charles Lee - - - -

1782

Samuel Heckewelder -

1823

4 David Brearley- -

1790

William Alexander - -

1783

Divie Bethune - - -

1824

2 Metcalf Rowler -

��

Anthony Benezet - - -

1784

Samuel Campbell- - -

1824

2 Henry Ward- - -

��

Nathaniel Greene - -

1786

Elisha Whitney - - -

1825

2 David Rowland - -

��

Charles Chauncy - - -

1787

James Wilkinson - - -

1825

2 John Cruger� - -

��

Mather Byles - - - -

1788

Thomas Macdonough -

1825

2 William Bayard -

��

Ethan Allen - - - -

1789

Lindley Murray - - -

1826

* The names of all the signers of the Articles of Confederation will be found attached to

those Articles Appendix, page 44

� Writer of the Bill of Rights � The dash (�) denotes that the year is not ascertained The Bill of Rights the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United

States, were signed only by part of the members appointed to frame those enduring monuments

1 Members of the Congress that met at Albany, 1754

2 Signers of the Declaration of Rights

3 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

4 Signers of the Articles of Confederation

5 Signers of the Constitution


340 BIOGRAPHICAL TABLE.

STATESMEN AND JURISTS

Died, A. D.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Died, A. D.

DISTINGUISHED FEMALES

Died, A. D.

2 Leonard Lispenard

Jedediah Morse - - -

1826

Rebecca Pocahontas - -

1517

2 Hendrick Fisher -

Edward Payson - - -

1827

Arabella Johnson - - -

1630

2 James Borden - -

Thomas Pinckney - -

1828

Ann Hutchinson - - -

1643

2 Thomas Ringgold -

Jacob Brown - - - -

1828

Mary Dyer - - - - -

1660

2 William Murdock -

G �� Stewart - - -

1828

Anne Bradstreet - - -

1672

2 Edward Tilghman -

De Witt Clinton - - -

1828

Mary Starbuck - - - -

��

2 Thomas Lynch - -

Timothy Pickering - -

1829

Sarah Roberts - - - -

��

3 William Hooper -

1790

William Bambridge - -

1829

Mary Saltonstall - - -

1730

5 William Livingston

1790

John M. Mason - - -

1829

Hannah Duston - - -

��

3 Francis Hopkinson

1790

John Henry Hobart - -

1830

Esther Burr - - - -

1758

3 Lyman Hall - - -

1790

James P. Wilson - - -

1830

Sarah Edwards - - -

1758

3 Benjamin Harrison

1791

Stephen Elliott - - -

1830

Janet McCrea - - -

1777

2 George Bryan - -

1791

John D. Godman - - -

1830

Susanna Wright - - -

1778

4 Henry Laurens - -

1792

Isaiah Thomas- - - -

1831

Ann Eliza Bleeker - -

1783

3 4 Roger Sherman - -

1793

Samuel L. Mitchell - -

1831

Susanna Anthony - - -

1791

2 4 John Hancock - -

1793

John H. Rice - - - -

1831

Mary Wolstoncraft - -

1797

3 Abraham Clark - -

1791

Stephen Girard - - -

1831

Margaretta V. Faugeres

1800

3 4 Richard Henry Lee

1791

Thomas Sumter - - -

1832

Martha Washington - -

1801

3 John Witherspoon -

1791

John H Ashmun - - -

1832

Elizabeth Ferguson - -

1801

3 4 Josiah Bartlett - -

1795

Robert C. Sands - - -

1832

Phebe H. Abbot - - -

1805

5 Nathaniel Gorham

1796

Warren Colburn - - -

1832

Mary White .....

1810

3 4 Samuel Huntington

1796

S �� Tucker - - -

1832

Martha L Ramsay - -

1811

3 Carter Braxton - -

1797

John Coffee .....

1832

Harriet Newell - - -

1812

3 4 Fr'cs Lightfoot Lee

1797

William Bambridge - -

1832

Sarah Smith - - - -

1812

3 Oliver Wolcott - -

1797

EliTodd - - - - - -

1833

Judith S. Grant - - -

��

3 Lewis Morris - -

1798

Lorenzo Dow - - - -

1834

Mercy Warren - - - -

1814

3 4 George Read - -

1798

Ebenezer Porter - - -

1834

Isabella Graham - - -

1814

3 5 James Wilson - -

1798

George T. Bedell - - -

1834

Mary J. Grosvenor - -

1816

5 Nicholas Gilman -

James Whitfield - - -

1834

Mary Dwight - - - -

��

5 Jonathan Dayton -

Thomas Say - - - -

1834

Phebe Philups - - - -

1818

5 Thos FitzSimons

David Hossack- - - -

1834

Abigail Adams - - - -

1819

5 Jacob Broom - -

Thomas S. Grimke - -

1834

Judith Murray - - - -

1820

5 James McHenry -

Samuel Baker - - - -

1834

Sarah Hoffman - - -

1821

5 Daniel Carroll - -

William Wirt - - - -

1834

Catharine Brown - - -

1823

5 Thomas Jenifer -

Wm. H. Crawford - -

1834

Susan Huntingdon - -

1823

5 R'd Dobbs Spraight

Nathan Dane - - - -

1834

F. Anna P. Canfield - -

1823

5 George Washington

1799

Luther Martin - - - -

��

Elizabeth Gray - - -

1823

3 William Paca - -

1799

John Emory - - - -

1835

Lucia Knox- - - - -

1824

3 George Ross - - -

1799

William Nevins - - -

1836

Susan Rowson - - - -

��

5 John Blair - - -

1800

William White - - -

1836

L. Maria Davidson - -

1825

5 William Blount - -

1800

David Crockett - - -

1836

Eleanor Davis - - - -

1825

2 5 John Rutlege - -

1800

John Lowell - - - -

1836

Ann H. Judson - - - -

1826

5 Thomas Mifflin - -

1800

Edward Livingston - -

1836

Sarah Hull - - - - -

1826

3 Edward Rutledge -

1800

Philip Syng Physick - -

1837

Anna Bates - - - - -

1826

1 4 John Worthington -

1800

Nathaniel Bowditch- -

1838

Dorothy Scott - - - -

1828

3 Francis Lewis - -

1803

William M. Stone - - -

1838

E Ann B. Morse - - -

1828

3 Matthew Thornton

1803

Samuel L. Knapp - - -

1838

Marcia Hall .....

1829

3 4 Samuel Adams - -

1803

John Rodgers - - - -

1838

Maria M Allen - - -

1829

3 Robert Treat Paine

1804

Thomas Cooper - - -

1839

Sarah Hall .....

1830

3 George Walton - -

1804

Hezekiah Niles - - -

1839

Died,

5 Alexander Hamilton

1804

William Sullivan - - -

1839

STATESMEN AND JURISTS

A D

2 Christop'r Gadsden

1805

Jesse Buel - - - - -

1839

5 William Patterson -

1806

Aaron Bancroft - - -

1839

5 Charles Pinckney -

1824

3 4 5 Robert Morris - -

1806

Zera Colburn - - - -

1839

5 Cha's C. Pinckney -

1825

3 James Smith- - -

1806

Wilbur Fiske - - - -

1839

3 John Adams - - -

1826

3 George Wythe - -

1806

Aaron Ogden - - - -

1839

3 Thomas Jefferson -

1826

2 Eliphalet Dyer - -

1807

Robert Y Hayne - - -

1839

5 Rufus King - - -

1827

5 Abraham Baldwin -

1807

Felix Grundy - - - -

1840

5 William Few - -

1828

2 4 5 John Dickinson - -

1808

Philip P. Barbour- - -

1840

John Jay - - - -

1829

3 4 Thos. Heywood, jr.

1809

Timothy Flint - - - -

1840

James Monroe - -

1831

3 William Williams -

1811

Charles Bonnycastle - -

1840

3 Charles Carroll- -

1832

3 Samuel Chase - -

1811

Joseph Parrish - - - -

1840

John Marshall - -

1834

5 Gunning Bedford, jr

1812

Matthew Carey - - -

1840

James Madison - -

1836

3 George Clymer - -

1813

William Leggett - - -

1840

Wm. H. Harrison -

1841

3 Benjamin Rush - -

1813

Isaac Chauncey - - -

1810

Joseph Story - - -

1844

3 4 Elbridge Gerry - -

1814

George G. Cookman - -

1841

Andrew Jackson - -

1845

5 Richard Bassit - -

1815

William P. Dewees - -

1841

Silas Wright - - -

1847

4 5 Gouverneur Morris

1816

Alexander Macomb - -

1841

James Kent - - -

1847

2 3 4 Thomas M'Kean -

1817

Hugh S. Legare - - -

1841

John Quincy Adams

1848

5 John Langdon - -

1819

John Forsythe - - - -

1841

H. Wheaton - -

1848

2 5 Wm Sam'l Johnson

1819

Sam'l L Southard - -

1812

A. Gallatin - - -

1849

5 Hugh Williamson -

1819

Noah Webster - - - -

1812

J. K. Polk - - -

1849

3 4 William Enery - -

1820

William Ellery Channing

1842

J. C. Calhoun - -

1850

3 William Floyd - -

1821

John England - - - -

1812

Z. Taylor - - -

1850

5 Jared Ingersoll - -

1823

John Trumbull - - -

1813

L. Woodbury - -

1851

5 Pierce Butler - -

1822

Lewis F. Linn - - - -

1843

5 William Pinckney -

1822

Robert Adram - - - -

1843

APPENDIX.

LESSON I.

RULES FOR READING.

RULE I. Study every reading lesson, and endeavor to understand thoroughly the meaning of each word.

RULE II. Always strive to enter into the spirit of the piece, and impart the sentiments of its author.

RULE III. In reading, as well as in talking, always sit or stand erect; hold up your head, and throw back your shoulders.

RULE IV. Avoid beginning to read when you are out of breath. Do not hold your book too near your face.

RULE V. Strive to pronounce distinctly and correctly each letter, syllable, and word. Aim to make what you read perfectly plain to your audience.

RULE VI. Neither mumble nor clip your words. Always begin a sentence so as to be able to rise or fall, as the sense may require.

RULE VII. Be very careful neither to read too fast nor too slow. Strive to speak deliberately and distinctly, so that you may be clearly understood.

RULE VIII. When you read to persons in a small room, you should speak lower than in a large one. Reading is talking what is written.

RULE IX. Keep your voice perfectly natural, and read just as if you were telling the same information to those present without a book. The best readers are those who talk the exercise best.

RULE X. Look ahead of the word you are speaking, so as to lay stress on the right syllables, emphasize the proper words, and avoid repeating or miscalling them.

RULE XI. Raise your eyes in every line, and look at the audience, the same as though you were talking to those present about the subject.

RULE XII. Let your manner be suited to the subject, the style, and the occasion. Always read as though you | had something worthy of attention to say. |


2 APPENDIX.

LESSON II.

RULE XIII. Strive to enlist the attention of your hearers. Keep your mind on the subject, and try to convey, easily and naturally, its meaning. Pay proper attention to all the pauses.

RULE XIV. All conversation between two persons, � between more than two, and all kinds of stories, both in prose and poetry, should be read the same as if you had no book, and were talking to those present.

RULE XV. Guard against all singing tones. Always read carefully. Never hesitate or drawl your words.

RULE XVI. Read poetry slowly, distinctly, and in a natural tone. Aim to get the sense. Pause not at the end of a line, if there be no stop, nor unless the sense requires it.

RULE XVII. Poetry requires the closest attention. Pay particular notice to the length of the lines. Guard against singing tones.

RULE XVIII. All cheerful, gay, and humorous pieces should be read in a quick and animated way.

RULE XIX. Descriptions of hurry, violent anger, and sudden fear, should be read in the quickest way. RULE XX. Words or phrases conveying new or important ideas ; all exclamatory words ; the most weighty parts in a sentence; repetitions, and words contrasted with, or opposed to, other words, should be emphasized.

REMARKS .� Good books, systematic rules, skilful teachers, and excellent schools are of very great benefit; but all united can never make good readers, or profound scholars of those who are not attentive, and do not THINK.

[READ THE FOREGOING RULES AGAIN FOR LESSONS III. & IV.]

LESSON V.

The object of the figures 5, 10, 15, &c., on the left margin, [see page 30,] is to secure the closest possible attention to the reading exercise. For example, the first pupil ends the 5th line [page 30] with the word human, the voice being suspended, the next pupil takes the sentence instantly with the word nature, and proceeds without the slightest pause. This plan may be pursued through-

APPENDIX. 3

out the book. When a pupil arrives at the end of any numbered line the next immediately takes the sentence, and continues it in a proper tone from the pupil above, whose voice, in case there be no pause, will terminate as if he were going to read further The proper pauses and inflections should always be observed by pupils in transferring unfinished sentences from each other. The acute accent, [/] see page 301, denotes the rising inflection of the voice. The grave accent denotes the falling inflection. The marginal exercises may be applied in many ways. Some may find it best to use them only for definitions, others for spelling, teaching the rudiments of composition, the parts of speech in grammar, articulation, correct pronunciation, tracing words to their roots, or following out their derivatives. Youth derive great benefit, and generally take much delight in using the marginal words in composing sentences and paragraphs. The first 3, 5, 10, or 15 words may be assigned for a written exercise in geography, chronology, biography, history, � any scientific or literary exercise.

The lessons in this book are not all of the same length. Neither are the questions all of the same character; those on the Constitution require it to be memorized, [see page 118] and relate chiefly to the difference between the meaning of words. The questions on the Commentary [see page 167] are intended as a review of the Constitution, and are designed to rivet, indelibly, its principles in the minds of the learners. The questions belonging to the Commentary are of a totally different character; and would be the best to use at examinations, where it is desirable to show the acquaintance of the class with the supreme law of the Land. In reading the commentary reference should be constantly made to the Constitution. The particular article treated of is referred to at the bottom of each page, beginning on the 167th and ending on the 220th page. It is to be hoped that no teacher will lose sight of the great benefit to be derived from reading and answering the numerous questions. If the queries should ever be used for other purposes than reading, they ought to be suggestive only, Both teachers and pupils will be most benefited by relying on their own resources. Original queries and responses cannot be too much encouraged. They tend alike to invigorate and enliven the class; both the teacher and the taught are more benefited, and insensibly acquire what is of the utmost moment to the American teacher, as well as pupil, research, attentive habits, and self-reliance in the acquirement of knowledge. If, however, a teacher should prefer to ask the questions verbatim, and finds the questions too numerous for the class, he may ask the 1st, 3d, 5th and 7th, or the 1st, 4th, 8th and 12th questions, or any other proportion. Whenever the figure 2 occurs at the end of any marginal word (see page 301) the pupil should tell the difference in meaning between it and the one in the same line indicated by the figure I.

See notes at the bottom of page 30. Also the first 16 pages of Burleigh's Thinker.


4 APPENDIX.

Each lesson and question in this Appendix js a key to the corresponding lesson and question in the body of the book One pupil of the class should lead [ask] the 1st question in Lesson VI, (see page 28 ) and another should read the answer to it, (Lesson VI, question 1, this page,) and so on through this and each of the following lessons.

LESSON VI.

1 Elizabeth answers Mary by reading, [saying,] Italic means, pertaining to Italy, and is applied particularly to a kind of inclining type, fust used by Italian printers. Hence Italics means letters first used in Italy, and which stand inclining, they are used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, &.c. The words emphasis, &c, are printed in italics. 2 Maria reads [answers] Jane By suppressing we abridge, � by extending we enlarge 3 Nancy answers Sarah An opinion or decision of the mind formed without due examination of the facts or arguments which are necessary to a just and impartial determination. 4 Laura answers Susan. Its effect is to negative the balance of the word, unabridged, not abridged, &c.

The following essay on primitive and derivative words is intended to be read as Lesson VII.

LESSON VII.

[Let each pupil read only to a period ] All words are called either primitive or derivative in reference to their origin � and simple or compound in reference to their form. Strictly speaking, a primitive is a simple word in its original form, consequently, nearly all the words in our language can be traced to Europe, and the European languages, in like manner trace their origin to Asia It should be borne in mind, that all languages having sprung from one source, the original words from which they have been formed must have been of equal antiquity Philology is a study which, in itself, might occupy the life-time of the most industrious. The peculiarity, however, of our political institutions, and the beauties of our language, alike demand only proper improvement of opportunities within the reach of every one, in order to obtain a knowledge of our language sufficient for all useful and practical purposes indeed, those who have reflected the highest honor upon the American name have, by their own application and perseverance in studying the philosophy of their mother tongue, obtained the respect of the civilized world It is intended, in this work, to give only a synopsis of those general principles which are of the utmost practical use to all: no one who reads our language should allow the veil of ignorance to obscure its elements of philology, which are a perpetual source of gratification and improvement A derivative word is one whose origin may be traced to a primitive root, as bookseller (see page 1, Appendix) A word may combine both a derivative and a compound character, as under workman. Words are often classed into groups or families, and several hundred words are often traced to a single root, the Latin roots facio (to make) and pono (to place) are

examples of this description � and a majority of all the words in our language may be traced to a few hundred primitive roots. Our language has many sets of derivative words ex pressing the same thing, with slight shades of difference in their application, the most numerous are of Saxon origin � the next, those of Latin � the third, of Greek Saxon Latin. Greek Teacher, Usher. Pedagogue Talk, Colloquy, Dialogue Top, Summit, Acme Warriors, Militia, Heroes School,* Seminary, Academy Word-book,� Dictionary, Lexicon A few nouns are of Saxon origin and the corresponding adjectives are from the Latin Brother, Fraternal | Year, Annual Father, Paternal | Glass, Vitreous Dog, Canine | Water, Aqueous Earth, Terrestrial | Cat, Feline. A word not combined with any other, and in its simplest form, is called a simple word, as it, foot, moral, school. A compound word is com posed of a simple word, with a letter, syllable, or word, either prefixed or affixed, as itself, afoot, immoral, school house "When a compound word is composed of two simple words, they are usually connected by a hyphen, as book-oath As a general rule, permanent compounds should be written without the hyphen � those that are not permanent should be used with the hyphen The number of simple words in our language is exceedingly small compared with the compounds � the particle un, which always conveys a privative or negative meaning, is prefixed to about four thousand words. When a letter or syllable is placed before a word, it is called a prefix, when placed after a word, it is called an affix, suffix or post-fix In examining derivative words, the following order should be observed 1st, the root from which the word is derived, 2d the prefix, 3d, the affix, and 4th, the euphonic letters Synopsis of prefixes � A, of Saxon origin, signifies on, in, to or at, (see * after answer to question 20, lesson IX, page 7, in the Appendix ) A, ab, and abs, when of Latin origin, signify from or away � as, avert, to turn from, abbreviate, to make short, from abstain, to hold from Ad is of Latin origin, and admits of ten variations for the sake of agreeable sound and ease in pronunciation, ad, and all its variations, signifies to � as, adhere, to stick to, (ad) ascribe, give to, (ad) accede, to yield to, (ad) a/fix, to fix to, (ad) aggravate, to make worse, (ad) alleviate, to ease, (ad) annihilate, to make to nothing, (ad) appertain, to belong to, (ad) arrogate, to assume to one's self, (ad) assimilate, to make like to (ad) attest, to bear witness to It will be perceived by the above examples that d before the letter s is either omitted or is changed to s, and before the words beginning with the letters c, f, g, l, n, p, and t, the d is changed to those letters respectively As a general rule, the last letter of any of the various prefixes may be changed into the first letter of the words to which it is prefixed, whenever by so doing ease of pronunciation may be obtained and agreeableness of sounds produced. Ante signifies before, as antediluvian, before the flood, pre, before, as prefix, to fix before, anti signifies against or opposed to, as anti-social, opposed to society Be, of Saxon origin, signifies to make, as becalm, to make calm. Bi, demi, semi, hemi signify half, as

* See note, latter part of this article, page 5, Appendix � Little used (from the German)

APPENDIX. 5

bisect, to cut or divide into two parts, demi wolf, half wolf, semi annual, half a year, hemisphere, half a sphere. Co, con, col cog, com, cor, usually signify with or together, con sometimes signifies against, (as pro, for, and con, against,) as cotemporary, living together or at the same time, connect, to join together, collect, to bring together, cognate, allied with, comply, to accord with, correspond to agree with, &c. Contra and counter signifies against, as contradict, to speak against, countermand, to Command against what was commanded before De signifies down or from, as describe, to write down, detain, to hold from E, ec, ex, ef, el, er, signify out or out of, as educe, to lead out, eccentric, out of the centre, exclaim, to cry out, efflux, a flowing out, elicit, to draw out, erase, to rub out Equi signifies equal, as equidistant, at an equal distance Extra signifies beyond, as extraordinary, beyond ordinary Em and en, of Saxon, French and Greek origin, signify in, into, or to make, as encircle, to put in a circle, encamp, to form into a camp, embolden, to make bold. Ge signifies earth, as geode, earthstone. Hydro signifies water, as hydro-statics the science which treats of the weight of fluids. In is of Latin origin, and admits of four variations for the sake of euphony, viz. il, ig, im, ir. In, before verbs, usually has an augmentative meaning, and signifies in, into, on, or upon as insert, to put in, illumine, to put light into (in), impel, to drive on (in). ignite, to set on fire, irradiate, to throw light on or upon, in, before all other parts of speech, and the forms it assumes, usually has a privative or negative meaning, as indecent, not decent (in), ignorant, not knowing (in), illiberal, not liberal (in), impartial, not partial (in), irregular, not regular Inter signifies among or between, as intermix, to mix among, interline, to make lines between. Juris signifies legal, as jurisdiction, legal power. Non and un signify not, as noncommittal, not committed, unabridged, not abridged. Ob, with its variations oc, of, signifies in the way or against, as obstacle, something in the way, occur, to run in the way, offend, to make against. Per signifies through, as pervade, to pass through Post signifies after, as Post-meridian, after mid-day. Pre signifies before, as predict, foretell. Pro signifies for or forward, as pronoun, for a noun, promote, to put forward. Re signifies back or again, as revoke, to call back, retake, to take again. Theo signifies God, as Theology, study of the Law of God. Trans signifies across, as transatlantic, across the Atlantic. Uni signifies one, as uniaxal, one axal. Synopsis of affixes � An, ian, ical, ic, ar, ary, ory, al, ile, ine, ish, ous. ac, imply belonging or relating to, as American, relating to America, Christian, relating to Christ, academical, relating to an academy, heroic, relating to a hero, solar, relating to the sun, literary, relating to letters, prefatory, relating to a preface, mental, relating to the mind, juvenile, belonging to youth, infantine, belonging to an infant, Scottish, belonging to Scotland, bilious, belonging to bile, elegiac, belonging to elegy. Acy, ance, ancy, ant, ate, dom, ence, ency, ent, ice, id, ion, ism, ment, mony, ness, ry, ship, tude, ure, y, age, denote being, or state of being, as obstinacy, being obstinate, vigilance, state of

being vigilant, constancy, state of being constant, dependant, state of dependance; adequate, being equal to, freedom, state of being free, absence, being away, innocency, state of being innocent, justice, being just, frigid, being cold, precision, state of being precise, paganism, state of being a pagan, embairassment, state of being embarrassed, sanctimony, state of being sacred, happiness, state of being happy, slavery, being a slave, rivalship, state of a rival, quietude, the state of being quiet, exposure, state of being exposed, mastery, state of being master, orphanage, state of being an orphan. Ant, ar, ard, ary, ee, eer, ent, er, ist, ite, ive, or, ster, denote one who, as merchant, one who trades, beggar, one who begs, dotard, one who has an impaired intellect, missionary, one who is sent, refugee, one who flies, engineer, one who has charge of an engine, student, one who studies, teacher, one who teaches, artist, one who practises an art, Israelite, one who is descended fiom Israel, operative, one who works, debtor, one who is in debt, youngster, owe who is young. Ary, dom, ory denote the place where, as library, the place where books are kept, kingdom, the place where a king governs, observatory, the place where observations are made. Ate, en, fy, ize, ise, ish, signify to make, as facilitate, to make easy, shorten, to make short, rectify, to make right, legalize, to make legal, franchise, to make free, publish, to make public. It should always be borne in mind, that the meaning of the prefixes* and affixes,* like most of the words in our language, vary greatly, owing to their affiliation with words and their position in sentences, and occasionally to the origin of the primitive words, for example, bark, a vessel, is derived from the French word barque, or the Italian and Spanish barca, which also mean vessel � whereas bark, the covering of a tree, is derived from the Danish word bark, the Swedish barck, or the German barke. It will at once be perceived, that the correct way to learn the true meaning of words � to see their nice shades of signification � the changes they are liable to undergo in time, is to observe their use and application in sentences. this is the fountain from which alone all the dictionaries of the language derive their authority No one can make any proficiency in the use of language without the closest observation Furthermore, the constant and close discrimination in the use and application of the words of our own language affords the best possible discipline to the mental powers, it is alike one of the strongest incentives to mental industry, and of the purest sources of intellectual enjoyment � and it is not saying too much to affirm, that industrious or careless habits, often formed or allowed in the schoolroom, contribute more to the success or failuie of youth in after life than any other cause. It has been observed, that most of the words in common use are either denvative words fiom other languages, or they are formed from primitive words in the English by means of prefixes and affixes. The

* Thus the prefix pro may mean for, forward, forth, or out as proconsul for a consul, propel to drive forward, profuse, pour forth, provoke, call out, and the suffix y may mean state of being or full of, or consisting of, as mastery, state of being master, dusty, full of dust, oily, consisting of oil.


