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The main methods for selecting officials are:

1. Election - By vote, either by the people or some subset of them.
2. Sortition - By lot, the way juries are selected.
1. Fetura - Alternating random selection and fitness screening, the same method used in genetic or evolutionary algorithms.
   
3. Appointment - Selection by other officials, also called cooptation, especially when a body appoints its own members.
4. Examination - Use of a procedure to rank or reject contenders, often in conjunction with other methods.
5. Rotation - Each of several persons takes turn filling an office. Usually done under one of the first three.
6. Seniority - Usually a method of promotion within a department or branch.
7. Conquest - Surrender to a powerful individual or group, usually but not necessarily through violence.
8. Inheritance - Method characteristic of monarchical or aristocratic systems.
9. Purchase - Usually a corrupt mode of appointment, it could be made legal.
10. Infiltration - Placement by subversive means, or by influence of a special interest group.

The main methods of removing officials are:

1. Expiration of term
2. Non-retention
3. Termination by superior
4. Impeachment and removal
5. Resignation
6. Death
7. Disability

Selection Alternatives and Reform

•    Approaches to Electoral Reform
•  Voting Theory and Reform
•  The Fetura or Sortition Option - Articles and links on this method.

Vote rigging

•    Votescam, by James & Kenneth Collier - Report of investigation of vote fraud in the United States. Guide for how to conduct such investigations.
•  Citizens for Leaders with Ethics & Accountability Now! (CLEAN) - Investigate vote fraud. Have online photographic evidence of ballot altering.
•  Citizens For A Fair Vote Count (CFVC) - Clearing house for vote fraud investigations.
•  Voting Integrity Project - Seeks reforms of the electoral process.

Campaign financing and disclosure

• Enforcement
  •  Federal Election Commission - Administers reports of campaign funding and disclosure laws and posts data online.
  •  California Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC) - Administers 1974 California Political Reform Act {PRA).
• Resistance
  •  Californians Against Corruption Defense Fund - Oppose what they claim is corrupt abuse of California PRA. [cache of inactive site]
  •  RealCampaignReform.org - Opposes legislation to limit campaign contributions and require disclosure of contributors.
  •         Real Campaign Finance Reform, by Jon Roland - Article: Mar. 24, 2001

Participation

•  Ballot Access News - Reports on the adventures of those trying to get candidates and measures on ballots in every state.
•  Electorama - Extensive collection of documents and links on election reform.

Redistricting

•  Coalition for Non-partisan Redistricting.
•    Proposal for redistricting plans in Texas - Would make use of existing computer programs to draw districts without regard for ethnicity or voting history.
•  Redistricting Software - Used to draw district boundaries. Can be used to make districts that do not take into account voting patterns of the interests of incumbents.
•  Fixing the Reapportionment Mess, by Bill Blomberg, Dec. 7, 2000 - Calls for drawing electoral districts using impartial computer programs.
•  DrawCongress.org - Class project at Columbia University using Maptitude, 2011.

Removal

•  Impeachment - One of the methods of removal prescribed by the U.S. Constitution for the president and other high officials.