6 APPENDIX.

plan intended to be pursued in this book is of the simplest possible character. The marginal exercises afford examples so simple that children can compose verbally, phrases and simple sentences before they can write, it is truly surprising to witness the eagerness of young children to engage in the marginal exercises, and in almost every case after a few weeks' practice, the proficiency made in judging of right md wrong � in framing sentences, &c. will be incredible to those who nave never properly exercised the mental and moral powers of youth. No pupil or person who reads or attempts to read the English language or even hears it spoken should remain ignorant of the power of its simplest and most common prefixes and affixes. The single particles un and in with their equivalents are joined with several thousand words, yet there are millions who, for the want of one hour of suitable instruction in the philosophy of our language, grope their way through life in philological darkness. * Note A few distinguished authors have derived school from the Dutch word school, which is the same as the German schule, both of which words signify a place for imparting instruction. Most authors derive school from the Latin schola which is the same as the Greek schole, both of which mean leisure or vacation from business. As many words are of uncertain derivation. it was thought best to insert the word school, that the attention of teachers might be directed occasionally to this subject The probability is that the German word schule and the Greek word schole may both be traced to the Sanscrit of Asia.

LESSON VIII 1. To marked words. 2. In many as follows �1st Book � The work is well written. 2d Labor � He is at work. 3d. Manage � Work out your own salvation. 4th. Operate� The principle works well. 5th. Become � Machinery works loose by friction. 6th Ferment� Malt liquors work. 7th. Remove � By motion the plaster works out of place. 8th. Knead� We work pastry. 9th Effect � By reasoning we work a change of purpose. 10th. Embroider � Young ladies work purses &c. 3. A distinct part of a discourse or writing A paragraph may consist of a single sentence, but it usually embraces many sentences 4. To resolve the compound sentence to its elementary principles or subdivisions. 5. Varied definitions, synonyms, all the words in the margin of every page. 6. Usually a single sentiment, it can never contain but one finite verb and its subject But there may be various degrees of simplicity, thus " God made man" is a simple sentence, "On the sixth day God made man out of the dust of the earth, after his own image." is still a simple sentence but it is less simple than the former on account of the circumstances specified. 7. A compound sentence contains two or more subjects or nominative cases, and two or more finite verbs or verbs not in the infinitive mood as in this verse. He fills, he bounds, connects and equals all. 8. It is a good plan, and admirably trains the mind for the duties of after life.

9 By the voice, unwritten 10. Definition � description of a word by its properties; as paternal � pertaining to a father. Synonym � explanation by a word of the same meaning. Paternal � fatherly. 11. Developing, expanding opening. Strengthening, establishing, making firm. Elevating, raising up making lofty. The nursery developes the intellect, the school strengthens it, and the college elevates it. 12. Inhere it powers of the mind the imagination, the judgment, and the memory, &c. 13. It substitutes effect for cause, sign for thing signified, place for its inhabitants, writings for the author, as, we read Virgil, that is his writings, &c. 14. An orator who is presumed to combine rhetoric with other principles of elocution. 15. Intellectual consists in perceiving by the operation of the mind; moral in discriminating between virtue and vice. An intellectual man may therefore pursue a very immoral course. 16. Progression � forward motion with reference only to the moving object. Advancement � the result of motion with reference to some goal or station. 17. From the Latin word sentio perceiving feeling Applicable only to the feeling of the mind. 18. Incite embraces the idea of communication from the teacher to excite the emotions of the pupil. 19. Several, as follows � 1st. Command � His power is co-extensive with his empire. 2d. Ability � God's power is adequate to his will. 3d. Momentum � 100 horse power. 4th. Mental faculty � By the power of his mind. 5th Military force � The collected powers of Europe. 20. Strength is might depending on personal or inherent vitality. Power may also include the concurrence of external circumstances. Authority is delegated power. A prisoner may therefore have strength to leave his cell, but his power to do so is restrained by the walls until the sheriff receives authority to liberate him. 21. Pause � a suspension or cessation of the voice It may be either sentential, with reference to the sense and grammar, or rhetorical, with reference to the elocution. Tone � modulation of the voice in expressing the passions or sentiments. Emphasis � the particular force of the voice on important words, or parts of a discourse. 22. Scientific� certain knowledge, or general knowledge, which may include the arts, mechanical, artistical, and practical. Literary� that knowledge which is acquired from language books, letters 23. Sentence � a collection of words containing a specific sentiment. Paragraph � a continuation of sentiments on the same subject. * Essay � an attempt to establish sentiments or propositions. Treatise � a full, finished, and laborious discussion and elucidation of a series of sentiments. 24. That which best qualifies us for the discharge of our various duties, and inasmuch as the proper training in reading has a better and a more powerful influence over the moral and intellectual faculties than any other study, it must consequently be paramount to any other branch of education.

* From modesty elaborate productions and masterly disquisitions are sometimes termed Essays, as, Locke's Essays, Pope's Essay on Man, &c

APPENDIX. 7

LESSON IX. 1. It embraces all ages, and the subject should employ the youth in pursuit the mature in practice, and the aged in commendation, sanction, and promotion of it. 2. And, which invariably denotes conjoined addition is both the young and, that is, add the old. 3. As morality and Christianity are within your reach, embrace both. 4. Because an means the same as the article a, and is used instead of a for the sake of an agreeable sound or euphony, when the next word begins with a vowel or vowel sound. 5. Probably the United States. There ran be no doubt upon this subject, wherever harmony and union prevail. 6. Christianity moral virtue and intelligence. 7. Persecution and intolerance with reference to religious sentiments, a desire for rational liberty enterprise and philanthropy. 8. Their aim at national virtue, liberality and piety, and the blessings of heaven approving those laudable efforts. 9 Because our self-interest, happiness, and our future prosperity, depend on a knowledge of it. 10. That he may guard the Constitution, the palladium of all the inestimable blessings we enjoy, with prudence and judgment. 11. We take the commencement of the Christian era for the base line. Previous to that is ancient, subsequent to it modern. 12. The Jews, Egyptians, Medes, Persians, Babylonians, Greeks, &c. 13. Ruin owes its origin to inherent causes. Destruction to external violence. A person may be ruined by the destruction of his prospects. 14. The whole art of managing the affairs of a nation, and includes the fundamental rules and principles by which individual members of a body politic are to regulate their social actions. The government of the United States is founded on the natural authority of the people, and may justly be regarded as the bulwark of human liberty. 15. Several, Management� under the government of directors. Influence � exercise your government over him. Magistracy � as the mayor and aldermen of a city. We will refer the matter to the government of the city. Grammar � as the subject of a verb or the antecedent of a pronoun, The noun exercises government over the verb, pronoun &c. 16. Because in a republic each man is concerned in its correct administration. 17. It is especially necessary in the United States and every representative or delegated democracy. 18. Because they are more especially charged with its administration, and directly interested in its equity. 19. It is desirable as virtue, morality, and religion go hand in hand with intelligence. 20. Because it is founded on the natural freedom in which every one is born, and the basis on which some of our most important political regulations, &c, are founded, can be traced back to the earliest ages. * This question is inserted to show the varied applications of the simplest words and the importance of attending to things apparently trivial � and the necessity of tho-

rough investigation before deviating from long established usages. The author has repeatedly heard it affirmed that there is no difference between a and one. The following are some of the differences between a and one 1st one may be more general in its meaning � I bought only one bible at the sale implies that I may have bought something besides the bible, whereas, I bought only a bible at the sale, implies that I bought nothing but the bible. 2d. Again, one may be more restricted in its meaning � we believe implicitly and stake our salvation on the doctrines contained in a book, denotes that we believe implicitly, &c, any book, whereas we believe implicitly &c., one book, conveys the idea that one is more exclusive in its application and emphatically narrows down our implicit belief to only one book. 3d. A is often the first syllable infants utter where is one is seldom or never uttered first by infants. 4th. A is used as the first letter of the Alphabet, and is consequently a noun. 5th. A is not used before words beginning with a vowel or a vowel sound. 6th. A is used before a participial or a participial noun and means the same as at or on as, go a hunting, come a begging. 7th. A is often prefixed to nouns and means the same as in, as, abed, in bed asleep, in sleep. 8th. A may mean the same as on, as aboard, on board, afire, on fire. 9th. A may mean the same as at, as afar, at a distance, aside, at a side. 10th. A may mean the same as to, as, ahead. to the head, astern, to the stern. 11th. A may mean the same as from, as, avert, to turn from. 12th A may mean the same as without, as atheist, one without God, anonymous, without a name. 13th. A may be used before oneness as, a oneness. 14th. A is the first of the seven Dominical letters, (a Dominical letter is the letter which, in the almanacs, denotes the Sabbath, or dies Domini, the Lord's day, the first seven letters of the Alphabet are used for this purpose.) 15th. A is also used for Anno as, A. D. Anno Domini in the year of our Lord, A. M., Anno Mundi, in the year of the world. 16th. A is used for ante, as, A. M., Ante Meridiem, before noon. 17th. A is used for Arts as M. A., Master of Arts. 18th. A is used in algebra to represent known quantities. 19th. A may be a noun, as Italic a. 20th. A has also a technical meaning in Music � 21st Chemistry � 22d Pharmacy � 23d Commerce � 21th Logic � 25th Geometry 26th. A is never used as a substitute for a noun, whereas one is, as one is at a loss to assign a reason for such conduct. 27th. A is prefixed to few and many, &c., &c. One has also many different meanings, as, one's self, all one, one another, the great ones of the world, &c., &c. 21. Animated nature. 22. The propensities peculiar to each specific class are to herd and flock together. 23. Man in particular, fish are also gregarious. 24. In addition to the instincts enjoyed in common with all animated nature, speech and reason are his peculiar characteristics and elevate him far above them all. 25. Forest is the generic term, which includes all districts of that kind. 26. It is a pronoun, representing the word history. 27. See Genesis chap xxxii, verse 28. 28. Several, history� the story of our wrongs.


8 APPENDIX.

Tale � the story of Sinbad the sailor. Falsehood � reprimanded for telling a story. Tier � another story was added to the house, &c. 29. History. 30. Relating to dates or time. 31. Chronological difficulties. 32. Contained in the first five books of the Old Testament. 33. It occurred A. M. 1656. It had been threatened by the Almighty, as a punishment for the incorrigible corruption of the human race. It was produced by a constant rain of forty successive days; in addition to the ram, it is supposed by many learned men that other causes must also have contributed to the great rise of water, and among the numerous conjectures, is the opinion that the waters were augmented by a volcanic eruption under the bed of the ocean. So great was the efflux of water, that one hundred and fifty days were occupied in returning it to its natural channels, and drying the earth. All the human race, and all land animals were destroyed by it, except the few of each species retained with Noah and his family, in the ark built by him at the command of God for their preservation. See Genesis, chapters 6th, 7th and 8th. 34. Not any, inasmuch as printing was not invented till 1436. 35. By writing or engraving; some have conjectured that it was written or painted on parchment in hieroglyphics. 36. The facilities were limited, the materials were scarce, the labor great; and Moses saw fit to record nothing except that dictated by inspiration. 37. In the control exercised by a parent over his family. 38. As parental control continued after the families increased, the younger members of the families would naturally reverence the authority they had been taught to obey when young; the original jurisdiction of many eastern monarchs very much resembled that of a parent. Kings were frequently called the fathers of their subjects. 39. Adam. 40. Deprived of natural ease and happiness by his disobedience of a known law, he was expelled from a state of primeval beatitude, and had the grief and mortification to see his posterity imitate his example of insubordination and declension in virtue, until licentiousness, murder, and other crimes, had "filled the earth" with corruption and blood. Indeed, he was cotemporary with those whose lives became so depraved that the Almighty determined to annihilate most of the race of which Adam was the progenitor and the original corrupter � an impressive lesson to us, as he is not known to have committed another error. 41. Persons. 42. Pleasing, adjective. Neglected, verb. Conclude, verb. Fatherly, adj., &c. 43. Persons differ in this respect. � Nouns and verbs are generally considered easiest. 44. Oldest direct forefather, Adam. 45. He probably excelled them all. 46. In many. In protection, in defence, in restraint, in instruction, in sympathy, &c. 47. Among political rulers, Moses; among statesmen, Washington. 48. Jesus Christ. 49. Envy. The root is more frequently used in a bad sense. Enviable may be used in

a despicable application, as envy is man's meanest attribute, or a good one, as Washington's fame is to be envied. 50. The original root of sacred may be either to bless or curse. 51. To acquire signifies to gain by exertion, which presupposes a desire. To receive may exclude our volition. A criminal may receive punishment from the law for turpitude which he acquired by guilty indulgence. 52. Fathers exercised an absolute sway over their families, 53. Fathers exercised an absolute sway over their families, and considered it lawful to deprive even their children of life. 54. The whole of the 11th section. 55. The destruction of children by their parents under various pretences and circumstances. 56. Peculiarities. � Atonement, the resurrection, absolution, &c. Advantages. � Diffusion of the gospel, simplicity of precepts, &c. Blessings. � Freedom of salvation, its requirement of peace, &c. 57. That of China. 58. About twelve times larger. 59. Probably Great Britain or the United States. 60. In civil privileges, the United States. 61. China is famous for its numerous and valuable products, among which tea, rice and silk are the most important. Among its works of art are its numerous canals, the porcelain tower, the great wall, and the walls of its numerous cities. With its literature we are little acquainted; but learning is held in high repute, and is the principal passport to dignified stations in the government; it is confined to their own language, which consists of about eighty thousand arbitrary characters, written and read in perpendicular columns. Their mode of education consists rather in training than instructing. 62. It is more absolute over a population variously estimated at from two to three hundred millions. 63. The United States. 64. It embraces more civil and religious freedom, and has greater scope for enterprise. 65. Liberty of conscience and the light of Christianity.

LESSON. X. 1. As synonymous with the present term. Christianity, the religion of Christians; and Christianity was then used in the present sense of Christendom. 2. The former may be more rigid and less tender, while the latter is preparatory to the former, to which, at a certain age, it transfers its subjects. 3. No particular day in preference to another can be universally eligible. Children stand to their parents, in some measure, in the relation of apprentices; their services being a recompense for their support during childhood. As a general average rule, at their twenty-first year this obligation may be considered liquidated; and at this age their judgment and characters are measurably matured, and they become fit subjects of national government: this period has, therefore, been generally adopted for uniformity. 4. That which deprives the subject of life. 5. Prevention of crime and the amendment of the offender. 6. Rewards have been attempted.

APPENDIX. 9

7. The certainty of the punishment should secure society from future aggressions. 8. Want of the test of experience in fabricating them, and also deviation from the Divine law. 9. Undoubtedly; it detects errors and suggests improvements. 10. They were very crude and imperfect. The laws have been rendered less sanguinary, the arts have increased in number and facility, and the sciences have expanded not only in number but in perfection. 11. Uncontrolled authority exercised with rigour. 12. Only among ignorant persons and slaves. 13. Under despotic sway and consequent want of proper order and government. 14. A universal and destructive inundation. 15. Because human capacity can perceive no limits to the universe. 16. It is entirely too vast for description or conception. 17. They are equally undefinable � all infinite or incomprehensible. 18. Profound humility, and the necessity of implicit reliance on Divine revelation. 19. They afford no comparison whatever, and are as nothing. 20. It is fairly to be presumed. 21. The great length of life of the antediluvians, which exceeded the present average about twenty times, so that a son or daughter and a parent of the twentieth degree were often cotemporary. It is easy to see, that if all who have died within nine hundred years were now alive, the present population of the earth would sink into utter insignificance compared with what would then exist. Because that article would then precede a consonant. 22. I am delighted with its variety and novelty. 23. I begin to perceive it is vastly so. 24. Those of my present age. Perhaps some of the members of this school. 25. Constantly entertain a deep, full and admitted acknowledgement of my various responsibilities and my duties to mv constituents, myself and my country, and a continual and unwavering sense of my amenability to our common Creator. 26. My fame must descend tarnished, if not execrable; � I must appear before the Bar of God to receive retribution. 27. At the tribunal of heaven, to submit our earthly career. 28. It should make them cautious and prudent to preserve their innocence and establish habits of virtue, which will incalculably influence their future course. 29. It should induce a thorough review of the past, the correction of its errors, and a uniform course of virtue. 30. Five thousand eight hundred and fifty-two (5852) years (in the year 1848). 31. It is variously estimated from 800,000,000 to 1,000,000,000. 32. Into various nations or political subdivisions and tribes. 33. It has generally been hostile to each other and frequently destructive. 34. Quite the contrary. These are associated for their mutual benefit. 35. Denote � to mark out specifically. Signify

to imply by any other means. A number is denoted by a. figure which signifies the quantity expressed. 36. Separate � asunder, not mixed. Distinct � bounded by limits or character. A com-

pound may contain several distinct proper-

ties, but not separate unless analyzed.

37. Various � different. Several � divided asun-

der. An apple may be divided into several

pieces but not various because all alike.

38. Different � separate. Dissimilar � unlike.

Though our friends are different persons

they may not be dissimilar, because they

resemble each other.

39. One hundred and two (102) years � The

time of commencing the tower might not

have been exactly simultaneous with the

time of occupying its site.

40. Genesis IX., 1.

41. The son of Cush, and great-grandson of

Noah. � Being fond of the chase, his hunt-

ing expeditions had probably led to the

discovery of the beautiful plain of "Shi-

nar," and his ambition and influence to its

colonization. 42. His great age, and especially his domestic pursuits, were unfavorable to roving ambition; furthermore, it is reasonable to

suppose that Noah, with all pious persons

then living, would not be concerned in

any dereliction of duty.

43. Because we are expressly informed else-

where of the national location of other

tribes or hordes.

44. In the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris,

now embraced in the kingdoms of Persia

and Turkey.

45. Disunited � distracted by factions. Divided � separated. A community may be very

disunited before it submits to be divided. 46. Other reasons are expressly assigned for its erection; and as the deluge had covered the tops of the highest mountains, they could not have erected anything sufficient height and strength to protect them from another inundation; and had their folly led them to attempt it they would have laid the foundation of the tower upon the summit of Ararat, and not in the midst of the "Plain" in Shinar. 47. No doubt its principal object was to establish a fame. Other intentions may also have been entertained � as a rallying point defence, presumption, and pride, if not idolatry. 48. Babel. 49. Confusion, unintelligibility. 50. The vanity of wishing to have but one nation and one ruler. 51. He signally defeated it. 52. It increases such power. 53. It generally decreases it. 54. Several. An entertainer � our host gives luxurious banquets. Residents of paradise

� The heavenly hosts praise him." People

� Christ went in front of the host. Tavernkeeper � the host furnished him lodging. Mass � The priest celebrates the host &c.

55. Yes. "The innkeeper says of the traveller, he has a good host, and the traveller says of his landlord, he has a kind host." 56. The United States. 57. France at its revolution. 58. It has slidden into either anarchy or despotism. 59. Some have thought that it implied merely the confusion of speech attending a violent quarrel about the right of directing the work or plan of the tower &c.. 60. Before that time we hear of but one language, whereas ever since there have been many, and at present over three thousand dialects are spoken. 61. One thousand seven hundred and fifty-


10 APPENDIX.

seven (1757) years: but various authors have estimated it differently, thus: � Septuagint version, A. M. 758. Samaritan text, 1006. English Bible, 1666. Hebrew text, 1716. Josephus, 858. Vulgar Jewish computation, 1900. Hales, 849. Usher, 1656. Calmet, 1660. 62. Geographical divisions naturally insurmountable; as impassable mountains, broad oceans, &c. 63. They appear to indicate that there should be numerous nations, and separate governments. 64. The natural distance from the seat of government occasioning difficulty and delay of legislative and executive intercourse with the remote extremities opposes conclusive objections; moreover, the more extensive the region and people governed, the more exalted the ruler; and it appears evident that the Lord designs that homage should not be paid to any mortal man, inasmuch as those of the greatest power on earth have had their plans most signally frustrated. Nebuchadnezzar, Alexander, C�sar, and Napoleon, who attained at one time the highest pinnacle of earthly fame, were most signally abased, and closed their earthly career in the most humiliating and abject condition. 65. They have failed from the want of virtue and intelligence among the people. 66. It is undoubtedly the purest; but comparing the influence of Rome on the world of her day, with our own influence on the world of the present day, the United States is not the most powerful, but is far inferior. 67. The enjoyment of morality and religion under a good government.

LESSON XI.

1. To promote the permanent happiness and prosperity of its subjects. 2. By concentrating the opinions founded on the local information and intelligence of all the members of the nation, the truth, propriety and equity of the subject under discussion are elicited, and correct deductions and decisions may result. 3. Under Christian governments where the people elect their rulers, and hold them responsible for the abuse of power. 4. Undoubtedly there were persons of physical strength and mechanical ability. 5. Nimrod, their leader, in particular. 6. He should possess vigor, intelligence, and virtue. 7. Undeviating piety. 8. It is obtainable by all. 9. Such as were distinguished for valor or other public services. 10. Nimrod. 11. Moses, in sacred history, informs us that Nimrod was a mighty hunter, and became a mighty one in the earth. 12. That written in conformity to the inspiration of God and contained in the holy Scriptures. 13. Because the a's then precede vowels. 14. They were generally arbitrary and vindictive. 15. As is usually the effect of such laws, they hardened the people and rendered them refractory. 16. They produced sectional hostility between them. 17. They rendered them luxurious, effeminate, and corrupt.

18. Generally, and the people especially ape their venality and vices. 19. They most assuredly do, for the reason last given. 20. They are apt to imitate their rulers, though they cordially despise them. 21. Their virtuous example would be likely to ameliorate and purify the propensities of the people and win them to virtue. 22. Pious rulers would be one great preventive of degeneracy. 23. Never; eventually, either here or hereafter, punishment is certain. 24. It is undoubtedly the height of folly. 25. It is peculiarly the mark of littleness and meanness. 26. Matthew, v. 48, "Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. 27. The latter. 28. The latter. 29. A record of past events. 30. Herodotus. 31. History not dictated and sanctioned by Divine revelation. 32. Very little is known with certainty of the early history of this empire, from its establishment by Nimrod (the Belus of profane history) until the joint reign of Ninus and Semiramis, when it embraced the populous cities of Nineveh and Babylon, and was the most renowned and powerful empire of the world until during the reign of Belshazzar, when Cyrus, the Persian monarch, diverted the Euphrates from its channel and inarched his army in the bed of the river, under the walls of Babylon, and captured the city and its emperor. 33. The luxury, voluptuousness and dissipation of its monarch. 34. Anarchy, succeeded by a corrupt government with all its grievous consequences, until the election of Dejoces. 35. The people had too little virtue and intelligence to govern themselves. 36. From the people by election; and sometimes by direct appointment from God. 37. A delegated Theocracy. 38. "They have rejected me that I should not reign over them," 1. Sam. viii., 7. I. Sam., chap, x., 17, ''And Samuel called the people together unto the Lord to Mizpeh; 18, And said unto the children of Israel, Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, I brought up Israel out of Egypt, and delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all kingdoms, and of them that oppressed you: 19, And ye have this day rejected your God, who himself saved you out of all your adversities and your tribulations; and ye have said unto him, Nay, but set a king over us." 39. Theocracy, a government by God himself. 40. Patriarchal, a government by the father of a family or tribe. 41. Monarchical, accruing by the accumulation of families or tribes under an ambitious man. 42. Judicial excellence or military tact and valor. 43. The hereditary kings are universally far from it. 41. Comparatively few have loved or made literature their pursuit. Surrounded by luxury and flattery, they have relied on the virtues and talents of their ministers or cabinets, and neglected the Christian religion. 45. They were very limited.

APPENDIX. 11

46. Almost every city had its king. 47. It was originally divided into several States. 48. Sacred history proves the narrow bounds of ancient kingdoms; - Joshua defeated thirty-one kings, and Adonibesek seventy kings. See Judges, chap. i., verse 7. 49. They have generally ceased to be so, and become hereditary. 50. The ambition of monarchs to transmit their power and fame to posterity has prevailed; and modern kingdoms are governed by hereditary sovereigns and their nobility. 51. Africa, part of Asia, and the aboriginal possessions of America. 52. The universal belief of all mankind from the earliest ages, and the immensity of the universe; it can also be directly proved by analogy, for as hunger and thirst presuppose the existence of food and drink, so also the all-pervading desire for immortality establishes an eternity of being for the spirit. 53. Natural affection and ambition are its cause and foundation. 54. The quiet of society and the prevention of contention render it desirable; and the law of inheritance serves to keep harmony and peace in families after the death of their head members, and protects alike the defenceless and the powerful, operates as an incentive for all to use proper industry and economy, in order to assist those that are bound to them by the tenderest ties. 55. All political power and office are the natural and inalienable rights of the people, and all rulers are only temporarily employed by them. 56. It has degenerated into hereditary despotism and tyranny. 57. The same; but modified in its aspect by external circumstances. 58. Under all the restraints of civilization and refinement, men have often exhibited much weakness and vanity. 59. There is; they may sometimes abuse it; but the limited tune for which it is delegated to them prevents serious and irreparable evils before it reverts to the people. 60. It is the natural result of power delegated to imperfect men. and daily experience confirms the hypothesis. 61. The compact is dissolved. 62. The rulers; the people are the employers and masters. 63. They should receive adequate punishment. 64. Being unable to peruse the official proceedings of their agents, they can form no just comparison of their acts, or decision about their propriety. 65. It has made them arrogant, overbearing, luxurious and inhuman. 66. It has rendered them servile, obstinate, rebellious and degraded, and therefore miserable. 67. The want of integrity and piety. 68. Wars have generally been originated by the influence of ambitious rulers; and when we consider that two hundred thousand lives have been sacrificed in a single battle of a single war, and multiply the result of loss and misery occasioned in a battle by the number of battles in one war, and that product by the number of wars, the legions of victims overpower our comprehension, and humanity bleeds and sickens at the spectacle. 69. The unavoidable expenses of a war are enormous. Uncounted sums were ex-

pended in the wars of Napoleon � and it was in battling him that England incurred most of her present enormous national debt, which oppresses her people beyond endurance, and shakes the foundation of her government. 70. The whole world might have been Christianized, and the blessings of education universally disseminated. 71. Such a supposition is contrary to his well-known attributes; yet in the completion of his grand designs he permits the unholy passions of men to subserve his overruling plan for effecting his inscrutable purposes. 72. By commanding us, (which may be construed nationally as well as personally,) "To do unto others as we would they should do unto us;" he has prohibited the indulgence of discord and strife, and thus virtually interdicted them and their effects. 73. As men become intelligent, and discern the wickedness of war, they will cease to suffer themselves to be led to slaughter to promote the aggrandizement of a few men. 74. Among many other texts, we have the following: Isaiah, ii., 4, And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people; and they shall beat their swords into plough-shares, and their spears into pruning-hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.

LESSON XII.

1. The following order is probably correct: 1st. The institution of marriage. 2d. The punishment of crime. 3d. The recognition of the right of property. 2. These usages have generally retained their substance, but varied essentially in their details. 3. Marriage is generally recognized, but in some countries polygamy is allowed � various acts allowed in one country, are in another punished as crimes. The meum and tuum generally sanctioned is, in some places, exchanged for a community of property, &c. 4. Undoubtedly. 5. We are informed by holy writ, that he instituted them and commanded their observance. See Genesis, i., 26-28, and ii., 18-25. The sin of murder had been committed in the very infancy of the world, by Cain, who was punished therefor by the Creator. Reasoning upon this known fact of the possibility of crime, the antediluvians would be led to invent corresponding penalties. Tillage being man's primitive occupation, each would probably become attached to the soil and the rude instruments he had with much labor formed, to cultivate it. Lands would then be equitably divided by general consent, and the right of every one to his implements and the ground he tilled, acknowledged and respected. 6. In ancient times, Xerxes; in modern, Napoleon. 7. No; they were very severe. 8. The severity of the laws of Moses, which were mild compared with those of antiquity, and of Gentile nations of the same time. 9. The seventh day of the week, devoted to rest and consecrated for the worship of the Lord. 10. At the close of the work of creation. 11. As the sabbath was expressly instituted


12 APPENDIX.

for rest and religious worship, our pursuits should be religiously devoted to that end. 12. Physical relaxation is absolutely necessary to the perfection of our bodily health, and a necessary prerequisite for those religious exercises preparatory to that eternal sabbath to which they tend. 13. Several powerful nations have renounced the Christian religion, profaning the sabbath, but they have invariably met with a signal overthrow. 14. The progress of civilization has increased their number and ameliorated their rigor. 15. The refinements of civilized life, and especially the influence of Christianity, have measurably extinguished the ferocity of savage life, and subjected men's passions to reason. 16. Though in many minor details they are not adapted to the present state of improvement, yet their fundamental principles rest on the immutable basis of justice, and must be reverenced and copied by the advocates of the rights of man in all coming time. 17. In the Pentateuch, or first five books of the Old Testament. 18. They are based upon them, varying, of course, in conformity to circumstances of time, place, character and pursuits. 19. Our legislatures aim to imitate them, and our judiciary consider laws nugatory which clash with the Divine law. 20. Because they were dictated by Divine inspiration. 21. This is one of the exceptions to the rule that im before adjectives means not; im is sometimes of Saxon or Greek origin; in both cases it has an augmentative meaning � the Latin in, which is the original word for im, occasionally retains its primitive augmentative meaning, but in these cases im is always inseparable, i. e., the adjective of which im is a prefix is never used without its prefix im in English, but in Latin im, mineo and porto, are used separately; it often happens that the prefixes which are inseparable in English are separable in the languages from which they are derived; im, in the 23d line, means weighty, and has an augmentative meaning. The man was in imminent danger, is another instance where im forms a part of the adjective, yet it has not a negative meaning. In both of the latter examples, im is of Latin origin. Im is only one of the many instances in which words, in their modern usage, have a meaning either very different or even directly contrary to their original signification. 22. Condition or state of being; as society, condition of many in a community. 23. Im, a prefix. Ty, an affix. 24. Prefix, placed before. Affix, added at the end. 25. State of being notorious. 26. State of being valid. 27. The prefixes and affixes are not uniform in their meaning. 28. It has not. 29. It is not. 30. It is a constituent part of the primary word or root. 31. Usually before original roots; some words, however, contain two or more prefixes and affixes, as con-sub-stanti-ality. 32. Notoriety 2 � knowledge and exposure. The notoriety of the position that 2 + 2 = 4. His valor has become a matter of notoriety.

Validity 2 � certainty and value. The validity of the story is admitted. The step was of doubtful validity. Forms 5 � shapes, beauty, rites, benches, makes, &c. The particles of matter exhibit various forms. Ladies present different forms. The forms of the episcopal church. The pupils sit on forms. Evaporation of sea-water forms salt. Drawing, many � hauling, enticing, gaining, limning, &c. Elephants are seen drawing timber. Amusements are drawing youth from virtue. He succeeded in drawing profit by the enterprise. The scholar learns drawing, &c. Sacredness 2 � holiness and inviolability. They worship with great sacredness. His promise is of positive sacredness. Engagements 3 � contracts, employments, conflicts, &c. His engagements may be relied on. Our engagements occupy our entire attention. They were victorious in several engagements. Deeds, several �

title-papers, acts, &c. The deeds are recorded. We shall be judged by our deeds. 33. From the Latin word sacer. 34. Its original root may mean either to bless or to curse. 35. Webster's unabridged Dictionary of 1848, also Richardson's Dictionary, sanction both meanings; in the term sacred majesty, as applied to kings, it seems to be blasphemy. Sacre was formerly used in the same way we now use consecrate. The general usage of modern writers sanctions the application of sacred to holy purposes, and consecrate may have either a holy or an unholy signification. 36. With or together. 37. A prefix. 38. Because put before the primitive word or root. 39. See Lesson VI., Question 4, page 4 of the Appendix. 40. Convey, to carry with. Consume, to burn together. Convoke, to call together, &c. 41. Evidences of contracts for transferring property. 42. Transfers effected by word of mouth only, without writing, often accompanied by certain ceremonies, intended to make an indelible impression on the witnesses; as, for the grantor to pluck off his shoe and give it to the grantee; or the delivery of a clod as the symbol of the estate, &c. 43. By a written contract between the parties, which is delivered in presence of witness, as the symbol of the property conveyed, and acknowledged to be such in the presence of a legally-constituted officer. 44. Necessary, naturally obligatory; requisite, made obligatory by statute. A sabbath is necessary to man, but the fourth article of the decalogue has made the observance of the seventh day requisite for that purpose. 45. Entrances through the city wall. 46. Because our cities are not enclosed by surrounding walls. . 47. Many of the considerable cities of the eastern continent have either fortifications or gates, as Paris, Pekin, &c., and some on our own continent/as Mexico, Quebec, &c. 48. Yet. 49. Though implies an admitted position, yet, its consequence. It is thence called its corresponding or cor-relative conjunction. 50. It means on or upon, as the first dwellers on or upon the earth. 51. When in is the prefix of an adjective, it usually has a privative or negative meaning, but when in is the prefix of a verb or

APPENDIX. 13

a word derived from a verb, it usually has an augmentative meaning; the word inhabitants, in the 45th line, is derived from the Latin verb inhabito, consequently in has an augmentative meaning. 52. By oral reiteration, by pillars erected and sometimes engraved with hieroglyphics, inventing significant names, &c. 53. The Jewish exodus from Egypt, Homer's Iliad, &c. 54. Ancient rulers generally concentrated in themselves all the functions of government; modern improvements especially among the most enlightened nations, have separated ecclesiastical from civil rule and distributed the latter into several departments, legislative, judicial and executive, and assigned the duties of each department to separate functionaries. 55. Writing. 56. Together, to bring together. See Lesson VI, Question 4. 57. Verse, the metrical rhyming of sounds; Poetry, lofty sentiments metrically written: thus verse � "You have one book, I have two, Mine are old, yours is new." Poetry � "Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber That ever the sorrowing seabird hath wept." 58. Over or down. Transmitted � sent or passed over or down to posterity, &c. 59. Across � Trans-Atlantic, across the Atlantic. Through � transfuse, to mix throughout. To cross � transgress, to go contrary to, &c. 60. Their resort to other modes of commemorating events is the best evidence of it. 61. Moses, in writing the Pentateuch. 62. The former is a judicial officer in temporal affairs; the latter an executive or mediatorial officer of ecclesiastical jurisdiction. 63. In is the prefix of a verb and consequently has an augmentative meaning. 64. Infallible, not fallible; our Creator is an infallible judge of all our actions. Indefinite, not definite. Infinite, without limit. Space may be indefinite yet not infinite. 65. Augmentative meaning. 66. Augmentative. 67. The Teacher illustrates and incites in all the pupils a desire to improve. 68. They usually have a privative or negative signification. 69. There are only a few exceptions to this as well as to rules in general. 70. Immorality often results from inattentive habits; ignorant. irreligious, neglectful and 'dissipated people complain most of illegal proceedings. 71. Those of both ecclesiastical and civil government, and in the latter all its functions, legislative, judicial and executive. 72. In general he is not, especially as each requires the highest moral and intellectual endowments in communities of considerable extent. 73. Moral and other important qualifications are indispensable in all of them. 74. Wise men of the greatest probity of character; generally the priests. 75. Probably the allotting and securing to each man a certain portion of land. 76. Progressive movement, or advance. 77. The word is of different origin, in which it means stead. It was formerly written stead, but was changed to step for euphony. 78. Movement � this was an important step.

Short distance � it is but a step. Gait � his step is farm. To advance � they step briskly. In place of � she is my stepmother, &c. 79. In common; no one having claim or the means of obtaining a permanent title to any particular part. 80. Chiefly by hunting, fishing and using spontaneous productions. 81. The laws of which experience has suggested the necessity, and to which they are all supposed to assent, among which are the metes and boundaries of their several estates. 82. To promote peace and harmony in society, that the possessions of each may be universally known and observed, and every one claim indisputable enjoyment of his exclusive patrimony. 83. The matured produce separated from the soil gave rise to personal property, which required other and different rules for its regulation. 84. As all derive their sustenance, either directly or indirectly, from the earth, it is evident that a majority in all extensive countries must devote their time to agriculture; and reason and revelation alike show the necessity of zealous exertion for the accomplishment of vital objects. The desire for the possession and enjoyment of properly presents the strongest stimulant in human society for exertion and unwearied labor; hence, the greatest good to the greatest numbers always results from the most desirable and permanent of all property being open for competition and the possession of those who, by exemplary sobriety and industry, merit its enjoyment. 85. 1st. Oppression generally results from an extravagant landed aristocracy. 2d. Inability to procure or possess permanent properly engenders supineness, indolence and depravity, and thus society is demoralized. 3d. The undue proportion of power possessed by the proprietaries induces despotic rule over the populace, and resistance, factions and tumults, degradation, famine, and its natural attendant, pestilence, are the consequence. 86. To denote, by prominent land-marks, the precise limits of their estates. 87. From removing or obliterating those landmarks. 88. Usually by tracing the exact course of their lines with a compass, and measuring their distances by a chain, pole, paces, &c. 89. By accurate re measurement, by surveyors, the precise angles can be found. 90. The Egyptians, on account of their landmarks being annually lost by the overflowing of the Nile. 91. A hyphen. 92. Frequently: as when you wish to unite compound words, and particularly to unite the last syllable of a line (for want of room) to the remaining syllable of the same word in the next line. 93. The sense in a great measure depends on them; and a distinct articulation frequently requires it. 94. Book and case are two distinct articles; yet if we unite their names by a hyphen, the compound word, book-case, is the name of an article distinctly different from either; so, ink-stand, turn-cap, butter-milk, turntable, ginger-bread, water-melon, land-marks, turn-stile. 95. Land-marks, or monumental stations in the angles of boundary lines.


14 APPENDIX.

96. That they were fictitious, and that the works attributed to Homer were in fact the production of several wandering songsters. 97. A famous Latin poet. 98. Tillage, or their industrious and permanent improvement. 99. Affection for their children as their own "flesh and blood," joined to ambition for the fame of its accumulation. 100. Necessity. 101. At death, the law of nature would permit the property of the deceased to revert to the common stock, the eagerness of those at hand to grasp it would occasion strife, and the quiet of society be disturbed; to prevent this disturbance, the law of inheritance was interposed. 102. Peace, exemption from external commotion; tranquillity, calmness of mind. Socrates was tranquil in his chair, while Xantippe very much disturbed the peace of the room. 103. The whole body of laws relating to the rights of property, real and personal. 104. Need, want. Necessity, want, indispensibly pressing. We are frequently under the necessity of going without that of which we stand most in need. 105. Invent, to light upon something new. Discover, to find what before existed. Gut-temberg invented the art of printing. Columbus discovered America. 106. Permanent, enduring. Fixed, firm, established. The President's salary is fixed but not permanent. 107. Patrimony, right or estate derived from one's ancestors. Inheritance, right or estate derived from any person. 108. Devises, bequests. Wills, the instruments by which legacies are bequeathed. 109. Property, as there used, and ownership are synonymous. 110. Rights, indisputable titles. Claims, privileges to which we are entitled by asking. 111. Compose, to put together. Constitute, authoritatively to sanction. 112. Code and book of laws, as used, synonymous. 113. A negative, equivalent to not. 114. The same. 115. Very incomplete. 116. Certainly not. 117. Unforeseen exigencies. 118. They have been changed from time to time to conform to the exigencies of civilization. 119. New pursuits, discoveries, inventions, improvements and the progress of civilization, and especially the introduction of the pacific institutions of Christianity. 120. Jesus Christ. 121. In the New Testament. 122. Injustice would cease, and with it all its penalties and their infliction; arrogance and haughtiness be succeeded by modesty - and meekness; universal politeness would be practised; true practical devotion, with cheerfulness, supply the place of austere bigotry and gloomy sanctimoniousness; broils, sedition, and retaliation no more be indulged in; and "peace on earth and good will to men," pervading the world, the grand millennium would commence.

LESSON XIII.

1. The generally-received account of all past events. i. Unerring, undeviating. Infallible, exempt

from mistake. A uniform course may be unerring, though directed to a fallible issue. 3. Extensive communities; as states, nations, &c. 4. A noun. 5. Of the plural number. 6. See Lesson VI., Question 4, pages 4th and 5th of the Appendix. 7. By changing y into ies. 8. Commonwealths. 9. An important proportion, literally half. 10. Always, when used as a distinct prefix. 11. Because that is its uniform character in all standard authorities. 12. Semi-circle, half a circle. Semi-quaver, half a quaver. Semi-fluid, proportionally fluid. 13. Before, previously. 14. Always. 15. Pre-mise, to put before. Pre-conceive, to believe before. Pre-destinate, previously to fix the destiny. 16. In its most extended application it pervades the universe. 17. It embraces every thing in animated nature. 18. The specification is more emphatic by distributing the meaning to each separate individual. 19. It is not only quite reasonable, but necessary to the object of the institution. 20. The former; the latter generally results in injury rather than benefit. 21. Certainly; at least by personal acquiescence. 22. Perfection in social virtue might effect that desideratum. 23. All history proves the imperfection of human nature and its proneness to evil. 24. The restraints of law. 25. That man is formed for society, and that he must live in society to answer the end for which he was created. 26. Disposed, adapted. Inclined, bent towards. A man may therefore be disposed to happiness though not inclined to the course resulting in it. Strictly, nicely exact. Rigorously, severely exact. We may be strict without rigor. Due and right, synonymously used as just claim. Need, absolute lack. Want, desire. One may need punishment and not want it History, an authentic and dignified narrative. Account, a simple narrative. Periods, divisions of time. Ages, the lives of men within those periods. Weakness, want of physical or moral strength. Infirmity, inefficiency arising from disease or malformation. 27. For its comprehensiveness; man being the generic term for the human species. 28. That man, in embracing social privileges, relinquished a portion of his natural rights. 29. It is not. 30. Inasmuch as man was formed for society by his Creator, the laws of nature were made in accordance with that design by Jehovah, and man never did and never can possess any rights independent of his Creator. 31. Several: condition � the horse is in good case. Sheath � the scissors are in their case. Contingence � circumstances alter the case, grammatical inflection of nouns, &c. 32. Not in every point of equality. 33. They are born of unequal size, weight, color, form, robust, sickly, &c., &c. 34. That they have equal claims to the protection of society, and equal privilege of

APPENDIX. 15

volition and action within the restraints necessarily instituted for mutual protection. 35. The natural rights belonging to others �

and the axiom that no one has a right to seize the fruits of another's labor, or appropriate to his own use all that comes within his grasp. 36. The chords which unite society would be severed, and revolt and insurrection weaken if not destroy our compact. 37. A subjection to the laws that mutually protect his rights. 38. The state or community of which one is a member. 39. They may, under peculiar circumstances or conditions. 40. The Divine laws. 41. The weak would be liable to oppression from the strong, and both from lawless combinations. 42. None; those nations have attained the most renown who have regarded most the Divine law or its cardinal principles. 43. Undoubtedly; the sources of many of our blessings elude not only careless observation, but frequently the closest scrutiny. 44. No. 45. The operation of laws is restraint, and most of our laws were enacted before we had any participation in them. 46. Many of them from time immemorial, and others from the organization of the nation. 47. The carelessness of their representatives often sacrifices their voice. 48. People � the whole body of the population, embracing all ages and both sexes. Citizens � those freemen entitled to suffrage. Governed and ruled, synonymous. Laws �

rules of government. Statutes � written enactments. Enacted � established by public decree. Made � formed in any manner. 49. Synonyms � evident and plain, governed and ruled, lives and existence. Definitions �

remarked, depend on, framing, confederacy, operation, citizens, made. 50. The expression means the largest possible number; 291 members allows Wisconsin 3 representatives. Congress, in its legislative capacity, includes the President of the United States, and also the Vice-President, who is ex-officio president of the senate. 51. There are 30 States, each State sends two senators, 30 x 2 = 60 senators; subtract 60 from 291 = 231 members in the house of representatives. 52. No; each State is entitled to but two senators. 53. Certainly; equal to the whole number of members, minus double the number of States. 54. One hundred and sixteen. 55. Thirty-one. 56. Fifty-eight. 57. Sixteen. 58. The house of representatives must have a speaker, which leaves 115 members who vote; and 58 is a sufficient number to pass a bill. The speaker gives the casting vote when there is a tie. 59. Such a contingency might occur. 60. They should be faithful, conscientious, and punctual in their attendance. 61. Unquestionably the former. 62. The veto of the President. 63. Every bill, after it passes both houses of congress, is presented to the President; if he signs the bill it becomes a law, but if he does not approve of the measure, he

writes the word veto on the back of the bill, which prevents it from being a law 64. To the house whence it originated 65. When a bill, after it has been vetoed by the President, is re-considered by both houses and passed by a majority of two-thirds of each house, it then becomes a law, notwithstanding the President's veto. 66. In case of there being but a bare quorum in the senate, a bill might pass unanimously the house � by receiving a negative vote of eleven senators it would, with the President's veto, be defeated. 67. For wise purposes (which will hereafter be explained) the framers of the constitution allowed the smallest State to have a representation in the seriate equal to the largest State. 68. Because all the United States senators are elected, not by the people directly, but by the legislatures of their respective States and the constituents of the members of legislature of the largest State would be more than two times greater than the collected constituents of the members of the six smallest States in the Union. 69. The United States senators are always elected by the State legislatures for the term of six years (unless otherwise stipulated, as in case of tilling a vacancy occasioned by death, &c.) The representatives in congress are chosen directly by the people, usually for two years. 70. Seldom, if ever. 71. There are many different opinions even on the most important subjects, and one of the excellent traits of the constitution is the freedom in the expression of sentiments. 72. Congress, like all other human tribunals, is liable to err, and consequently to pass evil laws; but if the people are intelligent they have the power eventually of rectifying the error. 73. Because laws are often passed by one congress and repealed by another. 74. The wisest and the best men. 75. Generally speaking, they are the worst; and the history of the Roman republic exhibits in a striking manner the danger of employing feasting legislators. 76. Many; C�sar was among the most prominent � he feasted the people of Rome with the most sumptuous luxuries for forty successive days, at 22.000 tables. The theatres were thrown open; games and festivals were exhibited gratis to the people, but, like the stalled ox, they were feasted solely for the benefit of the power that supplied them; for, in return, the people of Rome, in their ecstacy, yielded their liberties. If, in the place of intoxicating liquor, the candidates seeking the votes of the people contribute in any manner to their real and permanent welfare, then philanthropy (and not selfish motives) may actuate the donor: but every one should have sufficient education to discriminate between objects for personal aggrandizement and disinterested benevolence. 77. Undoubtedly there is much danger. The representatives of the nation, both at home and abroad, are usually considered among the most honorable and gifted of the country. Some of the greatest and the best of men have been legislators. The natural love of power and of office � the pecuniary emoluments, &c., offer inducements both to the good and the evil; and


16 APPENDIX.

no nation can consider its liberties safe if a majority of the people are ignorant. 78. That no one has perfect liberty. 79. With the utmost .fidelity and patriotism. 80. In the people. 81. Power given by the people to one of their number, to act in their place, and to the best of his ability for their advantage. 82. The word deputize is never used in England, but it is in common use in America. The English call this word, with some others that are used only in our country, Americanisms. 83. It returns to its grantors at the expiration of a stipulated time. 84. They have been the slaves of tyrants �

preyed upon each other in a state of anarchy � and generally lived without the full enjoyment of the blessings of Christianity. 85. Education in its most comprehensive sense. 86. Because the Americans successfully resisted the most powerful monarchy of the world � that they formed a republican government granting perfect freedom in the enjoyment of civil and religious rights �

and because thither the oppressed and trodden-down millions of Europe look for light and for freedom. 87. That science which treats of the respective duties of those who make or administer the law, and those who are governed by it; and generally of all the privileges and immunities of citizens. 88. An art is that which depends on practice or performance, and science that which depends on abstract or speculative principles. The theory of music is a science; the practice of it an art. 89. States in which the exercise of the sovereign power is lodged in representatives elected by the people. 90. Greece, in letters; Carthage, in commerce; and Rome, in arms. 91. Because the fact is generally conceded that human nature is the same now that it always has been. 92. Because the reasons that produced the ruin of other republics may, if not properly heeded, sever or overthrow our Union. 93. To prevent their own subjects from desiring a republican government, and thereby retain their own hereditary power and property. 94. The large number of people in the United States that can neither read nor write �

the prevalence of Atheism, and consequently the want of moral or Christian principle, would also endanger our liberties. 95. Their immediate personal interest undoubtedly leads them to wish for our disunion and overthrow. 96. As philanthropists, they are interested in the perpetuity of our institutions; but either not rightly understanding the true tendency of our republic, or not wishing to offend their sovereigns, they generally extol their own governments and disparage ours. 97. We should always be tolerant; it is the nature of man to err; we may ourselves often be in the wrong, yet think we are right: our institutions allow to each entire freedom of opinion. 98. The want of moral or Christian principle among rulers, and the ignorance of the mass of the people.

99. By enormous taxes to support in magnificence hereditary sovereigns and nobles. 100. Because all power is lodged with the people. 101, 102, 103. (See some Ancient History or Biographical Dictionary.) 104. From the Latin, palma; it originally meant superiority, victory, or prosperity. The branches of the palma were formerly worn in token of victory. The palma was adopted as an emblem of victory, it is said, because the tree is so elastic as, when pressed, to rise and recover its correct position. 105. Because it denotes Greece and Rome in the plenitude of their victorious career. 106. Literary and moral or Christian efforts. 107. A combination of people distinguished for firmness and solidity of union. 108. Christian education imparted to every individual. 109. To promote the happiness and prosperity of all. 110. They are in theory, and they should be preeminently so in practice. 111. That we not only praise our illustrious ancestors in words, but that we imitate them in actions, and exhibit the transcendent excellence of republican institutions. 112. To imitate their wisdom, and aim to transmit in unsullied purity the incomparable institutions they founded. 113. They should be purely republican in their character, and their tendency the dissemination of letters, political wisdom and Christianity.

LESSON XIV. 1. Disparity signifies unfitness of objects to be by one another. Inequality signifies having no regularity. The disparity between David and Goliah was such as to render the success of the former more strikingly miraculous. The inequality in the conditions of men is not attended with a corresponding inequality in their happiness. For the signification of the prefixes, see Lesson V., Question 4th. page 3, Ap. 2. Ignorant is a comprehensive term: it includes want of knowledge to any degree, from the highest to the lowest. Ignorance is not always one's disgrace, since it is not always one's fault. Illiterate is less general in its application, but it is generally used as a term of reproach. The poor ignorant savage is an object of pity, but the illiterate quack is an object of contempt. For the signification of the prefixes, see Lesson VI, Question 4th, page 4, Appendix. 3. It would tend to render the sense obscure, and all would then denote all the rights. It is now used as a noun, and denotes all persons. 4. Relinquish means to give up that which we would gladly retain. Quit means to leave that to which we return no more. The widows and the orphans quit their houses and relinquish their property to the ruthless conquerors. 5. To renounce all claims of being his own judge, and of inflicting punishment upon others for real or supposed injuries. 6. Precipitancy, the want of knowledge or talent. 7. To force. 8. It is the substitute for a noun, and has a plural signification equivalent to no persons. 9. Administer is generally used in a good sense � contribute, either in a good or a bad sense. Thus: the good Samaritan admin-

APPENDIX. 17

istered to the comfort of the man that had fallen among thieves. Authors sometimes contribute to the vices and follies of mankind. For prefixes, see Lesson VI., Question 4th, page 4, Appendix. 10. Many; 1st. Space in progression � as, Men are yet in the first degree of improvement; it should be their aim to attain the highest degree. 2d. A step in dignity or rank � as, It is supposed there are different degrees or orders of Angels. 3d. In genealogy � as, A relation in the second or third degree. 4th. Extent � We suffer an extreme degree of heat or cold. 5th. In geometry A degree is one division of a circle, including a three-hundredth and sixtieth part of its circumference. 6th. In algebra � A degree is a term applied to equations. 7th. Space on mathematical and other instruments � The freezing point is usually marked on thermometers at 32 degrees. 8th. Professional

Physicians receive the degree of Doctor of Medicine. 9th. By moderate advances �

Drinking spirituous liquor forms by degrees a confirmed habit of intemperance. 10th. Literary � The student, having finished the prescribed course of study, received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, &c. 11. What is perpetual admits of no termination. Constant admits of no change. The Divine Law is a perpetua1 guide to happiness, it should be the constant endeavor of all to live in accordance with its precepts. See prefixes, page 4, Appendix. 12. Communities. 13. They contribute in the highest possible degree to man's present and future happiness � maintain authority without oppression � regulate private conduct without invading the rights of individuals, or enacting any prescribed mode of worship. 14. The Romans formerly used the term Law of Nations to denote the instituted or positive law common to all nations. International Law literally means, law between nations. The term Law of Nations, like many other phrases now in use, differs essentially from its ancient meaning; it now denotes International Law, or law between nations. Inter signifies between. See Lesson VI., Question 4th. page 4, Appendix. 15. Though it is generally laid down by writers, that the Law of Nations is founded on customs, compacts, treaties, leagues, and agreements, yet these have uniformly been violated when nations have not been governed by a sense of religious duty. It may, therefore, be safely asserted that the only permanent and valid basis of the Law of Nations is Christianity. 16. Simply a moral or religious relation, all being on an equality similar to that of individuals if all the courts of justice were abolished. 17. See section 6. 18. Controversy is applied to speculative points, and implies opposition � dispute, to matters of fact, and implies doubt. Though the authenticity of the Bible has been disputed by numbers in latter times, yet few have had the hardihood to controvert the justice and purity of its precepts. 19. Disregard applies to warnings, words, and opinions; � slight, to persons. Young people cannot slight, those to whom they owe personal attentions, without disregarding all that has been taught them of politeness. 20. As usage relates to what has long been

done, it is a stronger term than custom which is used for what is generally done. The customs of the present century are more or less influenced by the usages of every preceding one. 21. See section 7. 22. Famous is indefinite and may be used in a good or bad sense � renowned has always a good meaning. While George Washington is equally renowned for bravery and prudence, when commander-in-chief of the American army, and for wisdom and probity when President of the United States; � Benedict Arnold is famous alike for his daring valor in the beginning of the revolutionary struggle, and his after unsuccessful attempt to betray his country. 23. The feelings of heart and head are involved in regard; � the intellect only is concerned in respect. Though subjects pay respect to their monarch, they rarely have much regard for him. 24. Figuratively, as used here, fruitful means possessing abundantly, and prolific implies creative power. A prolific genius is much aided by a fruitful imagination. 25. Instruction comprehends greater knowledge and higher station; � teaching only embodies superior knowledge. The school commissioners instructed the master to teach the children in the most plain and thorough manner. 26. We use conquered for persons and things;

vanquished, for persons only. The latter is the stronger term. As long as a people are unsubdued their country cannot be called conquered, though its armies are vanquished. 27. Of the tyranny and perfidy of Rome. 28. The illustrious rises far above the celebrated in dignity, insuring regard and veneration. The name of the celebrated philanthropist Howard is rendered illustrious by his many Christian virtues. 29. Insidious signifies addicted to vicious stratagems; � treacherous means disposed to betray; � perfidious denotes breach of faith, with the addition of" hostility. He had pursued this insidious course for a long time, when, one day, I detected his perfidy, and charged him with it, but I did not know the full extent of his treachery for some months. (The text has but two words.) 30. Registered applies to persons and things; �

recorded, to things only. The former is used for domestic and civil transactions, the latter for public and political events. Those who record deeds. &c., register the titles of such instruments in separate books alphabetically, in order to facilitate the necessary examinations. 31. See section 9. 32. Recent is said of what has lately passed; �

modern, of what has happened in the present age or day. The necessity of making modern languages the basis of study for modern times, was not ascertained until a comparatively recent day. 33. Peace, though the more general term, is relative in its meaning, being in opposition to strife, and implying cessation from it; �

tranquillity is more absolute, and expresses a situation as it exists at present, independent of what has gone before or will come after. On the return of pence, the tranquillity of society is in danger of being disturbed by the lawlessness of a disbanded soldiery. 34. Equal is said of degree, quantity, number,


18 APPENDIX.

and dimensions � uniform, of corresponding fitness. Your horses are equal in size, but hot uniform in color. Figuratively, equal applies to moral qualities, and uniform to temper, habits, character, and conduct. Our friend's habits are uniform, and his sense of justice is not only equal to that of his neighbors, but he is more exacting of himself than of any one else. 35. Power is the general term; � strength is a mode of power. The strength of a nation's armies often give it the power to subjugate a neighboring weaker state. 36. See section 10. 37. Prescribe partakes of the nature of counsel altogether, and has nothing of command;

� but dictate amounts to even more than command. I will cheerfully follow the course you prescribe, but, at the same time, I cannot suffer my brother to dictate to me. 38. Method is said of what requires contrivance; � Mode, of that which demands practice and habitual attention. The swordmaster teaches the best mode of holding the foil, and the easiest method of thrusting and warding. 39. Form is the general term; � ceremony is a particular kind of form. The ceremonies of Mahommedanism must appear in a very curious light to a person unacquainted with its forms. 40. Equally means alike; � equably, evenly. The latter is seldom used in any but a moral sense. By observing the planets move so equably, we are equally convinced of the stability of the solar system, and the perfect adaptedness of all its parts to each other. 41. Object signifies that for which we strive; �

end is more general, implying the consummation of our wishes and endeavors. We cannot properly accomplish any object without keeping the end, constantly in view. 42. Honor is the approbation conferred on a man by others, comprehending also the material tokens of approval; � dignity is the worth or value added to his condition. The acceptance of these ill-deserved honors rather diminished than increased his dignity.

LESSON XV. 1. Of the necessary or fundamental law of nations. 2. Principle is applied to the radical parts of things; � precept, to rules laid down. A precept supposes the authority of a superior; � a principle, only an illustrator. I would impress it upon you as a precept, never to imbibe principles without a searching examination. 3. Both convey the idea of superiority in the countenancer and sanctioner; but sanction has more of authority. Persons are countenanced; things, sanctioned. As I cannot sanction his acts on account of their shamelessness. you must not expect me to countenance him. 4. Change implies a substitution; � alter, a partial difference. To pursue your journey in safety, you will have to change your horse, and alter your wagon. You will cease to be respected, if you do not alter your conduct and change your residence. 5. Of the positive, or international law as comprised in treaties. 6. Monarch refers to undivided power, but does not define its extent; � sovereign, to the highest degree of power. The extent

of the dominions of Great Britain fully entitles its monarch to the name of sovereign. 7. Contest is always applied to matters of personal interest; � dispute, mostly to speculative opinions. While John contested with the landlord about the charges in the bill, his father and I disputed on the advantages of such contention. 8. We exhibit and display with express intention, and mostly to please ourselves; but exhibit is mostly taken in a good, or an indifferent sense, and display in a bad one. To say nothing of his arrogant and contemptuous demeanor, a fop displays his emptiness by gaudy personal adornments; but a gentleman exhibits his sense by a neat dress and unassuming conversation. 9. See section 3. 10. Agreement applies to transactions of every description, particularly to such as are between individuals; � covenant, to compacts between communities, commonly to national and public contracts. The plenipotentiaries met the next day according to agreement and concluded the covenant. 11. Sanction implies authoritative approbation;

support is a stronger word, embodies actual help and co-operation, but does not require authority. The President sanctioned the treaty, and was supported by the senate. 12. Restrict is the action of persons on persons; � circumscribe, the action of things on things or persons. On account of being much restricted in his quarterly allowance by his father, Henry's power to squander was so circumscribed that the necessary forethought exercised in providing for his daily wants taught him frugality. 13. It leaves each one in statu quo ante bellum, that is, in the state in which it was before the war. 14. See section 4. 15. We acknowledge facts � we recognize that which comes again before our notice. All rational men acknowledge the existence of God, and when conscience threatens punishment to secret crimes it manifestly recognizes a supreme governor from whom nothing is hid. 16. Abolish means to lose every trace of former existence; � abrogate signifies to do away with any thing; abolish is a more gradual proceeding. Disuse abolishes, a positive interference is necessary to abrogate. Abolish is employed with regard to customs, abrogate, with regard to any authorized transactions of mankind. Although Great Britain abrogated by war all claims to the friendship of her colonies, yet long-continued peace has abolished the unnatural enmity between the United States and England. 17. Coalescence means the act of growing or coming together; � union signifies agreement, or the act of joining two or more things into one. Coalescence of nations and union of families contribute to the happiness of mankind. 18. To impair is a progressive mode of injuring. An injury may take place either by degrees or by an instantaneous act. By overstraining our eyes, we impair the sight; a blow injures them. 19. See section fifth. 20. Evasion is always used in a bad sense; �

subterfuge is a mode of evasion in which one has recourse to some screen or shelter. Persons who wish to justify them-

APPENDIX. 19

selves in a bad cause have recourse to evasions, but candid minds despise all evasions. 21. Unoffending denotes simply the state of not offending; � inoffending denotes the want of power to offend. The unoffending savage was seen by the inoffending children. 22. Pur-pose is applied to things only; � sake applies generally to persons, but may be said of things. For your sake alone, and for the purpose of preventing dissatisfaction, was this change made. 23. Both signify the act of taking away by violence, but depredation also includes spoiling, or laying waste. Therefore, while every depredation is a robbery, every robbery is not a depredation. The march of the army was marked by public depredation and private robbery. 24. See section 6. 25. Employ expresses less than use, and is in fact a species of partial using. We must employ when we use, but we may employ and not use. While employ applies to persons, use never does except in a most degrading sense. A builder says to a carpenter, 'I will employ you at nine dollars a week, but expect you to use your own tools.' 26. Judgment enables a person to distinguish right and wrong in general; � discretion serves the same purpose in particular cases. Judgment decides by positive inference; � discretion, by intuition. I leave the whole matter to your discretion, and promise to be satisfied with your judgment. 2 Surrender is a much more general term than cede, which implies giving up by � means of a treaty. France having been forced to cede the island to Great Britain, the governor surrendered and evacuated the town, according to his official instructions. 28. Option means freedom from external restraint in the act of choosing; � choice, the simple act itself, or the thing chosen. I had no option, and was forced to take his choice. 29. See section 7. 30. The adjoining must touch in some part; �

the contiguous must touch entirely on one side. The two houses are contiguous, and have woods and meadows adjoining their grounds. 31. These words are elsewhere explained,* but may be given again for the sake of a different illustration. Usage, or what has long been done, acquires force and sanction by dint of time; � custom, or that which is generally done, obtains sanction by the frequency of its being done, or by the numbers doing it. About three hundred years ago, the practice of hard drinking had come to be considered necessary and meritorious from the mere antiquity of the usage; so that to refuse to be made beastly drunk at the dinner-table of your entertainer, was to offer him a mortal affront; but, happily for brains and bodies, if not for glass-houses, such is no longer the custom: � and, as a toper sinks lower and lower in the estimation of society day by day, let us hope that this crying sin will be entirely and for ever eradicated at no distant time. 32. Vessel is the general term; ship is a particular kind of vessel. All ships, then, are

* See answer to Question 20, Lesson XIV.

vessels, but all vessels are not ships. It may be well to remark here, that vessel and bark are perfect synonyms as regards the idea conveyed, but bark is the poetical and vessel the commercial word. Further ship is sometimes used generally, and bark, in common usage, is a distinctive name � in this case, oftener spelled barque. In fact, boat is sometimes synonymous with vessel, bark, and ship; as when sailors speak of a good sea-boat. ' The captains of these ships, on opening their instructions, were much vexed to find that they were to convoy a number of vessels known to be mostly dull sailers.' 33. Provided refers to the future; � furnished, to the present. I furnished him with a portable table, chair, and bed, in order that he might be fully provided for his journey. 34. Of the nature of a passport. 35. Under denotes a situation of retirement or concealment; � beneath, one of inferiority or lowness. Passing under a low porch and through a narrow doorway, we descended a flight of steps and were soon far beneath the surface of the earth. 36. Leave is a more familiar word than permission. As you have repeatedly given me permission to avow my sentiments boldly, I do not think it necessary to ask leave in the present instance. 37. Harbor is vague in signification; � port, determinate. Harbor affords little more than the idea of a resting or anchoring place, but port conveys that of an enclosure. Stress of weather obliged the ship to take refuge in the nearest harbor, but, on the storm abating, she pursued her voyage and reached her destined port in safety. 38. Minute expresses much more than circumstantial. A circumstantial account gives all leading events; � a minute one omits nothing however trivial. We were pleased with the circumstantial narration of John, but the minute description of Henry afforded the greatest satisfaction to all. 39. Amicable signifies able or fit for a friend; �

friendly, like a friend. His disposition is as amicable as his manner is friendly. 40. Pursue is not so expressive as prosecute. Both mean to continue by a prescribed rule, or in a particular manner. In prosecuting my studies, I pursue the plan laid down in this book. 41. An affront is a mark of reproach shown in the presence of others, and marks defiance; � insult, an attack made with insolence, marks scorn and triumph. I might have thought his former insults unintentional but for this last affront. 42. Of the various clashes of national agents. 43. Mutual supposes a sameness of condition at the same time; � reciprocal, an alternation or succession of returns. Friends render one another mutual services, but the services between servants and masters are reciprocal. The reciprocal fulfilment of promises by two individuals will terminate in a mutual good understanding between them. 44. Class and order are said of the thing distinguished; � rank, of the distinction itself. Men belong to a certain class or order, and hold a certain rank. Men,. springing from the most degraded class of the lowest order of society, have become possessed of high rank by persevering exercise of their native talents.


20 APPENDIX.

45. See section 10. 46. A demand is positive and admits of no question, whereas a requirement is liable to be both questioned and refused. It is unreasonable to require of a person what is not in his power to do; and unjust to demand of him that which he has no right to give. 47. Commensurate is employed in matters of distribution; � adequate, in equalization of powers. Unless a person's resources are adequate to the work he undertakes, he will not be able to give his assistants a commensurate recompense. 48. See section 11. 49. Time is the generic term, and is taken for the whole or a part; � season means any portion of time. Economise your time, for youth is the season of improvement. 50. Grandeur is the general, and magnificence the particular term; they differ in degree when applied to the same objects, magnificence being the highest point of grandeur. Such wealth as falls to the lot of many may enable them to display grandeur, but nothing short of a princely fortune gives either title or capacity to aim at magnificence.

LESSON XVI.

1. See section 1. 2. Word is generic, and term specific; every term is a word, but every word is not a term. Usage determines words; science fixes terms. We behold the grammarian writing on the nature of words, and the philosopher weighing the value of scientific terms. 3. Exigency expresses what the case demands; emergency, that which rises out of the case. As I had only brought with me money enough to meet the exigencies of my journey, I scarcely knew how to act in this emergency, but my host had the kindness to lend me fifty dollars. 4. See section 2. 5. Correct is negative in meaning, and accurate positive. Information is correct when it contains nothing but facts, and accurate when it embodies avast number of details. 6. Countenance is direct; encourage, general and indefinite. When a good man believes himself countenanced by the Almighty, he is encouraged to act with vigor and suffer with patience more than human. 7. See section 3. 8. Business is that which engages our attention; concern is what interests our feelings, prospects, and condition, advantageously or otherwise. It is the business of a lawyer to manage the concerns of his client to the best possible advantage. 9. Factor is used in a limited, and agent in a general sense. An agent transacts every sort of business; a factor only buys and sells on account of others. Attorneys are frequently employed as agents to receive and pay money, transfer estates, &c., and sometimes to bring defaulting factors to account. ]0. See section 4. 11. To bear is to take weight upon one's self; to carry is to move that weight from the spot where it was � consequently we always bear in carrying, but we do not always carry when we bear. That which we cannot bear easily must be burdensome to carry. Bear, being confined to personal

service, may be used in the sense of carry, when the latter implies removal of one body by means of another. The bearer of a letter is he who carries it in his hand. 12. The idea of a transfer is common to both; the circumstances under which this is performed constituting the difference. After having* had judgment rendered in his favor, a creditor may authorize the magistrate to empower the officer to proceed against a debtor. 13. See section 5. 14. Both exclude the idea of chance, and presuppose exertions directed to a specific end; but while obtain may include the exertions of others, procure is particularly used for one's own personal exertions. A man obtains a situation through the recommendation of a friend; he procures one by applying for it himself. 15. To make known is the idea common to both, but while we may declare privately, we can proclaim only in a public way. A man declares his opinions in society on what the government has proclaimed through the newspapers. 16. See section 6. 17. Evident is applied to what is seen forcibly, and leaves no hesitation on the mind; �

manifest is a greater degree of the evident, striking upon the understanding and forcing conviction. It is manifest that a proof is evident when it has nothing clashing or contradictory in it. 18. Enormous applies more particularly to magnitude, and vast to extent, quantity, and number. The vast rises very high in calculation, but the enormous exceeds in magnitude not only every thing known, but every thing thought of or expected. When we reflect upon the vast number of extravagant feasts provided for the later Roman emperors, we can scarcely wonder at the enormous aggregate expense. 19. See section 7. 20. Principle may sometimes mean motive, but there is often a principle where there is no motive, and there is frequently a motive where there is no principle. A boy with bad principles will always lead a wicked course of life, and close his earthly career in wretchedness; with bad motives, he may be led to commit good as Well as bad deeds. 21. The instances in history are innumerable; the most noted are Sylla, Marius, and C�sar,

of the Roman republic; Danton, Marat, Robespierre, and Bonaparte, of the French republic; and Arnold, of the American republic. 22. Because the history of every age and country shows that those who are the fondest of human butchery and war are the greatest tyrants, and, like Nero, they wheedle and flatter the people till they obtain power.

LESSON XVII. 1. Encompass means to bring within a certain compass formed by a circle; surround means to enclose an object, either directly or indirectly, without reference to its shape or extent. The American continent is surrounded by oceans; the earth is encompassed by the atmosphere. 2. Apprize is derived from the French priser, and ad means to prize, to value, and is synonymous with appraise, which means to set a value or price upon; whereas ap-

APPENDIX. 2.1

prise is derived from the French appris, and means to inform, to give notice of. 3. Six; corresponding to the six finite verbs and their nominatives, either expressed or implied. 4. Of a blockade. See section 1. 5. Revived is from the Latin vivo, to live, and signifies to bring to life again. Renewed is from the Latin re and novo, and signifies to make again. The animosities of their ancestors were revived, and they renewed hostilities and brought upon themselves irretrievable misery. G. See Lesson VI., Question 4th, Appendix. 7. The meanings of a truce and of an armistice. See section 2. 8. See section 3. 9. Traffic is a sort of personal trade, a sending from hand to hand; � dealings is a bargaining or calculating kind of trade. Traffic is carried on between persons at a distance; � dealings are made in matters that admit of a variation. His dealings are mostly in produce, bat his traffic is extensive with distant correspondents. 10. Bargain, in its proper sense, applies solely to matters of trade, and is generally verbal;

� but a contract must be written and legally executed. He had manifested a disposition to evade some of the conditions of our last bargain, so, in this case, I thought it prudent to have a formal contract. 11. See section 4. 12. Refuse is unqualified and accompanied with no expression of opinion; � decline is a gentle and indirect form of refusal. In politeness we decline participating in what is proposed from motives of discretion;. but if further pressed, we refuse, thus expressing our disapprobation in a more direct way. 13. Both words imply direction of sound to an object; but naming is confined to a distinct and significant sound; calling is said of any sound whatever: we may call without naming, but we cannot name without calling. Finding it impossible to attract his attention in any other manner, I called �� ; he came to me and named the books. 14. Of Treaties. See section 5. 15. Agreement is general in its application, and applies to transactions of every description. A simple agreement may be verbal, but a contract must be written and legally executed. The boy paid for the books according to agreement � the man, for the lands according to contract. 16. Three nouns, three adverbs, two verbs, two adjectives, and the perfect participle approved, which is joined with the neuter verb arc, in the 63d line, also one adverbial phrase. 17. Changes consist in ceasing to be the same; vicissitudes signify a changing alternately; every variation or vicissitude is a change, but every change is not a vicissitude. All created things have their changes and pass away � the seasons of the year have their vicissitudes and return. 18. To mete out even-handed justice to all, and apply the same rules to themselves that they apply to their weaker neighbors. 19. See section 6. 20. Literally speaking, they are synonymous. Close is from the Latin clausum, and means to shut; conclude is from the Latin con and claudo, and means also to shut. By general usage, close is employed, in the common transactions of life, in speaking of times,

seasons, periods, &c.; whereas conclude is used in speaking of moral and intellectual operations. The historian was concluding his work at the closing of the vacation. 21. See section. 7. 22. The universal diffusion and comprehension of the true spirit of the Divine law. 23. Those who deal with justice and humanity. Nations are composed of individuals, and it is the duty of each one to use all reasonable exertion to prevent national fraud and oppression.

LESSON XVIII.

1. See section 1. 2. To Moses, and are contained in the Bible. 3. The discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492. 4. It is far more enlightened, the civil and religious rights of man are better established � and the facilities of travel and intercourse now, would, by the people then living, have been deemed utterly impossible. 5. See section 2. 6. The oppressions of monarchical governments � the innate love of rational liberty �

enterprise and philanthropy, were some of the causes; but for a full account of this absorbing subject, see some good history of the United Slates. 7. It was in the highest degree gloomy; imprisonment, the most excruciating tortures, and the most cruel capital punishments were liable to be inflicted in every country in Christendom. 8. The universal dissemination of knowledge and the possession of true Christian principles. 9. See section 3. 10. Examples are set forth by way of illustration or instruction; instances are adduced for evidence or proof. Every instance may serve as an example, but every example is not an instance. The Romans afford us many extraordinary instances of devotion to one's country, but their examples in most other respects are not to be followed. 11. Existing designates simply the event of being: subsisting conveys the accessory ideas of the mode and duration of existing. The subsisting friendship between those persons for years is a mark of existing excellence. 12. See section 4. 13. Feared expresses more than apprehended. Apprehension implies uneasiness; � fear, anxiety. As his horse had lost a shoe, and there was no time to replace it, he apprehended lameness, and feared that this accident would prevent him from accomplishing his important purpose. 14. Savages is a general term for all human beings in a state of native rudeness; Indians, therefore, are a kind of savages. The Indians of North America are intellectually a superior race, compared with the savages of South Africa. 15. See section 5. 16. An assembly is simply a number of persons collected to transact any business; a convocation is an assembly called for a special purpose, generally an ecclesiastical one. As the convocation deemed the Sunday mails a necessary evil, it was not thought advisable to recommend their discontinuance to the assembly. 17. Baffled does not express as much as de-


22 APPENDIX.

feated. He was baffled by the volubility of his opponent, but not defeated, for his arguments were unanswerable. 18. See section 6. 19. When things are spoken of, embrace regards aggregate value, quantity, or extent;

include, individual things forming the whole. Besides embracing a commentary on the constitution, this book includes a great number of contrasted and illustrated synonyms. 20. Regal means pertaining to a king; � Kingly, like a king. He sits in regal state with kingly mien. 21. Of the machinations of English emissaries, designed to foment jealousies among the American colonies. 22. Multitude is applicable to all kinds of objects, at rest or in motion; � swarm, to animals in a moving state. The passing and repassing multitudes of a great city have been, not inaptly, compared to swarms of bees. 23. Jealousy is the fear of losing what one has; �

envy is pain felt on seeing the success or possessions of another. Being the envy of all nations, America should regard kingly interference with extreme jealousy. 24. The indignation and resistance aroused throughout America by the passage of the Stamp Act. 25. We bear from innate capacity, but support by means of foreign aid. I had borne my misfortunes with manliness for a long time, but was about being overwhelmed, when, by turning to the Bible, I was not only reassured, but effectually supported. 26. Like expresses more of resemblance than similar. With respect to mere questions, many hooks are similar to the American Manual, but, if we consider the marginal exercises, no work is like it. 27. See section 9. 28. Permanent is by no means as expressive as lasting, which is applied to what is supposed to be of the longest duration. The permanent occupation of the conquered Chinese provinces would have been a lasting disgrace to the British name. 29. Convention and meeting are more nearly synonymous than most words of this class; both signify an informal assembly. Conventions, however, are called to discuss or propose some matter of domestic or political interest, while meetings are held by those having common business to arrange, or pleasure to enjoy. During my lengthened sojourn I enjoyed myself very much at social meetings, and had also the pleasure of attending several conventions of gentlemen, held to take into consideration the propriety of repairing and restoring, as far as possible, the beautiful Gothic ruins of the neighborhood.

LESSON XIX. ]. See section 1. 2. Several; 1st. May is the fifth month of the year, according to our present mode of computing time. 2d. The legal year in England, previous to 1752, commenced on the 25th of March; May was then the third month in the year. 3d. May is metaphorically used for the early part of life, as "His May of youth and bloom of lustihood." �

Shakspeare. 4th. May was anciently used in the same sense we now use maid, and meant a young woman. 5th. To gather flowers � as, the children went to May. 6th.

To be able � as, "make the most of life you may." 7th. To be possible � as, the event may happen. 8th. To express desire � as, may we never experience the evils of war. 9th. To have liberty � as, he may go home, &c. 3. Season is used in its widest or most extended sense; it usually denotes one of the four divisions of the year, as winter, spring, summer, or autumn. 4. In many; 1st. Source � as, the principles of action. 2d. Foundation � as, on what principle can this be affirmed? 3d. A general truthas, the principles of morality. 4th. Tenets, whether true or false � as, the principles of Christianity, the principles of Mahometanism. 5th. A rule of action � as, it is a principle in human nature to repel insults, &c., &c. 5. From infringe, which is derived from the Latin in and frango. 6. See section 2. 7. There is more caution or thought in considering, more personal interest in regarding. Boys have often regarded mercantile business as the surest way of making a fortune, without having duly considered the numerous liabilities of loss. 8. See section 3. 9. Several; 1st External appearance � as, "The form of his visage was changed." 2d. System � as, a form of government. 3d. Regularity � a rough surface may be reduced to form. 4th. External show � as, "having the form of godliness." 5th. Ceremony � as, it is a mere matter of form. 6th. Determinate shape � as, "the earth was without form and void." 7th. Likeness

"he took on him the form of a servant," &c. 10. System is more extended in its meaning. and applies to a complexity of objects; �

form is generally applied to individual objects. Our system of government comprises the essential forms of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, without the evils of either despotism or anarchy. 11. Because dependent is derived from the Latin de and pendeo, and literally means pendeo, to hang, de, from; and when the object comes after the verb, as in the present case, the preposition following the verb depends on the nature of the prefix of the preceding verb, and whatever hangs from any power is consequently dependent on that power. Subservient is derived from the Latin sub and servio, and literally means servio, to serve, sub, under; and, by a parity of reason, whatever serves under any power is subservient to that power. For a further illustration of the use of appropriate prepositions in following verbs, participles, nouns and adjectives, see the latter part of the Appendix. It should be borne in mind, that many words having no prefixes must always be followed by particular prepositions, and that there are occasional exceptions to the above rule; but a correct observance of the meaning of the prefixes will be of much service in determining the succeeding prepositions. 12. See section 4. 13. See section 5. 14. Because convey is derived from the Latin con and veho, which means to carry; and whatever is carried must necessarily be conveyed to some place; consequently to is always the appropriate preposition. See Question 11 of Lesson XIX., Appendix. 15. Prorogue means to put off, and is used in the general sense, deferring for an indefi-

APPENDIX. 23

nite period; � adjourn signifies only to put off for a day, or some short period. Prorogue is applied to national assemblies only; � adjourn is applicable to any meeting. The king prorogued the national assembly, but the people formed small societies, adjourning from day to day till ail matters of public interest were adjusted. 16. In many; (adjectives,) 1st. Straight � as, a right line may be horizontal, perpendicular, or inclined to the plane of the horizon. 2d. In Religion � as, that alone is right in the sight of God which is consonant to his law. 3d. In social and political affairs � as, that is right which is consonant to the just laws of one's country. 4th. Proper � It is right for every family to choose their own time for meals. 5th. Lawful � as, the right heir of an estate. 6th. Correct � "You are right, justice and you weigh this well." 7th. Most direct � as, the right way from St. Louis to Philadelphia. 8th. Denoting the outward side � as, the right side of a piece of cloth. (Adverbs,) 9th. Directly � as, "Let thine eves look right on." 10th. According to fact � as, to tell a story right, 11th. Prefixed to titles � as, right reverend. (Nouns,) 12th. Justice � as, to do right to every man. 13th. Freedom from error � Seldom your opinions err, your eyes are always in the right. 14th. Just claim � A deed vests the right of possession in the purchaser of land. 15th Immunities � Rights are natural, civil, religious, political, and public. 16th. Authority � The sheriff has a right to arrest criminals. (Verb,) 17th. To do justice � as, to right an injured person, &c.. &c. 17. The overbearing acts of the governors, and the exercise of despotic power by the king. 18. From the time of the declaration of rights. 19. Fidelity to a prince or sovereign; but it is occasionally used in a more extended sense. 20. The Constitution of the United States. 21. To declaration. 22. In the plural in one sense, namely: wise men � as, "Groves where immortal sages taught." In the singular, sage admits several variations. 1st. The name of a plant used in cookery and medicine � as, "I seasoned it with sage;" "He drinks sage tea." 2d. Prudent � as, "a sage counsellor." 3d. Wise � as, "sage advice." 23. A patriot is a person who loves his country, and zealously supports and defends it and its interests; � champion meant originally a man who undertook to fight in the place or cause of another. Hence, a hero; a brave warrior; one bold in contest, literally and figuratively; as "a champion for the truth." LESSON XX. 1. By the continental congress, Oct. 14, 1774. 2. See section 1. 3. The pretence and pretext alike consist of what is unreal; but the former is not so great a violation of the truth as the latter: the pretence may consist of truth and falsehood blended; the pretext, from pr�tego, to cloak or cover over, consists altogether of falsehood. Neither his pretences nor his pretexts availed him, for I sifted out the former and detected the latter. 4. See section 2. 5. To judges, in the 16th line. 6. See section 3. 7. Restrain means to hinder from rising beyond a certain pitch; � suppress, to keep

under, or to prevent from coming into notice or appearing in public. The nouns in this instance have the same difference as the verbs from which they are derived. For fear that he might injure his cause by speaking too freely, I advised the suppression of his feelings in this instance; and was pleased to observe that the unusual restrainment was nut so difficult for him as I had apprehended. 8. See section 4. 9. Disdain conveys the idea of superiority of mind, real or imaginary, in the exerciser; and implies hatred, and sometimes anger;

contempt, or the act of despising, is said, by Dr. Webster, to be one of the strongest expressions of a mean opinion afforded by the English language; but it is evident that a tiling may be too contemptible to excite either hatred or anger, consequently disdain is in some respects the stronger term. I treated his insidious propositions with merited disdain, and have ever since regarded him with unmingled contempt 10. See section 5. 11. Agreement is general, and comprehends transactions of every description; � a compact is an agreement between communities. At the close of the exercises, the debaters made an agreement to discuss, at their next meeting, the question, "whether the strict fulfilment of a compact is obligatory upon the parties in all cases." 12. See section 6. 13. Both are the lowest parts of any structure, but foundation lies under ground, and basis stands above. The foundation then supports some large and artificially erected pile; � the basis upholds a simple pillar. The basis of the low monolith marking the site of the large elm-tree, under which William Penn made, with the Delaware tribe of Indians, "the only treaty never broken," is a plain square stone. But few of the strangers who sojourn at Philadelphia ever visit Kensington; fewer still make a pilgrimage to the above humble memento of an act so far-reaching in its consequences; but none neglect that magnificent "home of the orphan," Girard College, which stands on a firm and massy foundation. 14. Though restrain and restrict are but variations of the same verb, they have acquired a distinct acceptation. Restrict applies only to the outward conduct; � restrain, to the desires, as well as to the external conduct. Being much restricted in his semiannual allowance, he was forced to restrain, unwillingly enough, his inordinate passion for display. 15. See section 7. 16. Experience may mean either the act of bringing to light, or the thing brought to light; � trial signifies the act of trying, from try; in Latin, tento, to explore, examine, search. Experience, or that which has been tried, serves to lead us to moral truth; � trial, being in prospect, has the character of uncertainty. I will take my uncle's advice, because I know it to be good by experience, but I am afraid to make a trial of your supplementary admonitions. 17. See section 8. ]8. Keep generally signifies to reserve for use, and its leading idea is continuance of action. Retain is a mode of keeping. The coach was encountered by a highwayman and detained, but our friend, being well


24 APPENDIX.

armed, defied the robber, retained his seat, and kept his money. 9 See section 9. 20. Change, in French, changer, is probably derived from the middle Latin, cambio, to exchange, signifying to take one thing for another; alter, from the Latin, alter, another, signifies to make a thing otherwise. The scholar, in using this book, is at liberty to change any marked, or in fact any other word or phrase for another, provided that by such substitution he does not materially alter the sense. 21. "In this manner," or "on this wise." 22. Revere is derived from the Latin re and vereor, and means to regard with fear mingled with respect and affection; � venerate is from the Latin veneror, and means highly to regard, respect or esteem. Revere and venerate may be applied to human beings. On account of their character and endowments, they are also applicable to inanimate as well as animate objects. We ought to venerate all truly good men while living, and to revere their memories when they are dead. 23. Of the meeting and proceedings of the second continental congress. 24. "Time and again," "again and again," and "more than once." 25. Several; 1st. To sully, defile � as, You will soil your coat with dust. 2d. To cover or tinge � as, To soil the earth with blood. 3d. In farming, to feed with grass or green food cut daily instead of pasturing � as, To soil cattle. 4th. Foulness, spot � as, Your gown has an ugly soil. 5th. Stain, tarnish

� as, Honor brooks no soil. 6th. Mould, or upper stratum of earth � as, The soil of the western states is generally deep and rich. 7th. Land, country � as, We love our native soil. 26. See Page 7, Lesson IX, Question 4. Appendix. The designated words in the 191st, 192d, 193d, 198th, 201st, 203d, 204th, 206th, 206th, 208th, and 209th lines, may be considered definitions; the designated words in the 189th. 194th, 195th, 197th, 199th,202d and 207th lines, may be considered synonyms; the designated words in the 190th, 196th, 200th and 210th, may be considered as words and phrases conveying nearly the meaning of the text, yet the words used are neither definitions nor synonyms of those marked. Strictly speaking, there are no synonyms in section 11, but if one phrase conveys the same meaning that another phrase does, then those phrases would be synonyms; phrases, as well as words, may be synonymous, and for advanced pupils, composing at proper times synonymous phrases constitutes a most interesting and useful exercise. 27. The two most important battles were the battle of Lexington, April 19th, the battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17th, 1775.

LESSON XXI. 1. July 4th, 1776. 2. By the Representatives of the United States in congress assembled. 3. The proposition was made June 10th, 1776, but congress wisely took time to consider the subject in all its bearings. 4. See section 1. 5. Destroy is derived from the Latin de and struo, and literally signifies to pull down, to demolish; � dissolve is from the Latin dis and solvo, and means to melt, to disu-

nite, to separate. The former word usually denotes violence, the latter may be exempt from it; thus, Merchants often mutually dissolve their partnership and destroy their contracts. 6. Declare is derived from the Latin de and clarus, and means to make known, to publish; we may declare by word of mouth or by writing. Avow is from the Latin ad and voveo, and means to declare openly, -to acknowledge and justify; we usually avow our sentiments by word of mouth. Declare is applied by nations; avow by individuals � nations declare war; individuals avow their sentiments. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, are all answered in section second. (See section 2.) 12. See former elucidation, Lesson XV., Question 16, Page 18, Appendix. 13, 14, 15, see section 3. 16. Light � gay, airy, cheerful. Trivial � contemptibly trifling, petty. One may be facetiously light and airy without degrading himself with a trivial manner. 17. Abuses � rude personal reproaches. Wrongs

injuries inflicted. Vituperative abuse may proceed from a source so notoriously corrupt as to produce no serious wrong or injury. 18, 19, 20, see section 4. 21. See former elucidation, Lesson XVII., Question 12, Page 21, Appendix. 22, 23, 24, see section 5. 25. Elected � selected by the concurrent choice of many. Chosen � selected, but the choice may be the act of one agent. Representatives to congress are elected. His private secretary is chosen by the president. 26. Annihilation � reducing to nothing. Destruction � ruin, disorganization. The destruction of a house may be occasioned by a tornado, but its materials are not annihilated. 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, see section 6. 33. Salaries � stated or fixed wages. Emoluments � profits arising from employments or stations. The President and Vice-President of the United States enjoy salaries. The emoluments of justices of the peace, in many states in this country, accrue from perquisites of office. 34, 35, 36, see section 7. 37. Imposing signifies deceiving others for purposes of gain or ambition; � obtruding signifies forcing upon others from vanity, curiosity or pleasure. The obtruding linguist wearied the company by the monotony of his conversation. The merchant, in his anxiety to sell his goods, forgot he was imposing upon the ladies. 38. Tool, instrument, (synonymous as applied to manual apparatus.) In their personal application, tool, a contemptible parasite; instrument, a useful auxiliary. The tools of the mechanic are the instruments of his success. A brawling politician is the tool of an intriguing demagogue. A candid, or an eloquent and ingenious orator is a useful instrument in effecting the object of a party. 39, 40, 41, 42, see section 9. 43. Plundered � carried ruthlessly away. Pillaged � stealthily obtained. Victorious armies plunder conquered cities, and rapacious soldiers pillage their private dwellings. 44. Brethren � men social like brothers. Brothers � children of the same parents. Natural brothers may be brethren of the same social fraternity.

APPENDIX. 25

45, 46, see section 10. 47. It was; the savages often massacred women and children, burnt their captives, and committed the most revolting cruelties against the aged, the weak, the innocent and the inoffensive. 48, 49, 50, see section 10. 51. Redress � restoration of rights. Relief � alleviation of misery. Redress is sought as an act of justice, relief as an act of mercy. 52, 53, see section 11. 54. Enemies � persons unfriendly disposed. Foes

persons possessing active hatred. Persons politically or socially opposed to us may be our enemies quoad hoc, without the personal hatred necessary to constitute them our foes. 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, see section 12. 32. Upon our omniscient and omnipresent Creator; the same God who sustained and upheld our forefathers.

LESSON XXII. 1. "Anterior to," and "Prior to." 2. Sketch expresses more than outline. The latter comprehends only exterior parts or surfaces; � the former embraces some particulars. As a sketch presents some of the features of a country, it may serve as a landscape; but the outlines are merely the bounding lines within which the sketch may be formed. Used figuratively, they have the same difference. I have now given you an outline of the plan, and advise you to make a sketch of it, to be perfected at your leisure. 3. Although, as there given, it signifies to write, to compose, which is the sense in which form is used, it generally means to select and put together parts of a book, or of different books; or to collect and arrange separate papers, laws, or customs, in a book, code, or system. 4. The articles of confederation. 5. They are not. The crown-lands were unoccupied tracts, which had not been disposed of in any way by the British government; but, being within the established boundaries of the colonies, these lands passed out of the possession of England along with them, and became the property of the United States in the manner explained in section 3. The term public domain has been applied, of late years, to all lands owned by the American Republic. They are chiefly situated in the western and southwestern states and territories, and are statedly sold to private individuals, in lots of not less than 80 acres, at the minimum price of one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. These public auctions, held in the neighborhood of the tracts to be sold, are called land-sales. 6. Advantage respects external or extrinsic circumstances of profit, honor, and convenience; � benefit applies to the consequences of actions and events. I have received much benefit from daily exercise, and find that a residence in the country is of great advantage to an invalid. 7. Good-bye has exactly the same meaning as farewell, and is much oftener used than either that or adieu, because it carries with it more of friendliness; but in the present case it would have conveyed a ludicrous idea. 8. Adieu is the French 'a Dieu,' to God; an elliptical form of speech, for I commend you to God. Hence its use for farewell. In

the common phrase good-bye, bye signifies Passing, going; the whole signifies a good going, a prosperous passage and is precisely equivalent to farewell [Saxon faran to go, go well], may you have a good going synonymous with good speed in the phrase to bid one good speed." 9. They are not. Revolutionary means pertaining to a material or entire change in the constitution of government. Transitional means relating to a passage from one place or state to another; change As revolutionary cannot be defined by a single word, and transitional is the nearest approximation to it, the latter has been used to supply the former in this and several following cases. 10. Step by step. 11. Use those means. 12. 1st. To possess � I had a pen yesterday, but have mislaid it. 2d. To maintain, to hold in opinion � Your version of the matter is quite different from the way in which he had it. 3d. To be urged by necessity or obligation; to be impelled by duty � He had to depart at once, on account of the alarming illness of his father. 4th. To contain � The poem had many beauties, but it did not please the reading public. 5th. To gain, to procure, to receive, to obtain, to purchase-He had three hundred dollars a year � He always had a high price for his work. 13. Common danger. 14. At the time of the Declaration of Rights. 15. On the 1st of March, 1781. 16. By the title of the United States. 17. Admit is a general term, and has but a relative import; � receive has a complete sense in itself, and its meaning is always positive. I was admitted into the house by a servant, and very hospitably received by my friend. 18. That its powers were inadequate to the objects of an effective national government. 19. Because they form a compound noun, and are already connected by hyphens, which show that the words are to be taken together. 20. "Vainly," "to no purpose," "without effect." 21. In the congress of the confederation, during the last years of the revolutionary war, and those of peace, immediately following. 22. At Mount Vernon, the residence of General Washington. 23. Notorious means evident; manifest to the world;. publicly known; known to disadvantage; hence almost always used in an ill sense. Glaring signifies clear; open and bold; bare-faced; and therefore may sometimes be substituted for notorious. The crime of which you speak would appear more glaring, had it not been committed by such a notorious person. 24. They are not. People is there applied to all the individuals composing the nation. Populace is an invidious term, and signifies the most ignorant part of society. 25. They are. The term axiom, however, is generally used in mathematical works.

LESSON XXIII. 1. See section first. 2. The violation of the essential principles of rational liberty and the common law of England. 3. In many; 1st. To take the whole � as, Neither business nor amusement should engross our whole time. 2d. To copy � as,


26 APPENDIX.

Deeds are often engrossed on parchment. 3d. To take in undue quantities � as, Rulers sometimes engross the power of the people, &c.; was a mark of more respect, and carried with it more immediate authority; moreover, it would be disseminated among the people by means of the newspapers. 5. See section 2. 6. It is a figurative expression, and means that it should be read in a prominent place or places, so that each and every individual in the army might understand it. 7. There are two kinds; � first, an aggregate corporation is any number of persons authorized by law to act as a single individual, or any society having the legal capacity of transacting business as a single person. Corporations have usually the power of filling vacancies that occur in their body; hence they continue for ages, unless otherwise restricted. Second, A Bole corporation consists of one person only and his successors, as a bishop. 8. See section 3. 9. Whole is used substantively here, and denotes the whole house or meeting. 10. From the British Parliament. At the time of the revolution, all forms of legislation were essentially the same in this country that they were in England. In the British Parliament all matters of great importance, and especially those which effect the great body of the people, are usually referred to a committee of the whole house; most of the rules of Congress, at the present time, are essentially the same as those of the Parliament of England. 11. The chairman of the committee of the whole rises; the speaker of the house re-occupies his chair and calls the house to order. It may be remarked here, that committees of the whole are sometimes very noisy and disorderly. 12. The sense of the entire assembly is better ascertained. The members are not restricted by parliamentary usage, because each member speaks as often as he pleases. 13. See section 5. 14. To avoid tautology. Matters, as used in the 90th line, signifies the entire business contained in the resolutions. 15. Because to is the appropriate preposition which should follow ought; custom has sanctioned the use of should without any succeeding preposition, and the addition of to in the latter case would be as improper as its omission in the former. 16. 1st. To make readyThe minister is preparing his sermon. 2d. To fit � The fanner is preparing his ground for the spring. 3d. To adapt � The author is preparing his book for schools. To provide � The ants are preparing their winter supplies. 17. That it aright be written in proper form and with due care. It is the business of a committee of the whole to discuss simply general principles and block out the work. 18, It is, both in this country and in England. 19. Because the resolution, on the 10th of June, was not passed; but was, by vote of congress, held under consideration. No resolution can be considered passed till it receives the legal sanction of a majority of an assembly. 20. Of. 21. 1st. A tool � Axes, hoes, and hammers are instruments of husbandry. 2d. Subservient to the production of any effect � A bad man

is the instrument of ruin to others. The distribution of the Scriptures may be an instrument of extensive reformation in morals and religion. 3d. .An artificial machine

A flute is a musical instrument. 4th. In law a writing containing the terms of contract

A deed of conveyance is an instrument in writing. 5th. Applied to persons � The governor, the agent of the British crown, was an instrument of oppression to the colony. 22 Because congress, previous to the adoption of the constitution, consisted of only one body. 23. Adapted is derived from the Latin ad apto, and signifies to fit, to make suitable; adopted is from the Latin ad opto, and signifies to desire, to choose, to take or receive as one's own. We have provision adapted to our wants. The skilful husbandman adopts all modern improvements in agriculture. 24. See section 9. 25. Monument � an outward and visible remembrancer; memento � a mental, oblique inuendo of memorial. A hint, a significant wink, may be a memento; but solid materials are necessary to the construction of a monument. 26. Constitution. 27. Offended is derived from the Latin offendo, (of and fendo,) and signifies to strike against, to insult, to hurt, or wound; � angry is from the Latin ango, and signifies to choke, to strangle; hence a violent passion of the mind, excited either by real or supposed injuries. In controversies or discussions, persons are often very angry about imaginary wrongs, and are not unfrequently offended at trifles. 28. Offended and angry should be usually followed by with before persons, and at or about in all other cases. 29. In its most extended or comprehensive sense. 30. A metaphor.

31. Charybdis was a celebrated whirlpool on the coast of Sicily; it was anciently dreaded by navigators, because in endeavoring to escape it they ran the risk of being wrecked upon SCYLLA, a rock opposite to it, on the coast of Italy. Charybdis is no longer dreaded by navigators. The earthquake of 1783 is said to have much diminished its violence. Its present names are Calofaro and La Renia. For the fabulous account of the rock Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis see some classical dictionary. 32. Asbestos is a fibrous mineral, usually of a white or gray color. The finer kinds of it have been wrought into gloves and cloth, which are incombustible: the cloth was formerly used for shrouds. Asbestos is now employed in the manufacture of iron safes. 33. A trope. A trope is a word or expression used in a different sense from what it properly signifies; or a word changed from its original signification to another, for the sake of giving life or emphasis to an idea. 34. To signers, in the 186th line. 35. Treason. 36. They are usually so considered, and in the eyes of the British government all the leaders of the Revolution were guilty of treason.

APPENDIX. 27

38. A metaphor. A metaphor is a word expressing similitude without the signs of comparison. 39. As friends. 40. The burning of villages by the traitor Arnold, and the massacre at Wyoming, Pa., (perhaps the most revolting of any that occurred during the Revolutionary war,) was urged on by American tories. 41. The celebrated speeches of Pitt and of Col. Barry have seldom been equalled. 42. By emulating their virtues. 43. See the whole of Lesson XXIII. LESSON XXIV.

1. See the preamble. 2. See section 1. 3. See section 3. 4. Both mean to strengthen; � confirm, with respect to the mind, and establish, with regard to external things. A report is confirmed; a reputation is established. 5. Welfare is applied to things more immediately affecting our existence; Prosperity comprehends welfare, and likewise all that can add to our enjoyments. A father is . naturally anxious for the welfare of his son, and hopes that he may experience prosperity through life. 6. Chosen � taken from among others, and may be used of two; � selected, picked with care; used of several or many. We may choose a book out of two, but we select one from a parcel, or out of a library. 7. Distributed is a general term, meaning allotted to several; � apportioned signifies assigned for a certain purpose. A wise prince apportions to each of his ministers an employment suited to his peculiar qualifications; state business thus distributed, proceeds with regularity and exactitude. 8. Actual is applied to the thing done; � real, to the thing as it is. Actual is opposed to the suppositious, and real to the imaginary. It is an actual fact that there are but few, if any, real objects of compassion among common beggars. 9. Vote is the wish itself, whether told or not; � voice is the wish expressed. As, "Having the privilege of a vote on that question, he gave his voice to �� ." 10. Class is more general than order. Men belong to a certain class or order. During the French Revolution, the most worthless class, from all orders, obtained the supremacy only to sacrifice such as possessed any power, name, or wealth. 11. Temporary means lasting only for a time, in distinction from the permanent; � transient, that is, passing, or in the act of passing, characterizes that which necessarily exists only for the moment. A transient glance will show that offices depending on a state of war are temporary. 12. The purpose is the tiling proposed or set before the mind, which we take immediate measures to accomplish; � the intention, being the thing to which the mind bends or inclines, is vague and may be delayed. Though a man of resolute temper is not to be diverted from his purpose by trifling obstacles, yet he may be disappointed in his intentions by a variety of unforeseen and uncontrollable events. 13. Manner is general, and nearly allied to way; � mode is usually applied to mechanical actions. The scholar has a good mode of holding his pen, but writes in a very careless manner.

14. Behavior respects all actions exposed to the view of others; � conduct, the general line of a person's moral proceedings As our behavior is good or bad, our conduct will be wise or foolish. 15. Concurrence is applied to matters of general concern; � consent to those of personal interest. As, "I cannot consent to behold the concurrence of the House with these amendments of the Seriate, without uttering my sentiments against it. 16. Place is general, and, being limited to no size or quantity, may be large or extensive, whereas spot is a very small place, such as figuratively may be covered by a spot or dot. For instance, "I know the place where my uncle is buried; but, as he was interred by strangers, who neglected to mark his grave by a stone, I am unable to designate the spot." 17. See section 6. 18. Felony � any crime which, by the ancient law, incurred capital punishment. Breach of the peace � any disturbance of the tranquillity of society, either with respect to the community or an individual member of it. These terms are both general, including several particular cases or varieties of crime. Those guilty of felony are public offenders, traitors to the commonwealth, dangerous to society in an imminent degree;' those guilty of simple breach of the peace have offended in a less aggravated manner and against a smaller portion of society. Murder, arson, &c., are felonies; assault and battery, riot, &c., are breaches of the peace. 19. Speech � harangue, oration. Debate � dispute, controversy. Speech is the abstract term, and primarily implies utterance; debate is concrete, and signifies both speaking and disputing with others. A speech is simply an address; a debate implies contested discussion. A speech may be an address to an audience; a debate may be a discussion before an audience. Speech implies one, debate two or more speakers. Speech conveys no allusion to contention, but debate implies a war of words, and sometimes angry strife. "We use great plainness of speech." Paul. "Behold, ye fast for strife and debate." Isa. 20. Office signifies either the duty performed, or the situation in which the duty is performed. An office imposes a task, or some performance; � a charge imposes a responsibility; � we have always something to do in office, always something to look after in a charge. The charge of instructing youth is of far more importance than the office of any civil magistrate. 21. Continuance is used in reference to the time a thing lasts. Continuation expresses the act of continuing what has been begun. The continuance of the war is destructive both to the wealth and the morals of the nation. The continuation of history is the work of every age. LESSON XXV. 1. See sections 7 and 8. 2. Also, compounded of all. and so, signifies literally all in the same manner; � likewise, compounded of like and wise, or manner, signifies in like manner. Also is the more general term, and has a more comprehensive meaning; � likewise is more specific and limited in its acceptation. My friend


28 APPENDIX.

John, who is a good scholar, an excellent draughtsman, and likewise an elegant penman, was also with the party. 3. It means again. Reconsider, to consider again. 4. It means to. Adjourn, to [or till] a day. 5. Adduce, to draw to; adjoin, to join to; admit, to send to; advert, to turn to, &c. 6. It means not. Disapprove, not to approve. 7. It is prefixed to the prefix ap. 8. Disagree, not to agree; disallow, not to allow; disbelieve, not to believe; dislike, not to like, &c. 9. It means before. Provide, to get [or make ready] before. 10. Five, as follows: re-pre-sentatives twice, and re-con-sider and its variations three times. 11. Re-con-duct, [duco, to lead,] to conduct back, or again; re-con-vey, [veho, to carry,] to convey back or to its former place, &c. 12. See section 8. 13. A manifesto; which is a public declaration made by the supreme authority of the state, setting forth its grievances, claiming right for itself, and appealing to the civilized world for the rectitude of its cause. 14. See Lesson XVII., Section 4. 15. Five, as follows: provide four times, and promote once. 16. Insurrection is a general term; it is used in a good or bad sense, according to the nature of the power against which one rises up; rebellion is more specific, and is always taken in the bad sense of unallowed opposition to lawful authority. The insurrections in America, at the beginning of the revolutionary war, were a natural consequence of the usurpation of unwarrantable authority by the British government, which was pleased to style them rebellions. 17. Some political truths were maintained by those who engaged in the insurrection headed by Wat Tyler, in the reign of Richard II., but their movement failed because the body of the English people was adverse to them and their principles for obvious reasons. The rebellion which cost Charles I. of England his life, proves that the throne is an insecure seat even for a comparatively good man. 18. Eight. 19. Ten. 20. Fifty-six square miles. 21. Eight miles square is 8 x 8 = 64 square miles, of which area 8 square miles would be but the length of one side, a mile in width. 22. See section 9. 23. It denotes act of, or state of being. Capitation, the act of numbering by the head. 24. In eight, as follows: migration, importation twice, capitation, proportion, enumeration, regulation, and appropriations. 25. it means to. Appropriation, the act of making, or the state of being made peculiar to. 26. In this case it is a prefix to the prefix pro. It is originally ad, which has many forms, for which see Lesson V., Appendix, ante. 27. See section 10. 28. The term imports is applied to that which is imported or brought into a country from another country or state; exports, to what is conveyed from one country to another. The trade of a state is in a flourishing condition when the exports exceed the imports. 29. There is one. 30. Controul (now spelled control) is the only

word in section 10 differing from present usage.

LESSON XXVI. 1. See section 1. 2. Or is a contraction of the Latin vir, a man, or is from the same radix. It means an agent, as elector, an agent (or man) to elect. 3. Actor, one who acts; creditor, one who credits; governor, one who governs, or the agent for governing, &c. 4. The words choose and choosing are spelled chuse, chusing, and the word two-thirds is given thus, twothirds. In this last respect, the Constitution does not. agree with itself, for in Section 7 of Article I. (p. 125,) the parts of the word are written separately, two thirds. 5. A natural (or native) bora citizen of the United States means a person born within the limits of the American Republic; � a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of the Constitution denotes a foreigner who was then an inhabitant of the country. Washington was a native-born citizen of the United States, and Com. Barry was a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution. 6. Twenty-five thousand dollars a year. 7. An oath is a solemn declaration, made with an appeal to God for the truth of what is uttered. The appeal implies that the person imprecates God's vengeance, and renounces his favor if the declaration is false; or, if it is a promise, the person invokes the retribution of God should it not be fulfilled. Taking a false oath is called perjury. An affirmation is a solemn declaration, made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, to which, in law, it is held equivalent. As the witness declined taking the oath, on account of religious scruples, the judge directed the clerk to administer an affirmation. 8. See section 2. 9. The compound word commander-in-chief is written without the hyphens; thus, commander in chief. 10. Four times, if its variations are counted; namely, advice, and appointment twice in the singular and once in the plural form. 11. Absence is the state of being at a distant place, or not in company. It is used to denote any distance indefinitely, either in the same town, or country, or in a foreign country, and primarily supposes a prior presence. Recess is applied to a withdrawing or retiring; hence its use for a remission or suspension of business or procedure. During the recess of Congress and consequent absence of its members, and of the multitudes who visit the metropolis to hear the debates, the city of Washington has a comparatively deserted aspect. 12. Ab signifies from or away; absent, (ens, being) being away. Re signifies back or again, anew; recess, (cedo, to go, &c.) a moving back, or state of being moved back. 13. See answer to question 31 of Lesson XIII., ante. 14, See section 3. 15. See section 4. 16. It means in place of; as, viceroy, in place of the king, &c. 17. In several; 1st. A voluntary deviation from the rules of moral rectitude or of propriety � as, The vice of drunkenness. 2d. Depravity or corruption of manners � as.

APPENDIX. 29

An age of vice 3d. A fault or bad trick � as, This horse has the vice of kicking. 4th. An iron or wooden press, with a screw, used by the blacksmith, carpenter, &c, for holding articles fast � as, He screwed up the piece of iron in his vice and filed it to the required shape.

LESSON XXVII. 1. See section 1. 2. See section 2. 3. In several; 1st. A single clause in a treaty, contract, or other writing; a separate charge or item in an account; or a condition or stipulation in a bargain � as, An objection was made to the fifth article of the treaty; the bill contained many articles; He did not fulfil the conditions of the second article of our agreement. 2d. A point of faith or doctrine, or a proposition in theology � as, The thirty-nine articles. 3d. Comprehension � as, A soul of great article.

Shakspeare. 4th. A distinct part � as, Each article of human duty. � Paley. 5th. A particular commodity or substance � as, I bought a table and several other articles; salt is a necessary article. In this sense the word has a very extensive application. 6th. In grammar, a part of speech placed before nouns � The articles are a or an, and the. 7th. In the article of death [Latin, in articulo mortis,] means literally, in the moment of death; in the last struggle or agony. 8th. Articles of war � the code or regulations for the government of the army and navy in the United States, and for the army alone in Great Britain, where the naval code is called articles of the navy. 9th. Lords of articles � in Scottish history, a committee whose business was to prepare and digest all matters that were to be laid before the parliament, including the preparation of all bills for laws; called also lords articulars. � Robertson. 4. See sections 9, 10, 11, of Lesson XV., and 1, 2, 3, 4, of Lesson XVI. 5. The word law has a very wide application; its general sense, however, is that of a rule or principle. 1st. An established or permanent rule, prescribed by the supreme power of a state for regulating the actions of its subjects, particularly their social actions � Law is beneficence acting by rule. �

Burke. 2d. A rule of civil conduct prescribed by the authority of a state, commanding what its subjects are to do, and from what they are to refrain � as, Municipal law; often equivalent in this sense to decree, edict, or ordinance. 3d. Law of nature is a rule of conduct arising out of the natural relations of human beings, established by the Creator, and existing prior to any positive precept � It being a law of nature that one man should not injure another, � murder would be a crime independent of any human statute. 4th. Laws of animal nature are the inherent principles by which the functions of animal bodies are performed � as, The circulation of the blood, digestion, &c. 5th. Laws of vegetation are the principles by which plants are produced and brought to perfection. 6th. Moral law is that which teaches men their duties to God and to each other � the moral law is contained in the decalogue, or ten commandments. 7th. Ecclesiastical law; a rule of action prescribed for the government of a church. 8th. Canon law; the body of ecclesiastical Roman law. 9th.

Written or statute law is that enacted by the legislative power, and promulgated and recorded in writing; called, in detail, statutes, ordinances, decrees, edicts, &c. 10th. Unwritten or common law is a rule of action, deriving its authority from long usage or established custom, which has been immemorially received and recognized by judicial tribunals. As this law cannot be traced to positive statutes, its principles are to be found only in the records of courts, and in the reports of judicial decisions, 11th. By-law, [Danish, by, a town,] a law of a city, town, or private corporation. 12th. Mosaic law; the institutions of Moses, or the code prescribed to the Jews, as distinguished from the gospel. 13th. Ceremonial law; the Mosaic institutions which prescribe the external rites and ceremonies to be observed by the Jews, as distinct from the moral precepts, which are of perpetual obligation. 14th. The Old Testament � Is it not written in your law, I said, Ye are gods? � John, x. 15th. The institutions of Moses, as distinct from the other parts of the Old Testament � as, The law and the prophets. 16th. A rule or axiom of science or art � as, The laws of versification or poetry. 17th. Law martial or martial law � the code for governing an army or military force. 18th. Marine laws � rules for regulating navigation and the commercial intercourse of nations. 19th. Commercial law, law merchant � the system by which trade is regulated between merchants. And several other distinctive phrases, or meanings of minor importance, besides the laws of nations, which have been already defined and illustrated in the body of the book, The above definitions afford the scholar a wide field for the construction of original sentences: let every pupil improve the opportunity 6. In fourteen, as follows: Congress four times, continuance, constitution, consuls twice, confession, compensation, committed twice, comfort, and corruption. 7. The clause commencing with the 51st line, and ending with the 55th. 8. Attainder is an immediate and inseparable effect of a judgment (without trial by jury) of death or outlawry; the consequences of which to the person attainted are forfeiture of lands, tenements, and hereditaments; corruption of blood, by which he can no longer inherit or transmit an inheritance; and loss of reputation and of civil rights generally. According to the Constitution, the offender alone pays these penalties, which have no effect upon his descendants. 9. 1st. Unclosed, not shut � as, An open door, an open book, open eyes. 2d. Not covered

as, The open air, an open vessel. 3d. Not fenced or obstructed � as, An open road. 4th. Public � as, In open court. 5th. Free to all comers � as, Open house. 6th. Not clouded; having an air of frankness and sincerity �

as, An open countenance. 7th. Unsettled; not balanced or closed � as, An open account, &c. 10. See section 1. 11. See section 2. 12. 1st. A demand of a right or supposed right

� as, A claim of wages for work done. 2d. A right to demand; a title to anything in the possession of another � as, The house is now in his possession, but I have a claim to it. 3d. The thing claimed or demanded

� as, The claim is a desirable one.


30 APPENDIX.

13. Union. is the state of being joined, or formed into a compound body or mixture; states joined, in which sense it approaches nearest to confederation, which is applied to a compact for mutual support; league; or alliance, particularly of princes, nations, or states. 14. Perfect union should subsist between all the members of a family. No confederation of states can long exist without a union of aims and actions among its components. Perish those traitors who would dissolve the confederation! 15, 16. See answer to the last question of Lesson III., also that to question 35, Lesson XIV. 17. See section 3. 18. See section 4. 19. The word labor, which occurs three times is spelled labour. 20. Twenty-one. 21. Seven. 22. See Article V. 23. Different is the more indefinite term; it is opposed to singularity; but several is employed positively to express many, being derived from the verb sever, and signifying split or made into many things or parts, which may be either different or alike. 24. I have here several books on different subjects. The same disease does not affect different persons in the same way. I have suffered from the headache several times lately, &c. 25. Part is not only more generally used, but has a more comprehensive meaning than portion, which is a particular sort of division. Portion is applied to individuals; part, to persons and things also. 26. The pupil asks, 'what part of this chapter am I to study;' the teacher answers, 'the first paragraph is your portion.' I did not receive any part of the profits of that adventure, although by agreement my portion should have been considerable. 27. A convention is a simple informal meeting of persons, generally of one neighborhood; sometimes, however, the members of a convention are from very distant places as compared with each other. A convocation is an assembly called for a special purpose; it is in religious matters what a convention is in civil ones. See also the answers to questions 16 and 29 of Lesson XVIII., ante. 28. Con means together or with. Convention, [venio, to come,] the state of being (or having) come together; convocation, [voco, to call,] the state of being called together. 29. Condole, [doleo, to grieve,] to grieve with; consort, [sors, to go,] to go with, &c. 30. Law, in its general acceptation, means a rule, and is sometimes synonymous with decree, &c., as has been before stated. Statute is commonly applied to the acts of a legislative body consisting of representatives, and is consequently more definite than law. 31. Though the act you mention is riot expressly prohibited in any statute, it is undoubtedly against the law. The statute declares plainly enough the objects to be accomplished, but it does not provide property for their execution. See also the answer to question 5, ante. 32. See Article VI. 33 Land signifies an open, even space, and refers strictly to the earth; country signifies lands adjoining so as to form one portion. The term land, therefore, properly excludes

the idea of habitation; the term country excludes that of the earth, or the parts of which it is composed. In an extended application, however, these words may be used for one another. 34. The land of the valley of the Mississippi is generally very rich; and the valley itself is destined to form a most important part of our country. All men take pleasure in travelling through a cultivated country Woe to the man who flees when his country is in danger. We should all love our native land, &c. 35. Nevertheless and notwithstanding are mostly employed to set two specific propositions either in contrast or in direct opposition to each other; they correspond nearly with yet, but point out opposition in a more particular manner. There are cases in which nevertheless is peculiarly proper; others wherein notwithstanding is preferable. The examples of question 36 give some instances in which they cannot be substituted for each other, and others in which they may be used indifferently. 36. He has acted shamefully, nevertheless, on account of the regard I have for his father, I will be a friend to him. Notwithstanding all I could say, he persisted in his slanderous charges against you. There are many persons who will, when in a reasoning mood, admit the futility of a belief in ghost stories, yet (nevertheless or notwithstanding) these same individuals can never pass a lonely churchyard in a dark night without a uneasy feeling approaching to dread, caused probably by an indistinct remembrance of tales heard in childhood. They pique themselves upon their strict morality, and yet (nevertheless or notwithstanding) admit of many things inconsistent with moral principle. 37. Qualification is applied to any natural endowment, or any acquirement which fits a person for place, office, or employment, or enables him to sustain any character with success; hence, legal power or requisite. Prerequisite has reference to something previously required or necessary to the end proposed. 38. An acquaintance with Latin and Greek is a prerequisite to the admission of a young man into a college. The Constitution defines the qualifications of voters, &c. 39. Made signifies put together with art; done, put in order or brought to pass. We cannot make without doing, but we may do without making. 40. An employer says to his workman, 'have you done what I desired V The workman answers, 'Yes, sir, I have made the article you ordered.' When the scholar shall have made several similar examples, that part of his task relating to this question may be considered as done. 41. In the sense here used they are synonymous, the only difference being that 'in witness whereof' is a set phrase in law, often met with, whereas ' in testimony whereof,' is not so frequently seen. 42. He bore witness to the truth of the main points affirmed by your counsel, and his testimony had a powerful effect. The witness was self-possessed and would not suffer himself to be browbeaten. These facts do not rest on the testimony of a single historian, &c. 43. The Preamble has 1; Article 1., 151; Article II., 54; Article III., 21; Article IV.,

APPENDIX. 31

21; Article V., 9; Article VI., 11; Article VII., 1; and the Authentication, 2; making a total of 271. 44. The Preamble has 1 paragraph; Article 1., 53; Article II., 14 (including the one cancelled); Article III., 6; Article IV., 7; Article V., 1; Article VI., 3; Article VII., 1; and the Attestation, or Authentication, 1. 45. Articles V., VI., and VII. 46. Article I., 10 sections; Article II., 4; Article III., 3; and Article IV., 4.

LESSON XXVIII. 1. See Article I. 2. See Article II. 3. Rule,the thing that rules or regulates, and law, the thing specially chosen or marked out, borrow their weight from some external circumstance. The latter is a species of the former, deriving its weight from the sanction of power. See the answers to questions 5, 30, and 31 of Lesson XXVII., ante. 4. You will avoid much trouble by making it a rule to obey the law in all cases. It is impossible to make poetry by rule, though bards are necessarily governed by certain laws, &c. Refer, as above. 5. Freedom, the abstract noun of free, is taken in all the senses of the primitive; liberty [Latin, liber, free] is only taken in the sense of free from external constraint, or the action of power. Freedom is personal and private; liberty is public. 6. The Constitution guaranties the freedom of speech and the liberty of conscience. The slave obtained his freedom by the will of his master. The captive gained his liberty through an accidental remissness of the prison guards, &c. 7. That of the capitals to begin nouns. 8. Grievance is that which burdens, oppresses or injures, causing thereby grief or uneasiness; it implies a sense of wrong done. Wrong is any injury done; a trespass; a violation of right. Wrong applies to the thing as done; grievance, to the thing as felt. If one person does a wrong to another, the sufferer is very apt to complain of the grievance. 9. The term arms, from the Latin arma, is now properly used for instruments of offence, and never otherwise, except by a poetic license of arms for armor; but the word weapons, from the German waffen, may be employed either for instruments of offence or defence. We say fire-arms, but not fire-weapons; and weapons offensive or defensive, but not arms offensive or defensive. Arms likewise, agreeably to its origin, is used for whatever is intentionally made as an instrument of offence; weapons, according to its extended and indefinite application, is employed for whatever may be accidentally used for that purpose; guns and swords are always arms; stones, brickbats, and pitchforks, may be occasionally weapons. Hearing the clash of arms, he seized his weapon, which was a heavy club, and prepared to defend himself. 10. See Article III. 11. Peace is a term of more general application, and has a more comprehensive meaning than quiet. Peace respects either communities or individuals; but quiet relates only to individuals or small communities. Nations are said to have peace, but not quiet; persons or families may have both peace and quiet. As his peace of mind was

somewhat disturbed by such unwelcome intelligence, he retired to his room awhile in order to regain his self-possession through quiet. 12. Both words denote the steps pursued from the beginning to the completion of any work. Way is both general and indefinite, and is either taken by accident or chosen by design; manner is a species of way chosen for a particular occasion. When I told him in the kindest manner that he worked in an awkward way, he appeared to be quite displeased. 13. See Article IV. 14. See answer to question 7, of Lesson XXVI., ante. 15. See Article V. 16. In their general acceptation, duty is that which a person is bound, by any natural, moral, or legal obligation, to pay, do, or perform; service is labor of body or mind, performed at the command of a superior, or for the benefit of another. As used in Article V., they are synonymous, the only difference being that duty is generally preceded by the preposition on, while service admits of both in and on. It is the duty of all to refrain from profanity. He rendered me good service. The man is out of service. How long were you in the naval service. He has seen service, and has proved himself every inch a soldier. That was indeed a service. The company is on duty. The regiment did duty in Mexico, &c. 17. Both danger and jeopardy mean exposure to death, loss, or injury; risk; hazard; peril. Jeopardy applies to peril at hand; danger, to peril more remote. Though these terms convey very nearly the same meaning, they cannot be used in the same connection in sentences; for instance, in the phrase ' you are in danger of losing your life,' we cannot supply jeopardy for danger, but would be forced to say 'your life is in jeopardy.' In this latter case, however, danger could be put for jeopardy. 18. In the sense of a return for services done; both are obligatory. Compensation is an act of justice, for as the service performed involves a debt, the omission of paying it would be an injury to the performer. Remuneration is a higher species of compensation; it is a matter of equity dependent upon a principle of honor in those who make it, and differs from the ordinary compensation, both in the nature of the service and of the return. Compensation is made to inferiors or subordinate persons; remuneration, to equals, or even to superiors in education and talent, though not in wealth. As he received an adequate compensation for his work, I owe him nothing. If you will lend me your aid in this mutter, I will give you a liberal remuneration, and be much obliged to you besides. 19. See Article VI. 20. They have the same general signification, but differ in their use. When we say of a man, 'he is speedy,' we mean that he is swift of foot; when we say ' he is quick,' we mean that he apprehends readily. Again, in the phrase 'As his movements are quick, his return will be speedy,' these words cannot be made to change places with propriety. 21. Crime consists in the violation of human laws; and misdemeanor is, in the technical sense, a minor crime. Housebreaking is a crime; shoplifting or pilfering amounts


32 APPENDIX.

only to a misdemeanor. The punishments of crime are commonly corporeal; those of misdemeanors, frequently pecuniary. Indolence and vice afford an easy transition to misdemeanors and crimes. 22. Cause is the thing happening before, and producing another; reason, the thing acting on the understanding. Every reason is a cause, but every cause is not a reason. The end of a cause is the effect; the end of a reason is the conclusion. If you were to ask him the cause of such strange conduct, he could not probably render a single reason. 23. In law, the course of measures in the prosecution of actions is denominated proceedings. Process is the whole course of proceedings, in a cause real or personal, civil or criminal, from the original writ to the end of the suit. Original process is the means taken to compel the defendant to appear in court. Mesne process is that which issues upon some collateral or interlocutory mariner pending the suit. Final process is the process of execution. Taken in their common sense, proceeding is the more comprehensive, as it simply expresses the general idea of the manner of going on; while process applies to things done by rule: the former is considered in a moral point of view; the latter, in a scientific or technical one. Becoming angry, and actuated by a spirit of revenge, he exposed the whole process, which was a very unfair proceeding, as he had previously bound himself by a solemn promise not to reveal it. 24. It has but one compound sentence. 25. See Article VII. 26. Three. 27. See Article VIII. 28. Used as in Article VIII, they share the same idea of something given or done to secure peace or good behavior, or as a voucher for the appearance of a person to stand a trial. Bail and security are not, however, used indifferently; for instance, we may say, 'I went his security,' and 'He is out on bail,' and also ' I went his bail,' but we cannot say 'He is out on security.' Bail is also used for the person who procures the release of a prisoner from custody, by becoming surety for his appearance in court. It is either Singular or plural. Security is protection, or that which protects; freedom from fear or apprehension; confidence of safety; safety; certainty. A chain of forts was erected for the security of the frontiers. The navy constitutes the security of our commercial marine. This sense of security proved fatal, as it caused him to neglect making any preparations for defence. A nation often owes its security to its former acts of prowess, &c. 29. See Article IX. 30. See answer to question 18 of Lesson XX., ante. 31. See answer to question 24, Lesson XXVIII. 32 See Article X. 33, Both terms are used to denote either all the residents or citizens of a town, county, district or nation, or a portion of them; they have, however, this difference, that inhabitants implies persons taken separately, and people refers to individuals taken collectively or as one body. Both are also applied to animals, but in this respect inhabitants has the more general use. The people of Philadelphia. Boston has over

one hundred thousand inhabitants. People bring misfortunes upon themselves by misconduct, and then exclaim against fortune. The ants are a people not strong, yet they prepare their meat in the summer. � Prov. xxx. Lions, leopards, and other beasts of prey, are inhabitants of that wild and beautiful region, &c. 31. See Article XI. 35. State is that consolidated part of a nation in which lies its power and greatness; commonwealth is the grand body of a nation, including both government and people, which form its commonwealth or commonweal. The ruling idea of the word state is that of government in its most abstract sense, but the term commonwealth refers rather to the aggregate body of men, and their possessions, than to the government of a country. State is applied to communities, large or small living under any form of government; commonwealth, more appropriately to republics. We may look in vain among the states of the old world for many of the excellencies of our own favored commonwealth. 36. Distant signifies remote in place indefinitely; foreign, belonging to another nation or country. Therefore Canada is foreign to New York; and Texas is foreign to Mexico, though the countries designated are in both cases contiguous. On the other hand, Portland, Me., and New Orleans, La., are merely distant from and not foreign to each other", because both are in the United States, though very far apart. 37. See Article XII. 38. Assemble is simply to come together; meet is to come together for a particular purpose. Both are applied to the gathering of an indefinite number of persons, but in this respect assemble is more comprehensive than meet.

If on the plain the adverse hosts assemble, And meet in battle shock, the earth will tremble.

See also the answers to questions 16 and 29 of Lesson XVIII., ante. 39. Ballot is a ball used in voting. Ballots are of different colors; those of one color give an affirmative; those of another, a negative. They are privately put into a box or urn. Ticket is a written or printed paper given instead of a ballot, as being more convenient in public elections: from this circumstance, tickets are often called ballots. Two black balls being found among the ballots, he was declared not to have been elected. At 9 o'clock, P. M., the polls were closed, and the judges proceeded to count the tickets. 40. A collection of objects brought into some kind of order is the common idea of these terms. A list consists of little more than names arranged under one another in a long narrow line; catalogue involves more details than a simple list, and specifies not only names, but dates, qualities and circumstances. You hold in your hand but a mere list, but here is a catalogue, which probably contains what you seek for. 41 Presence denotes a being in company near or before the face of another;. sight signifies a being in open view of a person at almost any distance, from proximity to comparative remoteness. If a man is blind, we may be in his presence, without being in his sight, which in this case has no existence; we may also be in the sight of an

APPENDIX. 33

individual without being in his presence. This disgraceful affray happened in the presence of the House. The engagement took place in the sight of the general, and our men, desirous of his good opinion, fought with such desperate valor that they soon drove the enemy off the field. 42. Open means to unclose, unbar, unlock, or to remove any fastening or cover and expose to view; it is consequently used in a great variety of ways. To break the seal of is applied only to a letter, or other sealed writing or document. 'Did you open my letter?' 'Yes, but I did not break the seal of it, as it was already detached.' 'No matter for that, the act -is still dishonorable.' Somebody has opened my desk. Please to open the door, &c. 43. These two words can be best contrasted through their positives. Great is applied to all kinds of dimensions in which things can grow or increase; large, to space, extent, and quantity. It should be the aim of a statesman to secure the greatest good to the Largest number. 44. These two words have an extensive application, both singly and in phrases. "On is being in contact with the surface or upper part of a thing and supported by it; upon has the sense of on, and might perhaps be wholly dispensed with." � Webster. Your book is on (upon) the table. The fleet is on (upon) the coast of Africa. He stood on (upon) my right hand. New York is situated on (upon) the Hudson. He was sent on (upon) a bold enterprise. He had a white hat on (upon) his head, and a black coat on (upon) his back. Upon, however, cannot be used for on in such a phrase as 'put on your cloak.' Neither can on be supplied for upon in the expression 'to take upon,' that is, to assume. To take on, indeed, is a vulgar form of speech for scolding or complaining. From these examples it will be perceived that "upon is used in the same sense with on, often with elegance, and frequently without necessity or advantage." 45. The orthography of the Amendments is more like the present. 46. The Amendments are more in accordance with present usage, for we find that the nouns are not commenced with capital letters, unless where they begin a period or are important in themselves; and the spelling, with the exception of a single word, is the same as at present. The heads of the Amendment Articles are printed between parentheses, thus: (Article I.) &c.; and the Articles themselves have no sections. The twelve Additional Articles are also much shorter than the seven Articles of the Constitution; the former only occupy five pages � the latter, twenty-three. 47. On the supposition that those nouns in which the capitals are wanting were overlooked. 48. Certainly not. The works of man abound in errors, even when constructed with the greatest care. 49. Our comparative nothingness, and entire dependence upon our Heavenly Father. 50 In the Constitution, 53 times, in the Amendments, 9. 51 In the Constitution, 111 times, in the Amendments, 19. 52. In the Constitution, 40 times, in the Amendments, 27.

53. In the Constitution, 27 times, in the Amendments, 7.

54. In the Constitution, 34 times, in the Amendments, 2.

55. In the Constitution, 77 times, in the Amend-

ments, 14.

56. In the Constitution, 17 times, in the Amendments, 2. Note. � The cancelled paragraph is omitted in all these and the following answers. 57. Eleven; a, ac, ad, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as and at. 58. In order that its sound may correspond with that of the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed, and thus render the compound word euphonious. 59. Because its framers intended to have its meaning perfectly understood, even by the plainest capacities and most uneducated minds; it was therefore necessary to avoid every thing in the least degree ambiguous or obscure. 60. This quest ion answers itself. The frequent recurrence of the same word or words in the same paragraph is called repetition; in prose it is rarely elegant, and, indeed, its use is only sanctioned in the preparation of constitutions, treaties, legal documents &c., in which strength is the main object in poetry, however, it is often singularly beautiful. Repetition differs from tautology (which is the reiteration of the same meaning in different words, or the needless occurrence of the same words), and also from catachresis (or the use of the. same word in different senses). 61. Perspicuity or clearness. 62. Ad means to; con, together or with; pre, before; pro, for, forward, forth or out, and ob, in the way, against, out. 63. Adequate, [L. equus, equal, &c.] equal to, concentrate, [centrum, the middle] to bring to the centre; prepense, [pendeo, to hang, or pendo, to weigh] thought before; proffer [fero, to carry or bring] to bring forward or offer; obtrude, [trudo, to thrust] to thrust in the way or against. 64. While the American Manual may be Used by beginners with great advantage, it is also adequate to the wants of comparatively advanced pupils, who should concentrate all their powers of mind upon the subjects of which it treats. That heinous crime was evidently committed with malice prepense: the perpetrator, who was caught almost in the act, seemed so desperate, that I proffered my services to the officers, in order that he might be more safely conveyed to a place of security; � they civilly declined my aid, saying that they would not obtrude, an unpleasant duty upon one so manifestly unused to such scenes. 65. Eleven. 66. Only one; namely, favor, which is given favour. 67. The Constitution of the United States. 68. The Germans begin all their nouns with a capital letter, both in writing and printing. 69. Advantage. � The reader perceives all the nouns at a glance. Disadvantages. � The nouns being already designated by their capitals, so far as they are concerned, the discriminating powers of the student cannot be exercised. From the abundance of capitals, the page has a look of confusion, and wants clearness, as may be determined by comparing the typography of the Constitution with that of any other part of this book. Again, the name of the Supreme


34 APPENDIX.

Being must, always commence with a capital; this is also the case with all proper nouns and their derivative adjectives, and with all words which begin periods; consequently in words as above necessarily emphatic, no distinction could be conveniently made, were all nouns headed with capitals as formerly. 70. As lias been repeatedly shown, their orthography differs occasionally from that of the present day. In the use of capital letters, the Constitution does not agree with itself, for in Article I., section 5, page 123, we have ''Yeas and Nays;" and in section 7, page 125, "yeas and Nays;" in section 8, page 126, we see "Post Offices and post Roads;" in Article I., section 5, page 122, the word "Behaviour" appears, but in Article III., section 1, page 135. it is given, "Behavior." All these instances are evidently mistakes as well as peculiarities. 71. They were no doubt occasioned by oversight in the clerk, and so crept into the engrossed copy, this being read by the clerk, the members of the convention could not, of course, detect errors apparent only to the eye.

LESSON XXIX.

1, 2, see section 1. 3. 1st. Corporeal frame � The lady's constitution was impaired by over-exertion. 2d. Temperament of mind � That gentleman has a constitution so mild that even the most unexpected difficulties have never annoyed him. 3d. Form of government � The constitution of England is different from that of the United States. 4th. Supreme law �

The constitution of the United States is paramount to all other authority in the Union. 5th. State of being � The constitution of society is such in China that the people are totally ignorant of the blessings of a republican government. 6th. A system of principles � The Bible is the moral constitution of mankind. 4. In our country, the constitution secures to the people the right of electing their own governors. In England, the rulers are hereditary. 5. It is accurately and clearly defined in writing so intelligible that it can be understood by all. 6, 7, 8, see section 3. 9. 1st. Noun � A preamble usually precedes the. enactments of a legislature. 2d. A verb � Legislatures preamble their enactments. 10, 11, see section 4. 12. None; those that tend to administer most to the welfare of all the people have received the most numerous and artful interpretations; the only code of perfection (the holy Scriptures) has been incessantly resorted to by the designing and the wicked, and numerous efforts have been made to secure its total annihilation; hence the necessity of universal intellectual and moral intelligence among the mass of the people. 13, 14, see section 5. 15. See section 6. 16. See the first part of section 6, terminating at legislatures, in the 74th line. 17. See section 7. ' 18. The meaning of a word or sentence is that which the person writing or speaking wishes to convey by it; � the signification

includes either the whole or a part of what is understood from it. I know the general signification of the terms used by that author, but I confess myself unable to fathom his meaning. 19. See section 8. 20. The signification of both terms 5s nearly the same, but comment generally implies censure. Among his many observations I detected not a few ill-natured comments. 21. The words are very near alike. The latent is the secret or concealed, in cases where it ought to be open; � the hidden is dormant, and may be known to none though concerning all. The means of accomplishing his latent motives were as yet hidden even from himself. 22. Of the opposition to the adoption of the Constitution. 23. Both signify full of power. Powerful applies to strength as well as power; � potent to power alone, in which sense it is a stronger term than the former. The celebrated Charlemagne was a powerful man, as well as a potent prince. 24. See section 10. 25. Things must have some sort of connexion with each other to form a series, but they need simply to follow in order to form a course. After delivering a course of lectures, he altered the matter in a degree, and had it published in a series of numbers. 26. Practice simply conveys the idea of actual performance; � custom includes also the accessory idea of repetition at stated periods. By imitating many prevalent practices, you will help to establish bad customs. 27. It meant primarily a statue of the goddess Pallas, or Minerva, representing her as sitting with a pike in her right hand, and a distaff and spindle in her left. The safety of Troy depended on the preservation of this statue; hence palladium is applied to anything that affords effectual defence, protection and safety. 28. See section 11. 29. Perfect signifies the state of being done thoroughly � complete, the quality of having all that is necessary. The book of which you speak is complete in all its parts, and nearly perfect in its style. 30. To see is the general term, and may be either a voluntary or an involuntary action; � to perceive is always a voluntary action. I had seen him several times before I perceived the great change in his appearance. 31. Of the duty incumbent on all Americans, without distinction of age or sex, to understand the Constitution thoroughly. 32. Right is the general term; � proper expresses a mode of right. Right is absolute and admits of no comparison, for what is right cannot be more or less so � was. and will always be right; but proper is relative and allows gradation, as something may be proper to-day that was not so. yesterday, and will not be to-morrow, � or it may be more or less proper. Though it may be proper to conform ourselves in a measure to the habits of the company in which we may happen to be placed, it can never be right to hear a member of such company slander an absent person, without defending the one attacked. 33. See section 13. 34. Raised may have a good or an indifferent meaning; � elevated is always used in the best sense. George raised himself by his

APPENDIX. 35

business habits, and William was elevated for his superior genius. 35. Imperfect is the opposite of perfect, and defective is opposed to complete. See answer to question 29, ante. I did not admire the orator at all, for his grammar was defective and his enunciation imperfect. 36. See section 14. 37. Authority confers; � charity or generosity bestows. If the king shall confer the promised rank on him, he will be able to bestow on you many favors. 38. Difficulty lies most in the nature and circumstances of the thing itself; � obstacle consists of that which is external or foreign. Beside the innate difficulties of the enterprise, I had not a little trouble to surmount some unexpected obstacles. 39. It enlarges on the folly of the people permitting the violation of the principles embodied in the American palladium. 40 Rational signifies having reason in it; �

reasonable, accordant with reason. There are many rational beings who do not act in a reasonable manner. 41. There is no difference, except that main is more poetical than ocean. 42. It can; it may mean either the sea, as above, or the land of a continent, in distinction from an island. Having lived for some years mainly upon the main, I can truly say that nothing gives me more pleasure than to discover, over the bow of the ship, a cloud-bank in the horizon, as it announces a near approach to the main. 43. See section 16. 44. Hallowed signifies made holy; � consecrated, made sacred by a special act. The temple was consecrated upon a hallowed day. 45. To reflect is a mode of thinking, and to ponder a mode of reflecting. In reflecting we compare, combine, and judge of ideas that pass through the mind; � in pondering we dwell upon and weigh those ideas with the greatest cure. The prepositions on and upon follow reflect, and are often but improperly used after ponder, which requires no preposition. He said unto me, "I would like you to reflect upon these things, and ponder well the course you are pursuing." 46. Of the comparatively small number of persons who have read, or know anything about, the Constitution. 47. Calculate is the generic term; � compute, the specific. The former comprehends arithmetical operations in general: the latter, combinations of certain given numbers in order to learn the grand result. This chronological computation involved great complexity, as it was drawn from a number of intricate calculations. 48. Bliss expresses more than felicity, in regard both to degree and nature of enjoyment. I know of no better wish than the following: May you experience felicity here, and bliss hereafter. 49. They are the same, but brand is only used in poetical composition. 50. It means ever, and is used only in poetry. "For aye" is forever; � "Forever and aye," forever and ever. 51. Glaive means broadsword, or falchion, and is only used in poetry. LESSON XXX. 1. To the liberal education of females, as it is from them our earliest instruction is derived.

2. From the name of Christopher Columbus It is a poetical term for America. 3. See section 2. 4. The model serves to guide in the execution of a work; � the pattern, either to regulate the work or simply to determine the choice. The naval-constructer plans a vessel after a particular model, and the ship carpenter shapes its timbers according to a certain pattern. 5. In the sense of exemption from danger, safety expresses much less than security for we may be safe without using any particular measures, but we cannot be "secure without taking great precaution. As the magazine was in a safe position, and extraordinary preparations had been made for defence, the commandant deemed the fort secure against any attack. 6. Of the security afforded to all by the national judiciary. 7. Rest simply denotes cessation of motion;

repose is that kind of rest which is agreeable after labor. The time for rest has come, then let us repose as comfortably as possible. 8. We may be disturbed inwardly or outwardly, but can be interrupted only from without. When uneasy thoughts disturb our minds, friends do a kindness if they interrupt us. 9. From the Latin in, de, and pendeo, to hang. 10. De, the first prefix, denotes from, and dependent signifies to hang from, to rely on. 11. The second prefix, in, signifies not. Hence independent signifies literally in, not, de, from, pendeo, to hang; not to hang from. 12. The prefix last joined, or the first syllable of the word. 13. Contentions are generally produced by a collision of interests; dissensions are, engendered by a collision of opinions. Dissensions are peculiar to large bodies or communities of people; contentions, to individuals. Dissensions not only tend to alienate the minds of men from each other, but to dissolve the bonds of society; contentions tend to destroy the happiness of a family; � both are alike contrary to the injunctions of the holy scriptures, and should be avoided as the bane of national grandeur and individual happiness. 14. Dis signifies asunder. Dissension is derived from the Latin sentio, to think, and dis, asunder; and literally means to think asunder or apart, but in its general acceptation it denotes a strife or a quarrel. Contentions is from the Latin contentio, and signifies a strife, a violent effort to obtain something; � for the prefix con, see question 4, Lesson VI., page 5, Appendix. 15. Quarrels signify the most serious of all differences, and lead to every species of violence. Quarrels generally spring from injuries, either real or supposed, may exist between nations or individuals, and be carried on by acts of offence either directly or indirectly. >

"Unvex'd with quarrels, undisturb'd with noise, The school-girl her improving task enjoys."

For the meaning of dissensions, see the answer to the preceding question 13. 16. Quarrel � 1st, (verb) The dogs quarrel: 2d. (noun) Herodias had a quarrel against him.

Mark, vi. Dissensions sometimes produce war; both quarrels and dissensions are often produced for the want of thought and reflection. It is to be hoped that all


36 APPENDIX.

who study the American Manual will discountenance quarrels and dissensions. 17. Every is universal in its signification; each is restrictive. Each relates to two or more; every always relates to many. 18. Every person should use all reasonable efforts to disseminate intelligence and morality, inasmuch as each has an influence that may contribute to the weal or woe of those who may live in ages yet to come. 2d. Every tree in the orchard bears apples, but each tree produces its peculiar fruit. 19. Because the happiness and greatness of nations depend upon it. 20. See answer to question 44, of Lesson XXVIII., ante. 21 to 23. See section 6. 24. The scholar thereby gains a better and more extended knowledge of the language, which contains about 80,000 words, but a comparatively small portion of which is to be found in any spelling-book. 25. By the practice of spelling words seriatim the pupil becomes critically acquainted with all the little particles of the language, which are far more difficult than its large words. LESSON XXXI.

1, 2. See section 1. 3. Inheritance, is an estate which falls upon a child or other person, as the representative of a deceased ancestor or relation; �

legacy, a bequest; particular thing, or certain sum of money, given by last will or testament. 4. Being absent from home at the death of his father, some pretended friends thought to obtain his inheritance, under pretence of securing it for him; but on his return, after completely baffling their schemes, he had the good fortune to receive a legacy of two thousand dollars from a distant relative. 5. Among [or amongst]; mixed or mingled with; conjoined or associated with; of the number. Between, [or betwixt, which is the same thing, and not obsolete,] in the intermediate space, without regard to distance; from one to another; belonging to two or more, in common or partnership; having mutual relation to two or more; noting difference or discrimination. His place, which lies between Baltimore and Washington, has quite a romantic aspect, as the house stands among large trees, and is almost hidden by their luxuriant foliage. Things go better between James and Philip, than between any other two among all my friends. These four men own the tract between them, and have such a mutual good understanding, that a like party could not perhaps be found among a thousand. Perfect harmony exists between the families. Learn to judge between the specious and the true. 6. It is not. 7. One familiar phrase, given above, proves that it may be properly used of any whole number exceeding one. 8. See section 3. 9. See answer to question 104, of Lesson XII., ante. 10. Geographically, ocean is used for the vast body of water which covers more than three-fifths of the globe's surface; it is usually considered in five great parts �

the Atlantic, Pacific. Indian, Arctic and Antarctic oceans; and its smaller compa-

rative, though often really large branches, are called seas, as the Mediterranean Sea, &c. In general application they are applied almost indifferently, each one to be sure having its peculiar office in phrases. Thus, we say, 'go to sea,' and ' at sea,' but not ocean, in either case; and the corresponding phrase to 'high seas' is 'open ocean;' we can however say ' open sea' with propriety. 'To ship a sea' is said of a vessel when deluged by overbreaking waves. Figuratively, there is no difference in these words, and we talk of ' the sea of time,' and 'the ocean of eternity.' 11. See section 4. 12. Devoted, is applied to both temporal and spiritual matters; consecrated, to spiritual ones only. According to this distinction, it may be said that consecrated is used improperly on page 162, but it must be remembered that the Indians always mixed war and religion together. 13. The settlers were not unmindful of pious things, for they devoted part of their substance to religious uses, and, after encountering many difficulties, erected and consecrated a place of worship, &c. 14. Tribe is the general term, and means a family, race, or series of generations, descending from the same progenitor, and kept distinct. Sept signifies a race or family, as above, but is only used of tribes in Ireland and Scotland; it is synonymous with clan. 15. Rob Roy collected about him a lawless sept. The Duke of Buccleuch is the head of clan Scott. The old Irish chieftains exercised despotic authority over their respective septs. The twelve tribes of Israel proceeded from Jacob. Most of our Indian tribes are fast becoming extinct. 16. Their history, written by the whites. 17. By fraternal union. 18. Generation is said of the persons who live during any particular period; age, of the period itself. Those born at the same time constitute the generation; the period of time included in the life or man is the age. Consequently, several generations may spring up and pass away in the course of an age. 19. During the dark ages, many generations appear to have risen, lived, and died, to little purpose, &c. 20. See section 6. 21. Wisdom consists in speculative knowledge; prudence in that which is practical. The former knows what is past; the latter by foresight knows what is to come. For want of prudence many men of wisdom fail to secure a competence. Illiterate men, if prudent, may become very rich, &c. 22. As used in section 6, there is no difference. Both mean a person of rank above a commoner; as, a duke, marquis, earl, viscount, or baron. In its original and broad sense, peer means an equal. According to our law, every man indicted for an offence must be tried by a jury of his peers. Only peers of the realm and the bishops, (who are so considered, with one exception,) can sit in the British House of Lords. Many of the nobles lead a dissolute life, &c. 23. Because the apostrophe or mark of the possessive case is placed at the end of the word, thus � tyrants'; had it been intended to give the singular idea, it would have been written tyrant's. 24. It once happened that a careless clerk had

APPENDIX. 37

occasion to read the following notice in church, � "A man gone to sea, his wife desires the prayers of the congregation." By unfortunately changing the comma, he made the people understand that "a man gone to see his wife, desires the prayers of the congregation." A fine travesty, truly! 25, 26. See section 7. 27. There is not. 28. Owing to natural distinctions of climate and soil, the products of one section are very different from those of another. The manufacturing and agricultural portions of the country would each seem to need peculiar modifications of system. 29. See section 8. 30. See section 9. 31. Taken distinctively, citizen means a person, native or naturalized, qualified to rote for rulers, and buy and hold real estate; �

denizen, in England, signifies an alien who is made a subject by the king's letters patent, and holds a middle state between a foreigner and a native: he may hold land by purchase or devise, but he cannot take by inheritance. Used generally, both mean a dweller, but citizen carries with it the idea of a more permanent residence. 32. Many citizens of the United States are at present denizens of Mexico, &c. 33. At present, flay is applied to any military or civic ensign, of an oblong square shape, fastened at one end to the top of a pole or staff when intended to be borne by a man, or to a rope running through a pulley, by means of which it can be hoisted to the top of a ship's mast, or of a stationary mast on shore. Banner applies to square ensigns, as above, depending from a cross-piece secured at the top of a staff; they are sometimes weighed down by a cross-piece at the bottom, for the sake of better display, and are generally restrained by cords attached to their lower corners. Flags are blown out laterally by the wind; banners hang vertically. Flags are commonly made of bunting, a sort of light, thin, semi-transparent woollen stuff; banners, of silk or other flexible material. Formerly, however, flag and banner were synonymous, and indeed are often so now. 34. In feudal times, land was held on condition of military service, and the vassal was forced to attend the banner of his lord not only when the nation was at war, but also whenever his leader had occasion to oppress a weaker neighbor, or defend himself from the attack of a stronger one. The national flag of the United States is known far and wide as the 'star spangled banner.' 35. To secure the blessings of liberty to themselves and their posterity. 36. By an immense sacrifice of treasure and life. 37. See section 11. 38. That of testing the practicability of a republican government. 39. Monolith means a pillar or column, of any size or form, made of a single stone. Obelisk is a term applied to an Egyptian monolith of one invariable form; namely � four-sided, square, and diminishing gradually from the base to the apex, which is itself of a four-sided pyramid shape. The word obelisk is from the Latin obeliscus, a diminutive of the Greek obelos, a spit; and monuments of this species are often called needles by ourselves.

40. As the Constitution forms a perfect whole, it is called, on page 166, a monolith and obelisk is used for a definition as being the nearest single word. The celebrated 'Cleopatra's Needle' is an obelisk.

LESSON XXXII. 1. As separate States look only to the interests of their own people, petty jealousies arise, commerce languishes, and misery, imbecility and ruin follow. 2. In a Congress of the United States or America. 3. Of two branches. 4, 5, 6. See section 1. 7. Every two years. 8. By the people. 9. They must be free white male citizens of the United States, 21 years old. 10 to 14. See section 2. 15, 16. See Article I. of the Constitution, section 2, page 119. 17 to 20. See section 3. 21, 22, 23. See Constitution, Article I., section 2. page 120. 21. See section 4. 25 to 35. See section 5; also Constitution Art I., section 3, pp. 120, 121. 36 to 42. See sections 6 and 7; also Constitution, Article I., section 3, page 121. 43, 44, 45. See section 8; also Const. as above. 46. See section 9. 47, 48, 49. See section 10. 50. By the several state legislatures. 51. Congress. 52. With the exception of the places of choosing senators. 53. See section 11.

LESSON XXXIII.

1 to 7. See section 1; also Constitution, Art. I., section 5, page 122. 8 to 15. See section 2; also Constitution, Art. 1., sections 5 and 6, page 123. 16 to 19. See section 3. 20 to 30. See sections 4 and 5; also Constitution, Art. I., sections 6 and 7, pp. 123 to 125. 31 to 35. See section 6; also Constitution as above, with the addition of section 8. 36. Tax is more general, and applies to whatever is paid by the people to the government accord ing to a certain estimate; duty is more positive and binding, being a specific estimate of what is due upon goods according to their value. Commonly tax is understood to be a sum laid upon polls, lands, houses, horses, cattle, professions and occupations; duty, a sum required by government on the importation or exportation of goods. 37. The above terms refer to what is levied by the government, but they do not expressly convey the idea of levying or paying; impost, on the contrary, signifies literally that which is imposed and will be exacted if not promptly paid. Excise is an inland duty laid on articles produced and consumed in a country, and also on licenses to deal in certain commodities. The word tax may comprehend all these terms. 38. Monarchical countries, in general, are heavily burthened with taxes. Duties upon goods imported make up most of the national revenue. A heavy impost, to pay the expenses of the war, was laid upon the conquered country. The people of England groan under a multitude of excises, from which we are happily exempt.


38 APPENDIX.

39 to 42. See section 7; also Constitution, Art. I., section 8. 43, 44, 45. See section 8; refer as before. 46, 47, 48. See section 9. 49 to 54. See section 10. 55, 56, 57. See section 11. 58, 59. See section 12. 60, 61. See Lesson XVII., section 4, page 73. 62, 63, 64. See section 12. 65 to 68. See section 13. 69 to 73. See page 181; also Constitution, Art. I., section 8, page 127. 74. Insurrection is used for a general rising up against the established government. See answer to question 16, Lesson XXV. ante. Riot is applied to a tumultuous disturbance of the peace by three or more persons, mutually aiding and assisting each other, whether the act they originally intended to perform was in itself lawful or unlawful. The Pennsylvania 'whiskey insurrection' happened soon after the establishment of our present government. Riots occur occasionally in different parts of the country. 75, 76. See section 15. 77. The city of Washington, in the District of Columbia. 78. By Washington. 79, 80. See section 16; also Constitution, Art. I., section 8, page 128. 81. Want of power to make wholesome laws effective, when enacted, is the bane of governments; and from the hour that concessions are exacted of their weakness, stability forsakes them.

LESSON XXXIV. 1 to 4. See section 1; also Constitution, Art. I., section 9, page 128. 5, 6, 7. See section 2. 8 to 11. See section 3; also the answer to question 8 of Lesson XXVII. ante. Refer as in questions 1-4. 12, 13. See section 4. 14 to 18. See sections 5 and 6. 19, 20. See section 7. 21. See section 8. 22 to 25. See section 9; also Constitution, Art. I., section 10, pp. 129 and 130. 26 to 29. See section 10. 30. See section 11. 31, 32. See section 12. 33, 34, 35. See section 13; also Constitution, Article II., section 1, page 130. 36. The chief ordained to rule our country's mighty sons, derives no pretensions from hereditary right � here, no famous warrior, grasping as a robber, can reach power by means of bayonets; � and as our freemen point proudly to the law which gives us relief from all such despots, kings tremble for their authority and see with chagrin, throngs moving with unrestrained steps towards open polls, where, exempt from military coercion, they silently deposit their votes. Note. � The words in italic are not in the originals. Of course the sense of this example and that of question 81 of Lesson XXXIII. ante, can be given in many different ways.

LESSON XXXV. 1 to 8. See section 1; also Const., Art. II., sec. 1, pp. 130 and 131; and Amendments, Art. XII., p. 145. 9, 10. See section 2. 11 to 17. See section 3. 18 to 21. See sections 6 & 7.

22 to 28. See sections 8-9 & 10. 29, 30. See section 11.

29 to 31. See section 11; also Constitution Article II., section 2, page 134.

LESSON XXXVI. 1 to 4. See section 1. 5 to 8. See section 2. 9, 10. See section 3. 11, 12, 13. See section 4. 14. Subject is one that owes allegiance to a sovereign, and is governed by his laws. The natives of Great Britain are subjects of the British government. The natives of the United States, and naturalized foreigners, are subjects of the federal government. Men in free governments are subjects as well as citizens; as citizens, they enjoy rights and franchises; as subjects, they are bound to obey the laws. � Dr. Webster. For citizen, see answer to question 48, of Lesson XIII., also that to question 31 of Lesson XXXI. ante. In this country, a good citizen must be a peaceable subject. 15. Destruction is an act of immediate violence; ruin is a gradual process. A thing is destroyed by external violence; a thing falls to ruin of itself. But if destruction is more forcible and rapid, ruin is more sure and complete. The destroyed may be rebuilt or replaced; the ruined is past recovery. A continuance in your present vicious course of life will be the destruction of your character, and the ruin of your health and morals. See the answer to question 13 of Lesson IX. ante. 16. See section 6. 17 to 20. See section 7. 21. They do not. 22, 23, 24. See section 8. 25. A learned Frenchman celebrated as an author. 26 to 29. See section 9. 30, 31. See section 10. 32, 33, 34. See section 11. 35 to 42. See section 12; a so refer to the Constitution.

LESSON XXXVII. 1, 2, 3. See section 1. 4 to 7. See section 2. 8 to 13. See section 3. 14 to 20. See sections 4 and 5. 21 to 23. See section 6. 24 to 26. See section 7. 27 to 32. See section 8. 33 to 36. See section 9; also refer to the Constitution.

LESSON XXXVIII. 1 to 5. See sections 1 and 2. 6, 7, 8. See section 3. 9, 10. See section 4. 11 to 16. See sections 5 and 6 17 to 20. See sections 7 and 8. 21. See section 9. 22. Gun is a general term, comprehending all instruments of destruction composed of a barrel or tube of iron, or other metal, fixed in a stock, or on a carriage, from which balls, shot, or other deadly missiles are discharged by the explosion of gunpowder, with the single exception of pistols. The larger species of guns are named

APPENDIX. 39

cannon; and the smaller kinds are called muskets, carbines, rifles, fowling-pieces, &c. Musket is applied to that sort of small-arms most commonly used in war. Originally, muskets were very clumsy weapons, rested on a staff and set off by means of a lighted match; the name is now given to fusees or fire-locks fired by a spring-lock. The ship carries 44 guns. The infantry arm was sadly deficient in muskets. The artillery-men were forced to abandon their gun. I observed several men carry guns. Some soldiers were riding upon guns. In the former of these two last instances, the guns are of course small-arms; in the latter, they are cannon or great-guns. 23, 24. See section 9. 25 to 30. See sections 10 and 11. 31. In a jury trial, a man is judged by his equals, who will naturally feel sympathy for him; in a trial by court-martial, his conduct is examined and passed upon by his superiors, who have but little in common with him. 32, 33. See section 11. 34 to 37. See section 12. 38. The burden falls eventually upon the people. 39. See section 13. 40. The people. 41. It does undoubtedly. 42, 43, 44. See section 14. 45. Because usage has u long.

LESSON XXXIX. 1, 2. See section 1; also Amendments. Article IV. 3 to 6. See section 2, and Amendments Articles V. and VI. 7, 8, 9. See section 3. 10, 11 See section 4. 12. See section 5. 13. See section 6. 14, 15. See section 7. 16, 17, See section 8. 18, 19. See section 9. 20 to 23. See section 10 24 to 28. See section 11. 29. See section 12. 30, 31, 32. See section 13. 33, 34. See section 14. 35. They are. 36. Because, if they have the proper talent to fill the office, they are equal to the richest. In fact, if the opulent want capacity they are not, so good as the industrious poor. 37, 38. See section 15. 39. The value of the national Union. 40. Unquestionably. 41. It is. 42. Without doubt. 43. Yes � with great care. 44. As the palladium of our public prosperity. 45. No � it would, on the contrary, be very unreasonable. 46 to 53. See section 17. 54. Yes � not only to imitate and equal his virtues, but to surpass them, if possible. 55. Yes � for the higher a man aims, the more he will accomplish. 56. The good � the wicked have no real happiness. LESSON XL.

1, 2, 3. See section 1. 4. See section 2. 5, 6. See section 3. 7, 8. See section 4. 9. See section 5.

10, 11. See section 6. 12, 13. See section 7. 14, 15. See section 8. 16 to 19. See section 9. 20, 21. See section 10. 22 to 25. See section 11. 26, 27. See section 12. 28, 29. See section 13. 30, 31. See section 14. 32. In Greece we have Thales, Pythagoras Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno; in Rome, Seneca and Pliny. 33. Demosthenes in Greece, and Cicero in Rome. 34. See section 15. 35. Because every thing should be done in the best manner, and comparative perfection, at which we should all aim, can only be attained through extensive knowledge; therefore the person who neglects to improve opportunities is inexcusable. 36, 37, 38. See section 16. 39. Yes � for the cause of Christianity must be advanced by action; belief, alone, is not sufficient.

LESSON XLI. 1 to 4. See section 1. 5. All the members of society. 6. That the attention of the community should be steadily directed to education, so that it may be spread throughout the land. Also an absorbing desire to learn existing in the scholar's mind: this, however, will be more or less excited by the good teacher. 7, 8. See section 2. 9. Our forefathers, who received instruction from the examples of their ancestors. 10. It refers to the prophetic sentence written by the 'fingers of a man's hand' upon the wall of Belshazzar's palace at Babylon. As the characters could not be deciphered by the ' astrologers, Chaldeans, and soothsayers,' the king had recourse to Daniel, who explained them to decree the con-quest of the Assyrian empire, and the death of Belshazzar. The prophecy, as all know, was strictly fulfilled that very night. The whole story is sublimely told in the fifth chapter of the Book of Daniel. 11. A trope. 12 to 15. See section 4. 16 to 20. See section 5. 21 to 24. See section 6. 25, 26. See section 7. 27. See section 8.

LESSON XL1I. 1. See section 1. 2. That it is the best possible way of dispensing justice. 3. If the power to settle disputes or to dispose of life were left to a single permanent judge, he might be corrupted, or his mental vision might be unconsciously warped in favor of this or that side. But a combination of twelve men secures due deliberation and free interchange of sentiment, going to remove undue prejudices; and as juries are taken at random from the people, their members being previously unknown as such to all the parties, and holding office but for the term of one trial, it is impossible to bribe them. 4. See answer to question 31, Lesson XXXI. ante. 5. See section 1. 6. They can.


40 APPENDIX.

7. For the reason that judgment on impeachment only extends to their removal from office, after which they are liable to be culled to answer, and tried for their crimes, the same as any other citizens. But if life could be taken as an effect of impeachment, a man who had once escaped conviction on such trial, could be re-arraigned and re-tried before a jury, and so have his life twice put in jeopardy. 8. They can not. 9. By the officers of a court-martial. 10. There can. 11. See section 2. 12, 13. See section 3. 14. They are very nearly synonymous, and mean purpose or aim. Design is a general term, and also more vague than object. We may entertain a design for a long time without taking measures to accomplish it; but we usually try to effect an object as soon as possible. Well knowing that he had an object in questioning me, I took care not to let him penetrate my designs. 15. See section 4. 16, 17. See section 5. 18, 19. See section 6. 20,21. See section 7. 22. They do not. 23. Two kinds. 24. An officer in each county to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws, In England, sheriffs are appointed by the king. In the United States, they are elected by the legislatures, or by the people, or appointed and commissioned by the governors. 25. The office, in England, is judicial and ministerial; here, it is mostly or wholly ministerial. The sheriff, by himself or deputies, executes civil and criminal process throughout his county; has charge of the jail and prisoners; attends courts, and keeps the peace. 26. A schedule, containing the names of persons summoned by the sheriff; hence, more generally, the whole jury. 27. Panel is a jury, as above; also a piece of board with its edges inserted in the groove of a thicker surrounding frame; as, a door panel. Pannel is a kind of rustic saddle. He knocked so hard at the door that he broke through a panel. He lost his seat in consequence of the breaking of his pannel-girth. 28. Twenty-three. 29, 30, 31. See section 8. 32. Any whole number that cannot be divided by 2 without 1 remainder. 1 is the first odd number. 33. See section 8. 34. See section 9. 35. Sworn means caused to take oath; affirmed, caused to take affirmation. For the difference between oath and affirmation, see answer to question 7, Lesson XXVI., ante. 36, 37, 38. See section 10. 39 to 42. See section 11. 13 to 47. See section 12.

LESSON XLIII. 1, 2. See section 1. 3, 4. See section 2. 5. An indictment is a written accusation or formal charge of a crime or misdemeanor, preferred to a court by a grand jury; also the paper Or parchment containing the accusation. "In law, a presentment, properly speaking, is the notice taken by a grand jury of any offence from their own know-

ledge or observation, without any bill of indictment laid before them; as, the presentment of a nuisance, a libel, or the like; on which the officer of the court must afterward frame an indictment, before the party presented can be put to answer it." "In a more general sense, presentment comprehends inquisitions of office, and indictments." � Blackstone. The above is the English use of presentment; here it means the act of offering an indictment, and also the indictment itself. The application of the word is limited to accusations by grand jurors. 6. See section 2. 7, 8. See section 3. 9. The sentence would then declare that the foreman should write all three phrases on the back of the bill. 10, 11. See section 3. 12, 13. See section 4. 14, 15. See section 5. 16, 17. See section 6. 18, 19. See section 7. 20 to 26. See section 8. 27 to 30. See section 9. 31, 32. See section 10. 33, 34, 35. See section 11. 36. An adverb. 37. Four. 38. When it can be changed into except without destroying the sense. 39. When it can be changed into only without destroying the sense. 40. When it connects sentences not having either of the former senses. 41. Among the Romans, client meant a citizen who put himself under the protection of some man of distinction and influence; hence, with us, one who applies to a lawyer or counsellor for advice and direction in a question of law, or commits to his management the prosecution of a claim, or defence of a suit., in a court of justice. Patron, with the Romans, was a master who retained some rights over a slave after having emancipated him; also, a man of rank under whose protection another placed himself; hence, in English, one who countenances, supports, and protects either a person or a work. In these days, the old distinctions between patron and client, as above, are very oddly intermingled; for so far as the lawyer affords defence or protection, he is his client's patron, but inasmuch as he is supported by the fees paid him by his client, the latter is also the lawyer's patron. 42 to 45. See section 12. 46. They would not. 47. As the wisest are not always free from fallacies of judgment, the court might be wrongfully, yet sincerely, swayed to this or that side. Juries, finding that their work was already done by the judge, would not trouble themselves with an examination of the merits of a case, and much mischief would happen in court by such neglect. When, on the expiration of their term, the jurymen should return to society, instead of thinking for themselves, they would be apt to take at second-hand the opinions of any man who might advance pretensions to learning or experience. 48, 49, 50. See section 12.

LESSON XL1V. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. See section 1.

APPENDIX. 41

6. It is true that the word court implies, and generally means, several persons, but courts are often held by one judge, who is then the court. When there are several judges, they consult together, and the opinion of the majority is given by the presiding judge, unless he is in the minority, when he gives his individual charge, and another member of the court will deliver the opinion of the rest; or, the chief judge being with the majority and giving their opinion, an associate judge may also express his own views. The case supposed is one in which the court has several members, hence the use of the two words in the sense above explained. 7, 8 See section 2. 9. Because our best writers have so prefixed it for such a length of time, that it has become a part of the language. But no valid reason can be given for writing society without the definite article and community with it. 10, 11 . See section 3. 12, 13. See section 4. 14 to 20. See section 5, and its note at the bottom of page 254. 21 to 25. See section 6. 26. See section 7. 27, 28, 29. See section 8. 30. Relative pronoun. 31. When it can be changed into who or which without destroying the sense. 32. When it points out the subject to which it relates. 33. When it connects sentences, being neither of the above parts of speech. 34, 35. See section 9. 36. See section 10. 37. It means not, implying negation, privation, or want. Impunity, [L. punio, to punish,] without punishment. 38. It signifies not. In, not � se, without � cure, [cura, care, concern, or charge,] not without care; a deduction readily enough understood, for if a thing is known to be secure we have no concern about it, and insecure is not secure, or unsafe. Innocent, [noceo, to hurt,] not hurting. Infinitely, [finis, the end, bound, or limit,] without bounds. In-com-petent, [peto, to seek, ask,] unfit to strive for, or perform a thing. 39. Jurors, triers � returned, given � tickets, papers � receptacle, box � the requisite number, twelve suitable jurors. 40, 41, 42. See section 11. 43. See section 12. 44, 45, 46. See section 13. 47 to 51. See section 14.

LESSON XLV. 1, 2. See section 1. 3, 4. See section 2. 5. They should not. 6. The people may cause it to be changed. 7. See section 2. 8. See section 3. 9. Mob Law and anarchy. 10. See section 4. 11. The erroneous opinion that law should not be binding upon society, will lead, as implied in section 4, first to anarchy and then to despotism. 12, 13, 14. See section 5. 15. See section 6. 16. Nothing sublunary is stationary for any length of time. Experience has proved that there must either be a growing or a wasting, a better or a worse state: � an

approximation to perfection, or � the highest practicable point once reached � a tendency to decay, ending in ruin or death. 17. Voters, all persons having the right to choose officers to make, execute, or determine laws. Juries, collections of persons to decide facts in controversy according to law. All jurors are supposed to be voters but though all voters may be, they are not necessarily jurors. 18. See section 6. 19, 20. See section 7. 21. There is no difference, except that counsel is a noun singular used in the plural sense. 22. See section 7. 23. It may be either singular or plural, according to the context. 24. It is not. 25. Humanity means kindness or benevolence; general excellency implies many good qualities. The former, applying to one attribute, is determinate; the latter, having reference to many things, is vague. 26. Acquittal is a judicial setting free, or deliverance from the charge of an offence, and as the prisoner, who was confined during the trial, thereby gains his liberty, the words may be called synonymous in this use, though they are not generally so. 27. The clearing of the guilty. 28. Because our executives possess the pardoning power. 29, 30. See section 9. 31, 32. See section 10. 33. The one who has sustained the loss. 34. They are oppressors, and should receive condign punishment. 35. The perpetrator. 36. The one by whom it has been violated. 37. Yes � it is spelled by Webster, defense. 38, 39. See section 11. 40 to 43. See section 12. 44 to 48 See section 13. 49. See section 14. 50. Illegal means contrary to law: unjust, contrary to justice and right. Illegal has reference to human laws alone, and before these were instituted it was impossible for any act to be illegal, though many might be unjust. Owing to imperfections ever attendant upon man's works, justice and legality, and their correlatives, are occasionally at variance. 51. See section 14.

LESSON XLV. 1. Duties � common noun, plural number, is in the objective, case, and governed by the preposition to understood. With the ellipses fully supplied, the sentence would read 'to those duties.' 2. Relative pronoun, third person, plural number, refers to duties for its antecedent, objective case, and governed by 'should understand.' 3. Before the verb by which they are governed. 4. Whom. 5. Pardon and forgive both signify not to inflict the punishment that is due. Forgive is the familiar term: pardon is adapted to the serious style. Personal injuries are forgiven; offences against law and morals are pardoned � charity governs the first act; clemency, the second. The governor will probably pardon a most atrocious criminal, but should he do so the people will never forgive him 6. It means martyrdom by fire. The person


42 APPENDIX.

condemned to die in this horrid manner was bound by chains to a stake, post, or pillar, planted fast in the earth, and fagots, often green so that his dissolution might be lingering, were arranged about him breast high, and kindled by his tormentors. ' To suffer by the fagot' is also used figuratively for this kind of execution, which was generally adjudged to those convicted of supposed religious heresy in past times, when deluded persons have burnt each other, under the pretence of doing good. Let us be thankful that we live in an age when the true spirit of Christianity is beginning to be understood, and that, instead of attacking and destroying men, we are content to battle with their opinions. The world has been slow indeed to discover that arguments and tenets are immaterial, and consequently that they cannot be refuted, uprooted, or established by force. 7. Near the middle of the nineteenth century. 8. By taking the number next above that which designates the hundreds of any given century or year; � this in 1848 is 19. 9. It is evident that all the years from the first after the birth of Christ to the hundredth inclusive, were in the first century, and the hundred-and-first, second, and so on, up to the two-hundredth inclusive, were in the second century, and so forth. The reader is aware that the chronology of events which happened before Christ's birth is determined backwards in a similar manner. 10. The word Turks means only the inhabitants of Turkey � it would have been properly defined by Ottomans. The term Moslems signifies Mohammedans, and comprehends Turks. Persians, Arabs, &c. On my journey I fell in with a Turk, a true Moslem, who abominated all Frankish innovations. 11. It is � demoniac means a human being possessed by a demon; and possessed person is a perfect synonym of it � 'by a demon' being understood after 'possessed.' 12. To the influence of Christianity. 13, 14, 15. See section 4. 16. Because the arts and sciences may be said to have flourished long in Greece, as truly as to have had origin there. 17. Ostracism. 18. Because the name of the shell which had inscribed on it the note of condemnation, was ostracon. 19 Before and at the revolution. 20. It means great charter, so called because it secured to the English people many important rights and privileges. This name is also given to a charter granted to the people in the ninth year of Henry III., and confirmed by Edward I. 21. From King John, A. D. 1215. 22, 23, 24. See sections 5 and 6. 25. The individuals from whom most persons living in this country have descended �

those to whom we owe language, customs, and most of our laws. 26. Very highly. 27. The wresting of the Magna Charta from King John, and compelling of succeeding kings to confirm it; the obtaining of the Charter of the Forest, &c. 28. See section 7. 29. Confidence expresses more than trust. We always trust when we confide, but we do

not always confide when we trust. When we trust a person we rely upon his integrity; when we confide in him we depend also upon his abilities and mental qualifications. I put confidence in him because I knew his qualifications and was satisfied of his honesty, but he shamefully abused the trust. 30. That they act contrary to trust � a thing dishonorable in all men, but much more so, for obvious reasons, in those holding high places. 31. A very direct bearing, as they show the culpability of those who would carry elections unfairly, or bribe, or influence in any underhand manner, officers already elected. 32. Cut means to separate with some sharp instrument; fear, to separate by violence or pulling, with or without an instrument. The act of cutting may be an easy one, both to the operator and the thing cut; but tearing always requires force, and is more or less destructive to the subject. To cut up is to eradicate; to tear up is to pull out by the very roots. ' Many children are in the habit of abusing books by cutting or tearing their leaves.' Here the mutilation first mentioned is that of knife or scissors; the second is that of the hand. 33, 34. See section 8. 35. In the sense there used, they are synonymous. True might be supposed to mean real, but after all both terms rest on the idea of firm adherence to duty. 36. Washington was a faithful friend and a true patriot. That account is not true. The narrative is a faithful one. 37. Because one, as there given, is a vague and general word, referring to any person whatever. 38. We learn one of another. One should be very careful not to tell as true, stories received at second hand. Different persons make different deductions from the same statements; one will believe one thing, one, another. 39. See section 10. 40, 41, 42. See section 11. 43. Because if the profligate would take time to reflect, they would cease to be so; and the needy are generally too much occupied with their wants to think about any thing else than the easiest way of satisfying them. 44. Abhor signifies to start from, with a strong emotion of horror; detest, to turn away from, with the utmost aversion. The abhorred is repugnant to our moral feelings; the detested contradicts our moral principle. 45. He detests those who wantonly injure others, and abhors every kind of immorality and vice. Traitors are detested. Lies are abhorred, &c. 46, 47. See section 13. 48. Mark is the general term, and is employed either in a good, bad, or indifferent sense; Badge is specific, and is used in an indifferent sense. A thing may be either a mark of honor, of disgrace, or simply of distinction; a badge is merely a mark of distinction. A mark is conferred on, or attaches, or is affixed to a person. A badge is voluntarily assumed by one's self according to established custom. Dress is a badge of station, and office should be a mark of merit. 49, 50, 51. See section 14.

APPENDIX. 40

LESSON XLVII. 1, 2, 3. See section 1. 4, 5. See section 2. 6. See section 3. 7. Anarchy or political confusion. 8. A state of society in which might made right, and the weaker innocent were crushed by the stronger guilty: � when every man took the law into his own hands, and personally avenged personal wrongs. In such times, law was administered as it is occasionally at present on our own borders, and familiarly known to us as 'Lynch Law' � or as it was of old at Jedburgh, in Scotland, and called 'Jeddart Justice' � and at Lydford, in England, of which place it is written, "Oft have I heard of Lydford law; How in the morn they hang and draw, And sit in judgment after." 9. See section 4. 10. They do. 11. It is said that 'misery loves company,' and the same is true of guilt. The vile, on losing respect for themselves, cease to respect others, and endeavor to inveigle the unwary in order that their own degradation may be merged in some degree in that of their fellows. Instances daily occur of the enticement of the idle and careless by the vicious. 12, 13. See section 5. 14. See the answer to question 13 of Lesson IX.: also that to question 15 of Lesson XXXVI., ante. 15, 16. See section 6. 17. By no means. 18. It implies the 'reformation' of the criminals spoken of. 19, 20. See section 7. 21, 22, 23. See section 8. 24. To set at liberty persons proved to be innocent of the crimes for which they were convicted. 25. See answer to question 2 of Lesson XIV., ante. 26 to 29. See section 10. 30 to 33. See section 11. 34, 35. See section 12. 36. With respect to man the increase is unlimited. 37. The life of man is so short, that it is impossible for any one individual to make much comparative progress in any branch of knowledge, even with the utmost assiduity. The history of the world shows that in spite of partial failures, there has been a steady advancement from the beginning, and that no matter how much has been accomplished much more remains to be done. 38. See section 12. LESSON XLVIII. 1, 2, 3, 4 See section 1. 5, 6, 7. See section 2. 8 to 13. See sections 3 and 4. 14, 15, 16. See section 5. 17 to 20. See section 6. 21 to 21. See section 7. 25. In speaking of the East, we are supposed to mean more particularly Asia and the North eastern part of Africa. 26 to 29. See section 8. 30, 31, 32. See section 9. 33. That of having faithfully performed every duty. 34. See section 9.

35. Roger Sherman and Robert Morris may be named among those who were the architects of their own fortunes. 36. They are better in many respects.

37. Probably neither was considered to possess great abilities. 38. They pressed steadily onward. 39. It was. 40. Undoubtedly. 41. Strive the harder. 42, 43, 44. See section 11. 45. Yes � troubles belong to the lot of all 46. See section 11. 47, 48. See section 12. 49. Prop is that which sustains an incumbent weight; fulcrum is the point on which a lever rests and turns. A fulcrum may be a prop, but a prop is not necessarily a fulcrum. The legs of a table may be called props, as they support the top or leaf, but prop is generally applied to a temporary supporter. A fulcrum may consist of many things; a stone, or even the earth itself, is often a fulcrum. In lifting heavy weights a firm fulcrum is needed, and a prop is often used to retain what has been gained 50. See section 13. 51. See section 9.

LESSON XLIX. 1 to 16. See sections 1 and 2. 17 to 26. See sections 3 and 4. 27 to 37. See sections 5 and 6. 38 to 44. See section 7. 45 to 47. See section 8. 48. In lines 192 to 199, section 8, the same idea is twice given. 49. In order to make a stronger impression. 50, 51. See section 8. 52 to 67. See section 9. 68. It is the occurrence of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words succeeding each other immediately or at short intervals. The following quotations are remarkable instances of alliteration. "The lordly lion leaves his lonely lair." "Begot by butchers, but by bishops bred; How high his honor holds his haughty head." 69. The instances here given are of three or more letters. Lines 231, 234, 253, 277, 281, 282, 286, 288, and 294. 70. Definitions: � because, for that � interchange, give and take � another, a second. 71. Synonyms in the senses used, though many of them are not generally so: � women, females � good, sound � obtain, receive �

lessons, teachings � rise, soar � sink, fall �

error, falsehood � power reaches, influence spreads � like, as � end, close � author, writer � trembling, quiv'ring � anxious, yearning � friendly, hearty � 'midst, 'mongst

� as, since � meet, join � feebly, faintly �

dwellers, livers � pronounced, enounced �

form, way � good-bye, God -speed � together, in concert � knowledge, wisdom �

lightly, buoyant � sink, fall � stormy, raging. 72. Neither: � insisted on, the more impressed

� children, daughters � reader, person �

hand, palm � remorseless, regardless � convulsive, of sorrow � in, of � word, sound �

linger in, halt within � frank, round � truth, heart � encounter, companion � fields, paths

� at length, a kind. 73. To enable us to contribute to the present and future wants of ourselves and others. 74. So as to contribute the greatest possible good to the world, and be prepared at any time to render an account of our earthly stewardship to our Creator.


44 APPENDIX.

SPECIMENS OF OLD ENGLISH POETRY.

The following is a description of Robert, surnamed Courthose,1 eldest son of William the Conqueror: �

"He was y-wox2 ere his fader to England came, Thick man he was enow, but not well long; Square was he, and well made for to be strong. Before his fader, once on a time, he did sturdy deed, Whan he was young, who beheld him, and these words said: 'By the uprising of God, Robelyn me sall see The Courthose, my young son, a stalwart knight sall be;' For he was somewhat short, so he named him Courthose, And he might never after this name lose. He quiet of counsel and speech and of body strong, Never yet man of might in Christendom ne3 in Paynim, In battail from his steed could bring him down."

The death of Matilda of Scotland, wife of Henry I., is chronicled by Hardinge as follows: �

"The year of Christ a thousand was full clear, One hundred eke4 and therewithal eighteen, Whan good queen Maude was dead and laid on bier, At Westminster buryed, as well was seen; For heaviness of which, the king I ween, To Normandy then went, with his son, The duke William, and there with did won."5

FREEDOM. (John Barbour, 14th century.)

"A! freedome is a nobill thing! Freedome mayse man to haiff liking! Freedome all solace to man giffis: He levys at ese that frely levys!"

The two following are from Chaucer, a few years later: � THE WIFE.

"A good wife was there of beside Bath, But she was some deal deaf, and that was scathe,6 Of cloth making she hadde such a haunt,7 She passed them of Ypres and of Ghent."

THE MONK.

"A monk ther was, a fayre for the maistrie, An outrider, that loved venerie;8 A manly man to ben an abbot able. Ful many a dainte hors hadde he in stable: And whan he rode, men might his bridle here Gingeling in a whistling wind as clere, And eke as loude, as doth the chapell belle, Ther as this lord was keper of the celle."

1 Short-stocking.

2 Grown.

3 Nor. 4 Also.

5 Dwell. 6 Harm.

7 Custom.

8 Hunting.


amer_man-16.jpg
amer_man-17.jpg amer_man-18.jpg
amer_man-19.jpg amer_man-20.jpg
amer_man-21.jpg amer_man-22.jpg
amer_man-23.jpg amer_man-24.jpg
amer_man-25.jpg amer_man-26.jpg
amer_man-27.jpg amer_man-28.jpg
amer_man-29.jpg amer_man-30.jpg
amer_man-31.jpg amer_man-32.jpg
amer_man-33.jpg amer_man-34.jpg
amer_man-35.jpg amer_man-36.jpg
amer_man-37.jpg amer_man-38.jpg
amer_man-39.jpg